Chapter 52

2. A rich, well-cultivated spot or tract of country.

I am arrived from fruitful Lombardy, The pleasant garden of great Italy.

Shak.

Garden is often used adjectively or in self- explaining compounds; as, garden flowers, garden tools, garden walk, garden wall, garden house or gardenhouse.

Garden balsam, an ornamental plant (Impatiens Balsamina). -- Garden engine, a wheelbarrow tank and pump for watering gardens. -- Garden glass. (a) A bell glass for covering plants. (b) A globe of dark-colored glass, mounted on a pedestal, to reflect surrounding objects; -- much used as an ornament in gardens in Germany. -- Garden house (a) A summer house. Beau. & Fl. (b) A privy. [Southern U.S.] -- Garden husbandry, the raising on a small scale of seeds, fruits, vegetables, etc., for sale. -- Garden mold or mould, rich, mellow earth which is fit for a garden. Mortimer. -- Garden nail, a cast nail used, for fastening vines to brick walls. Knight. -- Garden net, a net for covering fruits trees, vines, etc., to protect them from birds. -- Garden party, a social party held out of doors, within the grounds or garden attached to a private residence. -- Garden plot, a plot appropriated to a garden. Garden pot, a watering pot. -- Garden pump, a garden engine; a barrow pump. -- Garden shears, large shears, for clipping trees and hedges, pruning, etc. - - Garden spider, (Zoˆl.), the diadem spider (Epeira diadema), common in gardens, both in Europe and America. It spins a geometrical web. See Geometric spider, and Spider web. -- Garden stand, a stand for flower pots. -- Garden stuff, vegetables raised in a garden. [Colloq.] -- Garden syringe, a syringe for watering plants, sprinkling them with solutions for destroying insects, etc. -- Garden truck, vegetables raised for the market. [Colloq.] -- Garden ware, garden truck. [Obs.] Mortimer. -- Bear garden, Botanic garden, etc. See under Bear, etc. -- Hanging garden. See under Hanging. -- Kitchen garden, a garden where vegetables are cultivated for household use. -- Market garden, a piece of ground where vegetable are cultivated to be sold in the markets for table use.

Gar"den, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Gardened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gardening.] To lay out or cultivate a garden; to labor in a garden; to practice horticulture.

Gar"den, v. t. To cultivate as a garden.

Gar"den*er (?), n. One who makes and tends a garden; a horticulturist.

||Garde"ni*a (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, some species of ||which produce beautiful and fragrant flowers; Cape jasmine; -- so ||called in honor of Dr. Alexander Garden.

Gar"den*ing (?), n. The art of occupation of laying out and cultivating gardens; horticulture.

Gar"den*less (?), a. Destitute of a garden. Shelley.

Gar"den*ly (?), a. Like a garden. [R.] W. Marshall.

Gar"den*ship, n. Horticulture. [Obs.]

Gar"don (?), n. [F] (Zoˆl.) A European cyprinoid fish; the id.

Gar`dy*loo" (?), n. [F. gare l'eau beware of the water.] An old cry in throwing water, slops, etc., from the windows in Edingburgh. Sir. W. Scott.

Gare (?), n. [Cf. Gear.] Coarse wool on the legs of sheep. Blount.

Gare"fowl` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The great auk; also, the razorbill. See Auk. [Written also gairfowl, and gurfel.]

Gar"fish` (?), n. [See Gar, n.] (Zoˆl.) (a) A European marine fish (Belone vulgaris); -- called also gar, gerrick, greenback, greenbone, gorebill, hornfish, longnose, mackerel guide, sea needle, and sea pike. (b) One of several species of similar fishes of the genus Tylosurus, of which one species (T. marinus) is common on the Atlantic coast. T. CaribbÊus, a very large species, and T. crassus, are more southern; -- called also needlefish. Many of the common names of the European garfish are also applied to the American species.

Gar"ga*lize (?), v. t. [Cf. Gargle, Gargarize.] To gargle; to rinse. [Obs.] Marston.

Gar"ga*ney (?), n. (Zoˆl.) A small European duck (Anas querquedula); -- called also cricket teal, and summer teal.

Gar*gan"tu*an (?; 135), a. [From Gargantua, an allegorical hero of Rabelais.] Characteristic of Gargantua, a gigantic, wonderful personage; enormous; prodigious; inordinate.

Gar"ga*rism (?), n. [F. gargarisme, L. gargarisma. See Gargarize.] (Med.) A gargle.

Gar"ga*rize (?), v. t. [F. gargarizare, fr. Gr. &?;.] To gargle; to rinse or wash, as the mouth and throat. [Obs.] Bacon.

Garget (?), n. [OE. garget, gargate, throat, OF. gargate. Cf. Gorge. The etymol. of senses 2, 3, & 4 is not certain.] 1. The throat. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A diseased condition of the udders of cows, etc., arising from an inflammation of the mammary glands.

3. A distemper in hogs, indicated by staggering and loss of appetite. Youatt.

4. (Bot.) See Poke.

Gar"gil (?), n. [Cf. Garget, Gargoyle.] A distemper in geese, affecting the head.

Gar"gle (?), n. (Arch.) See Gargoyle.

Gar"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garggled (?), p. pr. & vb. n. Gargling (&?;).] [F. gargouiller to dabble, paddle, gargle. Cf. Gargoyle, Gurgle.] 1. To wash or rinse, as the mouth or throat, particular the latter, agitating the liquid (water or a medicinal preparation) by an expulsion of air from the lungs.

2. To warble; to sing as if gargling [Obs.] Waller.

Gar"gle, n. A liquid, as water or some medicated preparation, used to cleanse the mouth and throat, especially for a medical effect.

Gar"gol (?), n. [Cf. Gargil.] A distemper in swine; garget. Mortimer.

||Gar`gou*lette" (?), n. [F.] A water cooler or jug with a handle and ||spout; a gurglet. Mollett.

Gar"goyle (?), n. [OE. garguilie, gargouille, cf. Sp. g·rgola, prob. fr. the same source as F. gorge throat, influenced by L. gargarizare to gargle. See Gorge and cf. Gargle, Gargarize.] (Arch.) A spout projecting from the roof gutter of a building, often carved grotesquely. [Written also gargle, gargyle, and gurgoyle.]

Gar"gyle (?), n. (Arch.) See Gargoyle.

Ga`ri*bal"di (?), n. 1. A jacket worn by women; -- so called from its resemblance in shape to the red shirt worn by the Italians patriot Garibaldi.

2. (Zoˆl.) A California market fish (Pomancentrus rubicundus) of a deep scarlet color.

Gar"ish (?), a. [Cf. OE. gauren to stare; of uncertain origin. Cf. gairish.] 1. Showy; dazzling; ostentatious; attracting or exciting attention. "The garish sun." "A garish flag." Shak. "In . . . garish colors." Asham. "The garish day." J. H. Newman.

Garish like the laughters of drunkenness.

Jer. Taylor.

2. Gay to extravagance; flighty.

It makes the mind loose and garish.

South.

-- Gar"ish*ly, adv. -- Garish*ness, n. Jer. Taylor.

Gar"land (?), n. [OE. garland, gerlond, OF. garlande, F. guirlande; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. wiara, wiera, crown, pure gold, MHG. wieren to adorn.]

1. The crown of a king. [Obs.] Graffon.

2. A wreath of chaplet made of branches, flowers, or feathers, and sometimes of precious stones, to be worn on the head like a crown; a coronal; a wreath. Pope.

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3. The top; the thing most prized. Shak.

4. A book of extracts in prose or poetry; an anthology.

They [ballads] began to be collected into little miscellanies under the name of garlands.

Percy.

5. (Naut.) (a) A sort of netted bag used by sailors to keep provision in. (b) A grommet or ring of rope lashed to a spar for convenience in handling.

Gar"land (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garlanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Garlanding.] To deck with a garland. B. Jonson.

Gar"land*less, a. Destitute of a garland. Shelley.

Gar"lic (?), n. [OE. garlek, AS. grle·c; gar spear, lance + le·c leek. See Gar, n., and Leek.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Allium (A. sativum is the cultivated variety), having a bulbous root, a very strong smell, and an acrid, pungent taste. Each root is composed of several lesser bulbs, called cloves of garlic, inclosed in a common membranous coat, and easily separable.

2. A kind of jig or farce. [Obs.] Taylor (1630).

Garlic mustard, a European plant of the Mustard family (Alliaria officinalis) which has a strong smell of garlic. -- Garlic pear tree, a tree in Jamaica (CratÊva gynandra), bearing a fruit which has a strong scent of garlic, and a burning taste.

Gar"lick*y (?), a. Like or containing garlic.

Gar"ment (?), n. [OE. garnement, OF. garnement, garniment, fr. garnir to garnish. See Garnish.] Any article of clothing, as a coat, a gown, etc.

No man putteth a piece of new cloth unto old garment.

Matt. ix. 16.

Gar"ment*ed, p. a. Having on a garment; attired; enveloped, as with a garment. [Poetic]

A lovely lady garmented in light From her own beauty.

Shelley.

Gar"men*ture (?), n. Clothing; dress.

Gar"ner (?), n. [OE. garner, gerner, greiner, OF. gernier, grenier, F. grenier, fr. L. granarium, fr. granum. See 1st Grain, and cf. Granary.] A granary; a building or place where grain is stored for preservation.

Gar"ner, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Garnering.] To gather for preservation; to store, as in a granary; to treasure. Shak.

Gar"net (?), n. [OE. gernet, grenat, OF. grenet,grenat, F. grenat, LL. granatus, fr. L. granatum pomegranate, granatus having many grains or seeds, fr. granum grain, seed. So called from its resemblance in color and shape to the grains or seeds of the pomegranate. See Grain, and cf. Grenade, Pomegranate.] (Min.) A mineral having many varieties differing in color and in their constituents, but with the same crystallization (isometric), and conforming to the same general chemical formula. The commonest color is red, the luster is vitreous, and the hardness greater than that of quartz. The dodecahedron and trapezohedron are the common forms.

There are also white, green, yellow, brown, and black varieties. The garnet is a silicate, the bases being aluminia lime (grossularite, essonite, or cinnamon stone), or aluminia magnesia (pyrope), or aluminia iron (almandine), or aluminia manganese (spessartite), or iron lime (common garnet, melanite, allochroite), or chromium lime (ouvarovite, color emerald green). The transparent red varieties are used as gems. The garnet was, in part, the carbuncle of the ancients. Garnet is a very common mineral in gneiss and mica slate.

Garnet berry (Bot.), the red currant; -- so called from its transparent red color. -- Garnet brown (Chem.), an artificial dyestuff, produced as an explosive brown crystalline substance with a green or golden luster. It consists of the potassium salt of a complex cyanogen derivative of picric acid.

Gar"net, n. [Etymol. unknown.] (Naut.) A tackle for hoisting cargo in or out.

Clew garnet. See under Clew.

Gar`net*if"er*ous (?), a. [1st garnet + -ferous.] (Min.) Containing garnets.

Gar"ni*er*ite (?), n. [Named after the French geologist Garnier.] (Min.) An amorphous mineral of apple-green color; a hydrous silicate of nickel and magnesia. It is an important ore of nickel.

Gar"nish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Garnishing.] [OE. garnischen, garnissen, OF. garnir to provide, strengthen, prepare, garnish, warn, F. garnir to provide, furnish, garnish, -- of German origin; cf. OHG. warnn to provide, equip; akin to G. wahren to watch, E. aware, ware, wary, and cf. also E. warn. See Wary, -ish, and cf. Garment, Garrison.] 1. To decorate with ornamental appendages; to set off; to adorn; to embellish.

All within with flowers was garnished.

Spenser.

2. (Cookery) To ornament, as a dish, with something laid about it; as, a dish garnished with parsley.

3. To furnish; to supply.

4. To fit with fetters. [Cant] Johnson.

5. (Law) To warn by garnishment; to give notice to; to garnishee. See Garnishee, v. t. Cowell.

Gar"nish, n. 1. Something added for embellishment; decoration; ornament; also, dress; garments, especially such as are showy or decorated.

So are you, sweet, Even in the lovely garnish of a boy.

Shak.

Matter and figure they produce; For garnish this, and that for use.

Prior.

2. (Cookery) Something set round or upon a dish as an embellishment. See Garnish, v. t., 2. Smart.

3. Fetters. [Cant]

4. A fee; specifically, in English jails, formerly an unauthorized fee demanded by the old prisoners of a newcomer. [Cant] Fielding.

Garnish bolt (Carp.), a bolt with a chamfered or faceted head. Knight.

Gar`nish*ee" (?), n. (Law) One who is garnished; a person upon whom garnishment has been served in a suit by a creditor against a debtor, such person holding property belonging to the debtor, or owing him money.

The order by which warning is made is called a garnishee order.

Gar`nish*ee", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garnisheed (-d); p. pr. & vb. n. Garnisheeing.] (Law) (a) To make (a person) a garnishee; to warn by garnishment; to garnish. (b) To attach (the fund or property sought to be secured by garnishment); to trustee.

Gar"nish*er (?), n. One who, or that which, garnishes.

Gar"nish*ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. garnissement protection, guarantee, warning.] 1. Ornament; embellishment; decoration. Sir H. Wotton.

2. (Law) (a) Warning, or legal notice, to one to appear and give information to the court on any matter. (b) Warning to a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached, not to pay the money or deliver the goods to the defendant, but to appear in court and give information as garnishee.

3. A fee. See Garnish, n., 4.

Gar"ni*ture (?), n. [F. garniture. See Garnish, v. t.] That which garnishes; ornamental appendage; embellishment; furniture; dress.

The pomp of groves and garniture of fields.

Beattie.

||Ga*roo"kuh (?), n. A small fishing vessel met with in the Persian ||Gulf.

Ga"rous (?), a. [From Garum.] Pertaining to, or resembling, garum. Sir T. Browne.

Gar" pike` or Gar"pike`. (Zoˆl.) See under Gar.

Gar"ran (?), n. [Gael. garr·n, gearr·n, gelding, work horse, hack.] (Zoˆl.) See Galloway. [Scot. garron or gerron. Jamieson.]

Gar"ret (?), n. [OE. garite, garette, watchtower, place of lookout, OF. garite, also meaning, a place of refuge, F. guÈrite a place of refuge, donjon, sentinel box, fr. OF. garir to preserve, save, defend, F. guÈrir to cure; of German origin; cf. OHG. werian to protect, defend, hinder, G. wehren, akin to Goth. warjan to hinder, and akin to E. weir, or perhaps to wary. See Weir, and cf. Guerite.] 1. A turret; a watchtower. [Obs.]

He saw men go up and down on the garrets of the gates and walls.

Ld. Berners.

2. That part of a house which is on the upper floor, immediately under or within the roof; an attic.

The tottering garrets which overhung the streets of Rome.

Macaulay.

Gar"ret*ed, a. Protected by turrets. [Obs.] R. Carew.

Gar`ret*eer" (?), n. One who lives in a garret; a poor author; a literary hack. Macaulay.

Gar"ret*ing (?), n. Small splinters of stone inserted into the joints of coarse masonry. Weale.

Gar"ri*son (?), n. [OE. garnisoun, F. garnison garrison, in OF. & OE. also, provision, munitions, from garnir to garnish. See Garnish.] (Mil.) (a) A body of troops stationed in a fort or fortified town. (b) A fortified place, in which troops are quartered for its security.

In garrison, in the condition of a garrison; doing duty in a fort or as one of a garrison.

Gar"ri*son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garrisoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Garrisoning.] (Mil.) (a) To place troops in, as a fortification, for its defense; to furnish with soldiers; as, to garrison a fort or town. (b) To secure or defend by fortresses manned with troops; as, to garrison a conquered territory.

Gar"ron (?), n. Same as Garran. [Scot.]

Gar"rot (?), n. [F. Cf. Garrote.] (Surg.) A stick or small wooden cylinder used for tightening a bandage, in order to compress the arteries of a limb.

Gar"rot, n. (Zoˆl.) The European golden-eye.

Gar*rote" (?), n. [Sp. garrote, from garra claw, talon, of Celtic origin; cf. Armor. & W. gar leg, ham, shank. Cf. Garrot stick, Garter.] A Spanish mode of execution by strangulation, with an iron collar affixed to a post and tightened by a screw until life become extinct; also, the instrument by means of which the punishment is inflicted.

Gar*rote", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Garroted; p. pr. & vb. n. Garroting.] To strangle with the garrote; hence, to seize by the throat, from behind, with a view to strangle and rob.

Gar*rot"er (?), n. One who seizes a person by the throat from behind, with a view to strangle and rob him.

Gar*ru"li*ty (?), n. [L. garrulitas: cf. F. garrulitÈ.] Talkativeness; loquacity.

Gar"ru*lous (?), a. [L. garrulus, fr. garrire to chatter, talk; cf. Gr. &?; voice, &?; to speak, sing. Cf. Call.] 1. Talking much, especially about commonplace or trivial things; talkative; loquacious.

The most garrulous people on earth.

De Quincey.

2. (Zoˆl.) Having a loud, harsh note; noisy; -- said of birds; as, the garrulous roller.

Syn. -- Garrulous, Talkative, Loquacious. A garrulous person indulges in long, prosy talk, with frequent repetitions and lengthened details; talkative implies simply a great desire to talk; and loquacious a great flow of words at command. A child is talkative; a lively woman is loquacious; an old man in his dotage is garrulous.

-- Gar"ru*lous*ly, adv. -- Gar"ru*lous*ness, n.

Gar*ru"pa (?), n. [Prob. fr. Pg. garupa crupper. Cf. Grouper the fish.] (Zoˆl.) One of several species of California market fishes, of the genus Sebastichthys; -- called also rockfish. See Rockfish.

Gar"ter (?), n. [OE. gartier, F. jarretiËre, fr. OF. garet bend of the knee, F. jarret; akin to Sp. garra claw, Prov. garra leg. See Garrote.] 1. A band used to prevent a stocking from slipping down on the leg.

2. The distinguishing badge of the highest order of knighthood in Great Britain, called the Order of the Garter, instituted by Edward III.; also, the Order itself.

3. (Her.) Same as Bendlet.

Garter fish (Zoˆl.), a fish of the genus Lepidopus, having a long, flat body, like the blade of a sword; the scabbard fish. -- Garter king-at- arms, the chief of the official heralds of England, king-at-arms to the Order of the Garter; -- often abbreviated to Garter. -- Garter snake (Zoˆl.), one of several harmless American snakes of the genus EutÊnia, of several species (esp. E. saurita and E. sirtalis); one of the striped snakes; -- so called from its conspicuous stripes of color.

Gar"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Gartered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Gartering.] 1. To bind with a garter.

He . . . could not see to garter his hose.

Shak.

2. To invest with the Order of the Garter. T. Warton.

Garth (g‰rth), n. [Icel. garr yard. See Yard.] 1. A close; a yard; a croft; a garden; as, a cloister garth.

A clapper clapping in a garth To scare the fowl from fruit.

Tennyson.

2. A dam or weir for catching fish.

Garth, n. [Girth.] A hoop or band. [Prov. Eng.]

||Ga"rum (g"rm), n. [L., fr. Gr. ga`ros.] A sauce made of small fish. ||It was prized by the ancients.

Gar"vie (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The sprat; -- called also garvie herring, and garvock. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Gas (gs), n.; pl. Gases (-z). [Invented by the chemist Van Helmont of Brussels, who died in 1644.] 1. An aÎriform fluid; -- a term used at first by chemists as synonymous with air, but since restricted to fluids supposed to be permanently elastic, as oxygen, hydrogen, etc., in distinction from vapors, as steam, which become liquid on a reduction of temperature. In present usage, since all of the supposed permanent gases have been liquified by cold and pressure, the term has resumed nearly its original signification, and is applied to any substance in the elastic or aÎriform state.

2. (Popular Usage) (a) A complex mixture of gases, of which the most important constituents are marsh gas, olefiant gas, and hydrogen, artificially produced by the destructive distillation of gas coal, or sometimes of peat, wood, oil, resin, etc. It gives a brilliant light when burned, and is the common gas used for illuminating purposes. (b) Laughing gas. (c) Any irrespirable aÎriform fluid.

Gas is often used adjectively or in combination; as, gas fitter or gasfitter; gas meter or gas-meter, etc.

Air gas (Chem.), a kind of gas made by forcing air through some volatile hydrocarbon, as the lighter petroleums. The air is so saturated with combustible vapor as to be a convenient illuminating and heating agent. -- Gas battery (Elec.), a form of voltaic battery, in which gases, especially hydrogen and oxygen, are the active agents. -- Gas carbon, Gas coke, etc. See under Carbon, Coke, etc. -- Gas coal, a bituminous or hydrogenous coal yielding a high percentage of volatile matters, and therefore available for the manufacture of illuminating gas. R. W. Raymond. -- Gas engine, an engine in which the motion of the piston is produced by the combustion or sudden production or expansion of gas; -- especially, an engine in which an explosive mixture of gas and air is forced into the working cylinder and ignited there by a gas flame or an electric spark. -- Gas fitter, one who lays pipes and puts up fixtures for gas. -- Gas fitting. (a) The occupation of a gas fitter. (b) pl. The appliances needed for the introduction of gas into a building, as meters, pipes, burners, etc. -- Gas fixture, a device for conveying illuminating or combustible gas from the pipe to the gas- burner, consisting of an appendage of cast, wrought, or drawn metal, with tubes upon which the burners, keys, etc., are adjusted. -- Gas generator, an apparatus in which gas is evolved; as: (a) a retort in which volatile hydrocarbons are evolved by heat; (b) a machine in which air is saturated with the vapor of liquid hydrocarbon; a carburetor; (c) a machine for the production of carbonic acid gas, for aÎrating water, bread, etc. Knight. -- Gas jet, a flame of illuminating gas. -- Gas machine, an apparatus for carbureting air for use as illuminating gas. -- Gas meter, an instrument for recording the quantity of gas consumed in a given time, at a particular place. -- Gas retort, a retort which contains the coal and other materials, and in which the gas is generated, in the manufacture of gas. -- Gas stove, a stove for cooking or other purposes, heated by gas. -- Gas tar, coal tar. -- Gas trap, a drain trap; a sewer trap. See 4th Trap, 5. -- Gas washer (Gas Works), an apparatus within which gas from the condenser is brought in contact with a falling stream of water, to precipitate the tar remaining in it. Knight. -- Gas water, water through which gas has been passed for purification; -- called also gas liquor and ammoniacal water, and used for the manufacture of sal ammoniac, carbonate of ammonia, and Prussian blue. Tomlinson. -- Gas well, a deep boring, from which natural gas is discharged. Raymond. -- Gas works, a manufactory of gas, with all the machinery and appurtenances; a place where gas is generated for lighting cities. -- Laughing gas. See under Laughing. -- Marsh gas (Chem.), a light, combustible, gaseous hydrocarbon, CH4, produced artificially by the dry distillation of many organic substances, and occurring as a natural product of decomposition in stagnant pools, whence its name. It is an abundant ingredient of ordinary illuminating gas, and is the first member of the paraffin series. Called also methane, and in coal mines, fire damp. -- Natural gas, gas obtained from wells, etc., in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and elsewhere, and largely used for fuel and illuminating purposes. It is chiefly derived from the Coal Measures. -- Olefiant gas (Chem.). See Ethylene. -- Water gas (Chem.), a kind of gas made by forcing steam over glowing coals, whereby there results a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This gives a gas of intense heating power, but destitute of light-giving properties, and which is charged by passing through some volatile hydrocarbon, as gasoline.

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Gas`a*lier" (?), n. [Formed from gas, in imitation of chandelier.] A chandelier arranged to burn gas.

Gas"-burn`er (?), n. The jet piece of a gas fixture where the gas is burned as it escapes from one or more minute orifices.

Gas"coines (?), n. pl. See Gaskins, 1. Lyly.