Chapter 111

Hood"y (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The hooded crow; also, in Scotland, the hooded gull.

Hoof (?), n.; pl. Hoofs (#), very rarely Hooves (#). [OE. hof, AS. hf; akin to D. hoef, G1huf, OHG. huof, Icel. hfr, Sw. hof, Dan. hov; cf. Russ. kopuito, Skr. Áapha. √225.] 1. The horny substance or case that covers or terminates the feet of certain animals, as horses, oxen, etc.

On burnished hooves his war horse trode.

Tennyson.

2. A hoofed animal; a beast.

Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not a hoof be left behind.

Ex. x. 26.

3. (Geom.) See Ungula.

Hoof, v. i. 1. To walk as cattle. [R.] William Scott.

2. To be on a tramp; to foot. [Slang, U.S.]

To hoof it, to foot it.

Hoof"bound` (?), a. (Far.) Having a dry and contracted hoof, which occasions pain and lameness.

Hoofed (?), a. Furnished with hoofs. Grew.

Hoof"less (?), a. Destitute of hoofs.

Hook (?), n. [OE. hok, AS. hc; cf. D. haak, G. hake, haken, OHG. hko, hgo, hggo, Icel. haki, Sw. hake, Dan. hage. Cf. Arquebuse, Hagbut, Hake, Hatch a half door, Heckle.] 1. A piece of metal, or other hard material, formed or bent into a curve or at an angle, for catching, holding, or sustaining anything; as, a hook for catching fish; a hook for fastening a gate; a boat hook, etc.

2. That part of a hinge which is fixed to a post, and on which a door or gate hangs and turns.

3. An implement for cutting grass or grain; a sickle; an instrument for cutting or lopping; a billhook.

Like slashing Bentley with his desperate hook.

Pope.

4. (Steam Engin.) See Eccentric, and V-hook.

5. A snare; a trap. [R.] Shak.

6. A field sown two years in succession. [Prov. Eng.]

7. pl. The projecting points of the thigh bones of cattle; -- called also hook bones.

By hook or by crook, one way or other; by any means, direct or indirect. Milton. "In hope her to attain by hook or crook." Spenser. -- Off the hooks, unhinged; disturbed; disordered. [Colloq.] "In the evening, by water, to the Duke of Albemarle, whom I found mightly off the hooks that the ships are not gone out of the river." Pepys. -- On one's own hook, on one's own account or responsibility; by one's self. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett. -- To go off the hooks, to die. [Colloq.] Thackeray. -- Bid hook, a small boat hook. -- Chain hook. See under Chain. -- Deck hook, a horizontal knee or frame, in the bow of a ship, on which the forward part of the deck rests. -- Hook and eye, one of the small wire hooks and loops for fastening together the opposite edges of a garment, etc. -- Hook bill (Zoˆl.), the strongly curved beak of a bird. -- Hook ladder, a ladder with hooks at the end by which it can be suspended, as from the top of a wall. -- Hook motion (Steam Engin.), a valve gear which is reversed by V hooks. -- Hook squid, any squid which has the arms furnished with hooks, instead of suckers, as in the genera Enoploteuthis and Onychteuthis. -- Hook wrench, a wrench or spanner, having a hook at the end, instead of a jaw, for turning a bolthead, nut, or coupling.

Hook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hooking.] 1. To catch or fasten with a hook or hooks; to seize, capture, or hold, as with a hook, esp. with a disguised or baited hook; hence, to secure by allurement or artifice; to entrap; to catch; as, to hook a dress; to hook a trout.

Hook him, my poor dear, . . . at any sacrifice.

W. Collins.

2. To seize or pierce with the points of the horns, as cattle in attacking enemies; to gore.

3. To steal. [Colloq. Eng. & U.S.]

To hook on, to fasten or attach by, or as by, hook.

Hook (?), v. i. To bend; to curve as a hook.

Hook"ah (hk"), n. [Per. or Ar. huqqa a round box or casket, a bottle through which the fumes pass when smoking tobacco.] A pipe with a long, flexible stem, so arranged that the smoke is cooled by being made to pass through water.

Hook"-billed` (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Having a strongly curved bill.

Hooked (?), a. 1. Having the form of a hook; curvated; as, the hooked bill of a bird.

2. Provided with a hook or hooks. "The hooked chariot." Milton.

Hook"ed*ness (?), n. The state of being bent like a hook; incurvation.

Hook"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, hooks.

2. (Naut.) (a) A Dutch vessel with two masts. (b) A fishing boat with one mast, used on the coast of Ireland. (c) A sailor's contemptuous term for any antiquated craft.

Hooke's" gear"ing (?). [So called from the inventor.] (Mach.) Spur gearing having teeth slanting across the face of the wheel, sometimes slanting in opposite directions from the middle.

Hooke's joint (?). [So called from the inventor.] (Mach.) A universal joint. See under Universal.

Hook"ey (?), n. See Hockey.

Hook"let (?), n. A little hook.

Hook"-nosed` (?), a. Having a hooked or aquiline nose. Shak.

Hook"y (?), a. Full of hooks; pertaining to hooks.

Hool (?), a. Whole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hoo"lock (?), n. (Zoˆl.) A small black gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), found in the mountains of Assam.

Hoom (?), n. Home. Chaucer.

Hoo"noo*maun (?), n. (Zoˆl.) An Indian monkey. See Entellus. [Written also hoonuman.]

Hoop (?), n. [OE. hope; akin to D. hoep, hoepel.] 1. A pliant strip of wood or metal bent in a circular form, and united at the ends, for holding together the staves of casks, tubs, etc.

2. A ring; a circular band; anything resembling a hoop, as the cylinder (cheese hoop) in which the curd is pressed in making cheese.

3. A circle, or combination of circles, of thin whalebone, metal, or other elastic material, used for expanding the skirts of ladies' dresses; crinoline; -- used chiefly in the plural.

Though stiff with hoops, and armed with ribs of whale.

Pope.

4. A quart pot; -- so called because originally bound with hoops, like a barrel. Also, a portion of the contents measured by the distance between the hoops. [Obs.]

5. An old measure of capacity, variously estimated at from one to four pecks. [Eng.] Halliwell.

Bulge hoop, Chine hoop, Quarter hoop, the hoop nearest the middle of a cask, that nearest the end, and the intermediate hoop between these two, respectively. -- Flat hoop, a wooden hoop dressed flat on both sides. -- Half-round hoop, a wooden hoop left rounding and undressed on the outside. -- Hoop iron, iron in thin narrow strips, used for making hoops. -- Hoop lock, the fastening for uniting the ends of wooden hoops by notching and interlocking them. -- Hoop skirt, a framework of hoops for expanding the skirts of a woman's dress; -- called also hoop petticoat. -- Hoop snake (Zoˆl.), a harmless snake of the Southern United States (Abaster erythrogrammus); -- so called from the mistaken notion that it curves itself into a hoop, taking its tail into its mouth, and rolls along with great velocity. -- Hoop tree (Bot.), a small West Indian tree (Melia sempervirens), of the Mahogany family.

Hoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hooping.] 1. To bind or fasten with hoops; as, to hoop a barrel or puncheon.

2. To clasp; to encircle; to surround. Shak.

Hoop (?), v. i. [OE. houpen; cf. F. houper to hoop, to shout; -- a hunting term, prob. fr. houp, an interj. used in calling. Cf. Whoop.] 1. To utter a loud cry, or a sound imitative of the word, by way of call or pursuit; to shout. [Usually written whoop.]

2. To whoop, as in whooping cough. See Whoop.

Hooping cough. (Med.) See Whooping cough.

Hoop, v. t. [Written also whoop.] 1. To drive or follow with a shout. "To be hooped out of Rome." Shak.

2. To call by a shout or peculiar cry.

Hoop, n. 1. A shout; a whoop, as in whooping cough.

2. (Zoˆl.) The hoopoe. See Hoopoe.

Hoop"er (?), n. [See 1st Hoop.] One who hoops casks or tubs; a cooper.

Hoop"er (?), n. (Zoˆl.) [So called from its note.] The European whistling, or wild, swan (Olor cygnus); -- called also hooper swan, whooping swan, and elk.

{ Hoop"oe (?), Hoop"oo (?) }, n. [So called from its cry; cf. L. upupa, Gr. &?;, D. hop, F. huppe; cf. also G. wiedenhopf, OHG. wituhopfo, lit., wood hopper.] (Zoˆl.) A European bird of the genus Upupa (U. epops), having a beautiful crest, which it can erect or depress at pleasure. Called also hoop, whoop. The name is also applied to several other species of the same genus and allied genera.

Hoo"sier (?), n. A nickname given to an inhabitant of the State of Indiana. [U.S.]

Hoot (ht), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Hooting.] [OE. hoten, houten, huten; cf. OSw. huta, Sw. huta ut to take one up sharply, fr. Sw. hut interj., begone! cf. also W. hwt off! off with it! away! hoot!] 1. To cry out or shout in contempt.

Matrons and girls shall hoot at thee no more.

Dryden.

2. To make the peculiar cry of an owl.

The clamorous owl that nightly hoots.

Shak.

Hoot, v. t. To assail with contemptuous cries or shouts; to follow with derisive shouts.

Partridge and his clan may hoot me for a cheat.

Swift.

Hoot, n. 1. A derisive cry or shout. Glanvill.

2. The cry of an owl.

Hoot owl (Zoˆl.), the barred owl (Syrnium nebulosum). See Barred owl.

Hoove (?), n. [Allied to heave, hove.] A disease in cattle consisting in inflammation of the stomach by gas, ordinarily caused by eating too much green food; tympany; bloating.

{ Hoov"en (?), Ho"ven (?), } a. Affected with hoove; as, hooven, or hoven, cattle.

Hop (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hopped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hopping (?).] [OE. hoppen to hop, leap, dance, AS. hoppian; akin to Icel. & Sw. hoppa, Dan. hoppe, D. huppelen, G. h¸pfen.] 1. To move by successive leaps, as toads do; to spring or jump on one foot; to skip, as birds do.

[Birds] hopping from spray to spray.

Dryden.

2. To walk lame; to limp; to halt. Dryden.

3. To dance. Smollett.

Hop, n. 1. A leap on one leg, as of a boy; a leap, as of a toad; a jump; a spring.

2. A dance; esp., an informal dance of ball. [Colloq.]

Hop, skip (or step), and jump, a game or athletic sport in which the participants cover as much ground as possible by a hop, stride, and jump in succession. Addison.

Hop, n. [OE. hoppe; akin to D. hop, hoppe, OHG. hopfo, G. hopfen; cf. LL. hupa, W. hopez, Armor. houpez, and Icel. humall, SW. & Dan. humle.] 1. (Bot.) A climbing plant (Humulus Lupulus), having a long, twining, annual stalk. It is cultivated for its fruit (hops).

2. The catkin or strobilaceous fruit of the hop, much used in brewing to give a bitter taste.

3. The fruit of the dog-rose. See Hip.

Hop back. (Brewing) See under 1st Back. -- Hop clover (Bot.), a species of yellow clover having heads like hops in miniature (Trifolium agrarium, and T. procumbens). -- Hop flea (Zoˆl.), a small flea beetle (Haltica concinna), very injurious to hops. -- Hop fly (Zoˆl.), an aphid (Phorodon humuli), very injurious to hop vines. -- Hop froth fly (Zoˆl.), an hemipterous insect (Aphrophora interrupta), allied to the cockoo spits. It often does great damage to hop vines. -- Hop hornbeam (Bot.), an American tree of the genus Ostrya (O. Virginica) the American ironwood; also, a European species (O. vulgaris). -- Hop moth (Zoˆl.), a moth (Hypena humuli), which in the larval state is very injurious to hop vines. -- Hop picker, one who picks hops. -- Hop pole, a pole used to support hop vines. -- Hop tree (Bot.), a small American tree (Ptelia trifoliata), having broad, flattened fruit in large clusters, sometimes used as a substitute for hops. -- Hop vine (Bot.), the climbing vine or stalk of the hop.

Hop, v. t. To impregnate with hops. Mortimer.

Hop, v. i. To gather hops. [Perhaps only in the form Hopping, vb. n.]

{ Hop"bine` (?), Hop"bind` (?), } n. The climbing stem of the hop. Blackstone.

Hope (?), n. [Cf. Icel. hp a small bay or inlet.] 1. A sloping plain between mountain ridges. [Obs.]

2. A small bay; an inlet; a haven. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Hope, n. [AS., akin to D. hoop, hope, Sw. hopp, Dan. haab, MHG. hoffe. Hope in forlorn hope is different word. See Forlorn hope, under Forlorn.] 1. A desire of some good, accompanied with an expectation of obtaining it, or a belief that it is obtainable; an expectation of something which is thought to be desirable; confidence; pleasing expectancy.

The hypocrite's hope shall perish.

Job vii. 13.

He wished, but not with hope.

Milton.

New thoughts of God, new hopes of Heaven.

Keble.

2. One who, or that which, gives hope, furnishes ground of expectation, or promises desired good.

The Lord will be the hope of his people.

Joel iii. 16.

A young gentleman of great hopes, whose love of learning was highly commendable.

Macaulay.

3. That which is hoped for; an object of hope.

Lavina is thine elder brother's hope.

Shak.

Hope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Hoped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hoping.] [AS. hopian; akin to D. hopen, Sw. hopp&?;, Dan. haabe, G. hoffen. See 2nd Hope.] 1. To entertain or indulge hope; to cherish a desire of good, or of something welcome, with expectation of obtaining it or belief that it is obtainable; to expect; -- usually followed by for. "Hope for good success." Jer. Taylor.

But I will hope continually.

Ps. lxxi. 14.

2. To place confidence; to trust with confident expectation of good; -- usually followed by in. "I hope in thy word." Ps. cxix. 81.

Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? Hope thou in God.

Ps. xlii. 11.

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Hope (?), v. t. 1. To desire with expectation or with belief in the possibility or prospect of obtaining; to look forward to as a thing desirable, with the expectation of obtaining it; to cherish hopes of.

We hope no other from your majesty.

Shak.

[Charity] hopeth all things.

1 Cor. xiii. 7.

2. To expect; to fear. [Obs.] "I hope he will be dead." Chaucer.

Hope is often used colloquially regarding uncertainties, with no reference to the future. "I hope she takes me to be flesh and blood." Mrs. Centlivre.

Hope"ful (?), a. 1. Full of hope, or agreeable expectation; inclined to hope; expectant.

Men of their own natural inclination hopeful and strongly conceited.

Hooker.

2. Having qualities which excite hope; affording promise of good or of success; as, a hopeful youth; a hopeful prospect. "Hopeful scholars." Addison.

-- Hope"ful*ly, adv. -- Hope"ful*ness, n.

Hope"ite (?), n. [Named after Professor Hope, of Edinburgh.] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of zinc in transparent prismatic crystals.

Hope"less, a. 1. Destitute of hope; having no expectation of good; despairing.

I am a woman, friendless, hopeless.

Shak.

2. Giving no ground of hope; promising nothing desirable; desperate; as, a hopeless cause.

The hopelessword of "never to return" Breathe I against thee, upon pain of life.

Shak.

3. Unhoped for; despaired of. [Obs.] Marston.

-- Hope"less*ly, adv. -- Hope"less*ness, n.

Hop"er (?), n. One who hopes. Swift.

Hop"ing*ly, adv. In a hopeful manner. Hammond.

Hop"lite (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; tool, weapon: cf. F. hoplite.] (Gr. Antiq.) A heavy-armed infantry soldier. Milford.

{ Hop"-o'-my-thumb" (?), Hop"-thumb" }, n. A very diminutive person. [Colloq.] liwell.

Hopped (?), p. a. Impregnated with hops.

Hop"per (?), n. [See 1st Hop.] 1. One who, or that which, hops.

2. A chute, box, or receptacle, usually funnel-shaped with an opening at the lower part, for delivering or feeding any material, as to a machine; as, the wooden box with its trough through which grain passes into a mill by joining or shaking, or a funnel through which fuel passes into a furnace, or coal, etc., into a car.

3. (Mus.) See Grasshopper, 2.

4. pl. A game. See Hopscotch. Johnson.

5. (Zoˆl.) (a) See Grasshopper, and Frog hopper, Grape hopper, Leaf hopper, Tree hopper, under Frog, Grape, Leaf, and Tree. (b) The larva of a cheese fly.

6. (Naut.) A vessel for carrying waste, garbage, etc., out to sea, so constructed as to discharge its load by a mechanical contrivance; -- called also dumping scow.

Bell and hopper (Metal.), the apparatus at the top of a blast furnace, through which the charge is introduced, while the gases are retained. -- Hopper boy, a rake in a mill, moving in a circle to spread meal for drying, and to draw it over an opening in the floor, through which it falls. -- Hopper closet, a water- closet, without a movable pan, in which the receptacle is a funnel standing on a draintrap. -- Hopper cock, a faucet or valve for flushing the hopper of a water-closet.

Hop"per*ings (?), n. (Gold Washing) Gravel retaining in the hopper of a cradle.

Hop`pes*tere" (?), a. An unexplained epithet used by Chaucer in reference to ships. By some it is defined as "dancing (on the wave)"; by others as "opposing," "warlike." T. R. Lounsbury.

Hop"pet (?), n. 1. A hand basket; also, a dish used by miners for measuring ore. [Prov. Eng.]

2. An infant in arms. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Hop"ping (?), n. The act of one who, or that which, hops; a jumping, frisking, or dancing.

Hopping Dick (Zoˆl.), a thrush of Jamaica (Merula leucogenys), resembling the English blackbird in its familiar manners, agreeable song, and dark plumage.

Hop"ping, n. [See 3rd Hop.] A gathering of hops.

Hop"ple (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hoppled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hoppling (?).] [From Hop; cf. Hobble.] 1. To impede by a hopple; to tie the feet of (a horse or a cow) loosely together; to hamper; to hobble; as, to hopple an unruly or straying horse.

2. Fig.: To entangle; to hamper. Dr. H. More.

Hop"ple, n. A fetter for horses, or cattle, when turned out to graze; -- chiefly used in the plural.

Hop"ple*bush` (?), n. Same as Hobblebush.

Hop"po (?), n. (a) A collector of customs, as at Canton; an overseer of commerce. (b) A tribunal or commission having charge of the revenue derived from trade and navigation. [China]

Hoppo men, Chinese customhouse officers.

Hop"scotch` (?), n. A child's game, in which a player, hopping on one foot, drives a stone from one compartment to another of a figure traced or scotched on the ground; -- called also hoppers.

Hop"-thumb` (?), n. See Hop-o'- my-thumb.

Hop"yard` (?), n. A field where hops are raised.

Ho"ral (?), a. [L. horalis, fr. hora hour. See Hour.] Of or pertaining to an hour, or to hours. Prior.

Ho"ra*ly (?), adv. Hourly. [Obs.]

Ho"ra*ry (?), a. [LL. horarius, fr. L. hora hour: cf. F. horaire. See Hour.] 1. Of or pertaining to an hour; noting the hours. Spectator.

2. Occurring once an hour; continuing an hour; hourly; ephemeral.

Horary, or soon decaying, fruits of summer.

Sir T. Browne.

Horary circles. See Circles.

Ho*ra"tian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Horace, the Latin poet, or resembling his style.

Horde (hrd), n. [F. horde (cf. G. horde), fr. Turk. ord, ord, camp; of Tartar origin.] A wandering troop or gang; especially, a clan or tribe of a nomadic people migrating from place to place for the sake of pasturage, plunder, etc.; a predatory multitude. Thomson.

Hor*de"ic (?), a. [L. hordeum barley.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, barley; as, hordeic acid, an acid identical or isomeric with lauric acid.

Hor"de*in (?), n. [L. hordeum barley.] (Chem.) A peculiar starchy matter contained in barley. It is a complex mixture. [R.]

||Hor*de"o*lum (?), n. [NL., fr. L. hordeolus, dim. of hordeum barley.] ||(Med.) A small tumor upon the eyelid, resembling a grain of barley; a ||sty.

Hor"dock` (?), n. An unidentified plant mentioned by Shakespeare, perhaps equivalent to burdock.

Hore (?), a. Hoar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Hore"hound` (?), n. [OE. horehune, AS. hrhune; hr hoar, gray + hune horehound; cf. L. cunila a species of organum, Gr. &?;, Skr. kn&?;y to smell.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Marrubium (M. vulgare), which has a bitter taste, and is a weak tonic, used as a household remedy for colds, coughing, etc. [Written also hoarhound.]

Fetid horehound, or Black horehound, a disagreeable plant resembling horehound (Ballota nigra). -- Water horehound, a species of the genus Lycopus, resembling mint, but not aromatic.

Ho*ri"zon (?), n. [F., fr. L. horizon, fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?;) the bounding line, horizon, fr. &?; to bound, fr. &?; boundary, limit.] 1. The circle which bounds that part of the earth's surface visible to a spectator from a given point; the apparent junction of the earth and sky.

And when the morning sun shall raise his car Above the border of this horizon.

Shak.

All the horizon round Invested with bright rays.

Milton.

2. (Astron.) (a) A plane passing through the eye of the spectator and at right angles to the vertical at a given place; a plane tangent to the earth's surface at that place; called distinctively the sensible horizon. (b) A plane parallel to the sensible horizon of a place, and passing through the earth's center; -- called also rational or celestial horizon. (c) (Naut.) The unbroken line separating sky and water, as seen by an eye at a given elevation, no land being visible.

3. (Geol.) The epoch or time during which a deposit was made.

The strata all over the earth, which were formed at the same time, are said to belong to the same geological horizon.

Le Conte.

4. (Painting) The chief horizontal line in a picture of any sort, which determines in the picture the height of the eye of the spectator; in an extended landscape, the representation of the natural horizon corresponds with this line.

Apparent horizon. See under Apparent. -- Artificial horizon, a level mirror, as the surface of mercury in a shallow vessel, or a plane reflector adjusted to the true level artificially; -- used chiefly with the sextant for observing the double altitude of a celestial body. -- Celestial horizon. (Astron.) See def. 2, above. -- Dip of the horizon (Astron.), the vertical angle between the sensible horizon and a line to the visible horizon, the latter always being below the former. -- Rational horizon, and Sensible horizon. (Astron.) See def. 2, above. -- Visible horizon. See definitions 1 and 2, above.

Hor`i*zon"tal (?), a. [Cf. F. horizontal.] 1. Pertaining to, or near, the horizon. "Horizontal misty air." Milton.

2. Parallel to the horizon; on a level; as, a horizontalline or surface.

3. Measured or contained in a plane of the horizon; as, horizontal distance.

Horizontal drill, a drilling machine having a horizontal drill spindle. -- Horizontal engine, one the piston of which works horizontally. -- Horizontal fire (Mil.), the fire of ordnance and small arms at point-blank range or at low angles of elevation. -- Horizontal force (Physics), the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic force. -- Horizontal line (Descriptive Geometry & Drawing), a constructive line, either drawn or imagined, which passes through the point of sight, and is the chief line in the projection upon which all verticals are fixed, and upon which all vanishing points are found. -- Horizontal parallax. See under Parallax. -- Horizontal plane (Descriptive Geometry), a plane parallel to the horizon, upon which it is assumed that objects are projected. See Projection. It is upon the horizontal plane that the ground plan of the buildings is supposed to be drawn. -- Horizontal projection, a projection made on a plane parallel to the horizon. -- Horizontal range (Gunnery), the distance in a horizontal plane to which a gun will throw a projectile. -- Horizontal water wheel, a water wheel in which the axis is vertical, the buckets or floats revolving in a horizontal plane, as in most turbines.

Hor`i*zon*tal"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. horizontalitÈ.] The state or quality of being horizontal. Kirwan.

Hor`i*zon"tal*ly, adv. In a horizontal direction or position; on a level; as, moving horizontally.

||Hor`mo*go*ni"um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;a chain + &?; generation.] ||(Bot.) A chain of small cells in certain algÊ, by which the plant is ||propagated.