Chapter 84

En*flow"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enflowered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enflowering.] To cover or deck with flowers. [Poetic]

These odorous and enflowered fields.

B. Jonson.

En*fold" (?), v. t. To infold. See Infold.

En*fold"ment (?), n. The act of infolding. See Infoldment.

En*force" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enforced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enforcing (?).] [OF. enforcier to strengthen, force, F. enforcir; pref. en- (L. in) + F. force. See Force.] 1. To put force upon; to force; to constrain; to compel; as, to enforce obedience to commands.

Inward joy enforced my heart to smile.

Shak.

2. To make or gain by force; to obtain by force; as, to enforce a passage. "Enforcing furious way." Spenser.

3. To put in motion or action by violence; to drive.

As swift as stones Enforced from the old Assyrian slings.

Shak.

4. To give force to; to strengthen; to invigorate; to urge with energy; as, to enforce arguments or requests.

Enforcing sentiment of the thrust humanity.

Burke.

5. To put in force; to cause to take effect; to give effect to; to execute with vigor; as, to enforce the laws.

6. To urge; to ply hard; to lay much stress upon.

Enforce him with his envy to the people.

Shak.

En*force (?), v. i. 1. To attempt by force. [Obs.]

2. To prove; to evince. [R.] Hooker.

3. To strengthen; to grow strong. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En*force", n. Force; strength; power. [Obs.]

A petty enterprise of small enforce.

Milton.

En*force"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being enforced.

En*forced" (?), a. Compelled; forced; not voluntary. "Enforced wrong." "Enforced smiles." Shak. -- En*for"ced*ly, adv. Shak.

En*force"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. enforcement.] 1. The act of enforcing; compulsion.

He that contendeth against these enforcements may easily master or resist them.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Confess 't was hers, and by what rough enforcement You got it from her.

Shak.

2. A giving force to; a putting in execution.

Enforcement of strict military discipline.

Palfrey.

3. That which enforces, constraints, gives force, authority, or effect to; constraint; force applied.

The rewards and punishment of another life, which the Almighty has established as the enforcements of his law.

Locke.

En*for"cer (?), n. One who enforces.

En*for"ci*ble (?), a. That may be enforced.

En*for"cive (?), a. Serving to enforce or constrain; compulsive. Marsion. -- En*for"cive*ly, adv.

En*for"est (?), v. t. To turn into a forest.

En*form" (?), v. t. [F. enformer. See Inform.] To form; to fashion. [Obs.] Spenser.

En*foul"dred (?), a. [Pref. en- + OF. fouldre, foldre, lightning, F. foudre, L. fulgur.] Mixed with, or emitting, lightning. [Obs.] "With foul enfouldred smoke." Spenser.

En*frame" (?), v. t. To inclose, as in a frame.

En*fran"chise (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Enfranchised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Enfranchising (?).] [Pref. en- + franchise: cf. F. enfranchir.] 1. To set free; to liberate from slavery, prison, or any binding power. Bacon.

2. To endow with a franchise; to incorporate into a body politic and thus to invest with civil and political privileges; to admit to the privileges of a freeman.

3. To receive as denizens; to naturalize; as, to enfranchise foreign words. I. Watts.

En*fran"chise*ment (?), n. 1. Releasing from slavery or custody. Shak.

2. Admission to the freedom of a corporation or body politic; investiture with the privileges of free citizens.

Enfranchisement of copyhold (Eng. Law), the conversion of a copyhold estate into a freehold. Mozley & W.

En*fran"chis*er (?), n. One who enfranchises.

En*free" (?), v. t. To set free. [Obs.] "The enfreed Antenor." Shak.

En*free"dom (?), v. t. To set free. [Obs.] Shak.

En*freeze" (?), v. t. To freeze; to congeal. [Obs.]

Thou hast enfrozened her disdainful breast.

Spenser.

En*fro"ward (?), v. t. To make froward, perverse, or ungovernable. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

En*gage" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Engaging (?).] [F. engager; pref. en- (L. in) + gage pledge, pawn. See Gage.] 1. To put under pledge; to pledge; to place under obligations to do or forbear doing something, as by a pledge, oath, or promise; to bind by contract or promise. "I to thee engaged a prince's word." Shak.

2. To gain for service; to bring in as associate or aid; to enlist; as, to engage friends to aid in a cause; to engage men for service.

3. To gain over; to win and attach; to attract and hold; to draw.

Good nature engages everybody to him.

Addison.

4. To employ the attention and efforts of; to occupy; to engross; to draw on.

Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage.

Pope.

Taking upon himself the difficult task of engaging him in conversation.

Hawthorne.

5. To enter into contest with; to encounter; to bring to conflict.

A favorable opportunity of engaging the enemy.

Ludlow.

6. (Mach.) To come into gear with; as, the teeth of one cogwheel engage those of another, or one part of a clutch engages the other part.

En*gage", v. i. 1. To promise or pledge one's self; to enter into an obligation; to become bound; to warrant.

How proper the remedy for the malady, I engage not.

Fuller.

2. To embark in a business; to take a part; to employ or involve one's self; to devote attention and effort; to enlist; as, to engage in controversy.

3. To enter into conflict; to join battle; as, the armies engaged in a general battle.

4. (Mach.) To be in gear, as two cogwheels working together.

En*gaged" (?), a. 1. Occupied; employed; busy.

2. Pledged; promised; especially, having the affections pledged; promised in marriage; affianced; betrothed.

3. Greatly interested; of awakened zeal; earnest.

4. Involved; esp., involved in a hostile encounter; as, the engaged ships continued the fight.

Engaged column. (Arch.) Same as Attached column. See under Attach, v. t.

En*ga"ged*ly (?), adv. With attachment; with interest; earnestly.

En*ga"ged*ness, n. The state of being deeply interested; earnestness; zeal.

En*gage"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. engagement.] 1. The act of engaging, pledging, enlisting, occupying, or entering into contest.

2. The state of being engaged, pledged or occupied; specif., a pledge to take some one as husband or wife.

3. That which engages; engrossing occupation; employment of the attention; obligation by pledge, promise, or contract; an enterprise embarked in; as, his engagements prevented his acceptance of any office.

Religion, which is the chief engagement of our league.

Milton.

4. (Mil.) An action; a fight; a battle.

In hot engagement with the Moors.

Dryden.

5. (Mach.) The state of being in gear; as, one part of a clutch is brought into engagement with the other part.

Syn. -- Vocation; business; employment; occupation; promise; stipulation; betrothal; word; battle; combat; fight; contest; conflict. See Battle.

En*ga"ger (?), n. One who enters into an engagement or agreement; a surety.

Several sufficient citizens were engagers.

Wood.

En*ga"ging (?), a. Tending to draw the attention or affections; attractive; as, engaging manners or address. -- En*ga"ging*ly, adv. - - En*ga"ging*ness, n.

Engaging and disengaging gear or machinery, that in which, or by means of which, one part is alternately brought into gear or out of gear with another part, as occasion may require.

En*gal"lant (?), v. t. To make a gallant of. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

En*gaol" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + gaol: cf. OF. engaoler, engeoler. See Gaol, and cf. Enjail.] To put in jail; to imprison. [Obs.] Shak.

En*gar"boil (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + garboil.] To throw into disorder; to disturb. [Obs.] "To engarboil the church." Bp. Montagu.

En*gar"land (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + garland: cf. F. enguirlander.] To encircle with a garland, or with garlands. Sir P. Sidney.

En*gar"ri*son (?), v. t. To garrison; to put in garrison, or to protect by a garrison. Bp. Hall.

En*gas"tri*muth (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; in + &?; belly + &?; to speak: cf. F. engastrimythe.] An ventriloquist. [Obs.]

En*gen"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engendered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Engendering.] [F. engender, L. ingenerare; in + generare to beget. See Generate, and cf. Ingenerate.] 1. To produce by the union of the sexes; to beget. [R.]

2. To cause to exist; to bring forth; to produce; to sow the seeds of; as, angry words engender strife.

Engendering friendship in all parts of the common wealth.

Southey.

Syn. -- To breed; generate; procreate; propagate; occasion; call forth; cause; excite; develop.

En*gen"der, v. i. 1. To assume form; to come into existence; to be caused or produced.

Thick clouds are spread, and storms engender there.

Dryden.

2. To come together; to meet, as in sexual embrace. "I saw their mouths engender." Massinger.

En*gen"der (?), n. One who, or that which, engenders.

En`gen*drure" (?), n. [OF. engendreure.] The act of generation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En*gild" (?), v. t. To gild; to make splendent.

Fair Helena, who most engilds the night.

Shak.

En"gine (?), n. [F. engin skill, machine, engine, L. ingenium natural capacity, invention; in in + the root of gignere to produce. See Genius, and cf. Ingenious, Gin a snare.] 1. (Pronounced, in this sense, &?;&?;&?;&?;.) Natural capacity; ability; skill. [Obs.]

A man hath sapiences three, Memory, engine, and intellect also.

Chaucer.

2. Anything used to effect a purpose; any device or contrivance; an agent. Shak.

You see the ways the fisherman doth take To catch the fish; what engines doth he make?

Bunyan.

Their promises, enticements, oaths, tokens, and all these engines of lust.

Shak.

3. Any instrument by which any effect is produced; especially, an instrument or machine of war or torture. "Terrible engines of death." Sir W. Raleigh.

4. (Mach.) A compound machine by which any physical power is applied to produce a given physical effect.

Engine driver, one who manages an engine; specifically, the engineer of a locomotive. -- Engine lathe. (Mach.) See under Lathe. -- Engine tool, a machine tool. J. Whitworth. -- Engine turning (Fine Arts), a method of ornamentation by means of a rose engine.

The term engine is more commonly applied to massive machines, or to those giving power, or which produce some difficult result. Engines, as motors, are distinguished according to the source of power, as steam engine, air engine, electro- magnetic engine; or the purpose on account of which the power is applied, as fire engine, pumping engine, locomotive engine; or some peculiarity of construction or operation, as single-acting or double-acting engine, high- pressure or low-pressure engine, condensing engine, etc.

En"gine, v. t. 1. To assault with an engine. [Obs.]

To engine and batter our walls.

T. Adams.

2. To equip with an engine; -- said especially of steam vessels; as, vessels are often built by one firm and engined by another.

3. (Pronounced, in this sense, &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;.) To rack; to torture. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En`gi*neer" (?), n. [OE. enginer: cf. OF. engignier, F. ingénieur. See Engine, n.] 1. A person skilled in the principles and practice of any branch of engineering. See under Engineering, n.

2. One who manages as engine, particularly a steam engine; an engine driver.

3. One who carries through an enterprise by skillful or artful contrivance; an efficient manager. [Colloq.]

Civil engineer, a person skilled in the science of civil engineering. -- Military engineer, one who executes engineering works of a military nature. See under Engineering.

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En`gi*neer" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engineered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Engineering.] 1. To lay out or construct, as an engineer; to perform the work of an engineer on; as, to engineer a road. J. Hamilton.

2. To use contrivance and effort for; to guide the course of; to manage; as, to engineer a bill through Congress. [Colloq.]

En`gi*neer"ing, n. Originally, the art of managing engines; in its modern and extended sense, the art and science by which the mechanical properties of matter are made useful to man in structures and machines; the occupation and work of an engineer.

In a comprehensive sense, engineering includes architecture as a mechanical art, in distinction from architecture as a fine art. It was formerly divided into military engineering, which is the art of designing and constructing offensive and defensive works, and civil engineering, in a broad sense, as relating to other kinds of public works, machinery, etc. -- Civil engineering, in modern usage, is strictly the art of planning, laying out, and constructing fixed public works, such as railroads, highways, canals, aqueducts, water works, bridges, lighthouses, docks, embankments, breakwaters, dams, tunnels, etc. -- Mechanical engineering relates to machinery, such as steam engines, machine tools, mill work, etc. -- Mining engineering deals with the excavation and working of mines, and the extraction of metals from their ores, etc. Engineering is further divided into steam engineering, gas engineering, agricultural engineering, topographical engineering, electrical engineering, etc.

En"gine*man (?), n.; pl. Enginemen (&?;). A man who manages, or waits on, an engine.

En"gin*er (?), n. [See Engineer.] A contriver; an inventor; a contriver of engines. [Obs.] Shak.

En"gine*ry (?), n. 1. The act or art of managing engines, or artillery. Milton.

2. Engines, in general; instruments of war.

Training his devilish enginery.

Milton.

3. Any device or contrivance; machinery; structure or arrangement. Shenstone.

En"gine-sized` (?), a. Sized by a machine, and not while in the pulp; -- said of paper. Knight.

En"gi*nous (?), a. [OF. engignos. See Ingenious.] 1. Pertaining to an engine. [Obs.]

That one act gives, like an enginous wheel, Motion to all.

Decker.

2. Contrived with care; ingenious. [Obs.]

The mark of all enginous drifts.

B. Jonson.

En*gird" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engirded or Engirt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Engirding.] [Pref. en- + gird. Cf. Ingirt.] To gird; to encompass. Shak.

En*gir"dle (?), v. t. To surround as with a girdle; to girdle.

En*girt" (?), v. t. To engird. [R.] Collins.

En"gi*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; near + -scope.] (Opt.) A kind of reflecting microscope. [Obs.]

En*glaimed" (?), a. [OE. engleimen to smear, gleim birdlime, glue, phlegm.] Clammy. [Obs.]

En"gle (?), n. [OE. enghle to coax or cajole. Cf. Angle a hook, one easily enticed, a gull, Ingle.] A favorite; a paramour; an ingle. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

En"gle, v. t. To cajole or coax, as favorite. [Obs.]

I 'll presently go and engle some broker.

B. Jonson.

Eng"lish (?), a. [AS. Englisc, fr. Engle, Angle, Engles, Angles, a tribe of Germans from the southeast of Sleswick, in Denmark, who settled in Britain and gave it the name of England. Cf. Anglican.] Of or pertaining to England, or to its inhabitants, or to the present so-called Anglo-Saxon race.

English bond (Arch.) See 1st Bond, n., 8. -- English breakfast tea. See Congou. -- English horn. (Mus.) See Corno Inglese. -- English walnut. (Bot.) See under Walnut.

Eng"lish, n. 1. Collectively, the people of England; English people or persons.

2. The language of England or of the English nation, and of their descendants in America, India, and other countries.

The English language has been variously divided into periods by different writers. In the division most commonly recognized, the first period dates from about 450 to 1150. This is the period of full inflection, and is called Anglo-Saxon, or, by many recent writers, Old English. The second period dates from about 1150 to 1550 (or, if four periods be recognized, from about 1150 to 1350), and is called Early English, Middle English, or more commonly (as in the usage of this book), Old English. During this period most of the inflections were dropped, and there was a great addition of French words to the language. The third period extends from about 1350 to 1550, and is Middle English. During this period orthography became comparatively fixed. The last period, from about 1550, is called Modern English.

3. A kind of printing type, in size between Pica and Great Primer. See Type.

The type called English.

4. (Billiards) A twist or spinning motion given to a ball in striking it that influences the direction it will take after touching a cushion or another ball.

The King's, or Queen's, English. See under King.

Eng"lish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Englished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Englishing.] 1. To translate into the English language; to Anglicize; hence, to interpret; to explain.

Those gracious acts . . . may be Englished more properly, acts of fear and dissimulation.

Milton.

Caxton does not care to alter the French forms and words in the book which he was Englishing.

T. L. K. Oliphant.

2. (Billiards) To strike (the cue ball) in such a manner as to give it in addition to its forward motion a spinning motion, that influences its direction after impact on another ball or the cushion. [U.S.]

Eng"lish*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being translated into, or expressed in, English.

Eng"lish*ism (?), n. 1. A quality or characteristic peculiar to the English. M. Arnold.

2. A form of expression peculiar to the English language as spoken in England; an Anglicism.

Eng"lish*man (-man), n.; pl. Englishmen (-men). A native or a naturalized inhabitant of England.

Eng"lish*ry (?), n. 1. The state or privilege of being an Englishman. [Obs.] Cowell.

2. A body of English or people of English descent; -- commonly applied to English people in Ireland.

A general massacre of the Englishry.

Macaulay.

Eng"lish*wom`an (?), n.; pl. Englishwomen (&?;). Fem. of Englishman. Shak.

En*gloom" (?), v. t. To make gloomy. [R.]

En*glue" (?), v. t. [Pref. en- + glue: cf. F. engluer to smear with birdlime.] To join or close fast together, as with glue; as, a coffer well englued. Gower.

En*glut" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Englutted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Englutting (?).] [Pref. en- + glut: cf. F. engloutir.] 1. To swallow or gulp down. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To glut. [Obs.] "Englutted with vanity." Ascham.

En*gore" (?), v. t. 1. To gore; to pierce; to lacerate. [Obs.]

Deadly engored of a great wild boar.

Spenser.

2. To make bloody. [Obs.] Chapman.

En*gorge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engorged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Engorging (?).] [Pref. en- + gorge: cf. F. engorger to obstruct, cram.] 1. To gorge; to glut. Mir. for Mag.

2. To swallow with greediness or in large quantities; to devour. Spenser.

En*gorge", v. i. To feed with eagerness or voracity; to stuff one's self with food. Beaumont.

En*gorged" (?), p. a. 1. Swallowed with greediness, or in large draughts.

2. (Med.) Filled to excess with blood or other liquid; congested.

En*gorge"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. engorgement.] 1. The act of swallowing greedily; a devouring with voracity; a glutting.

2. (Med.) An overfullness or obstruction of the vessels in some part of the system; congestion. Hoblyn.

3. (Metal.) The clogging of a blast furnace.

En*gouled" (?), a. (Her.) Partly swallowed; disappearing in the jaws of anything; as, an infant engouled by a serpent; said also of an ordinary, when its two ends to issue from the mouths of lions, or the like; as, a bend engouled.

||En`gou`lée" (?), a. [F., p. p. of engouler to swallow up; pref. en- (L. in) + gueule mouth.] (Her.) Same as Engouled.

En*graff" (?), v. t. [See Ingraft.] To graft; to fix deeply. [Obs.]

En*graff"ment (?), n. See Ingraftment. [Obs.]

En*graft" (?), v. t. See Ingraft. Shak.

{ En`graf*ta"tion (?), En*graft"ment (?), } n. The act of ingrafting; ingraftment. [R.]

En*grail" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Engrailing.] [F. engrêler; pref. en- (L. in) + grêle hail. See Grail gravel.] 1. To variegate or spot, as with hail.

A caldron new engrailed with twenty hues.

Chapman.

2. (Her.) To indent with small curves. See Engrailed.

En*grail", v. i. To form an edging or border; to run in curved or indented lines. Parnell.

En*grailed" (?), a. (Her.) Indented with small concave curves, as the edge of a bordure, bend, or the like.

En*grail"ment (?), n. 1. The ring of dots round the edge of a medal, etc. Brande & C.

2. (Her.) Indentation in curved lines, as of a line of division or the edge of an ordinary.

En*grain" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Engraining.] [Pref. en- + grain. Cf. Ingrain.] 1. To dye in grain, or of a fast color. See Ingrain.

Leaves engrained in lusty green.

Spenser.

2. To incorporate with the grain or texture of anything; to infuse deeply. See Ingrain.

The stain hath become engrained by time.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To color in imitation of the grain of wood; to grain. See Grain, v. t., 1.

En*grap"ple (?), v. t. & i. To grapple. [Obs.]

En*grasp" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrasped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Engrasping.] To grasp; to grip. [R.] Spenser.

En*grave", v. t. [Pref. en- + grave a tomb. Cf. Engrave to carve.] To deposit in the grave; to bury. [Obs.] "Their corses to engrave." Spenser.

En*grave" (?), v. t. [imp. Engraved (?); p. p. Engraved or Engraven (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Engraving.] [Pref. en- + grave to carve: cf. OF. engraver.] 1. To cut in; to make by incision. [Obs.]

Full many wounds in his corrupted flesh He did engrave.

Spenser.

2. To cut with a graving instrument in order to form an inscription or pictorial representation; to carve figures; to mark with incisions.

Like . . . . a signet thou engrave the two stones with the names of the children of Israel.

Ex. xxviii. 11.

3. To form or represent by means of incisions upon wood, stone, metal, or the like; as, to engrave an inscription.

4. To impress deeply; to infix, as if with a graver.

Engrave principles in men's minds.

Locke.

En*graved" (?), a. 1. Made by engraving or ornamented with engraving.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the surface covered with irregular, impressed lines.

En*grave"ment (?), n. 1. Engraving.

2. Engraved work. [R.] Barrow.

En*grav"er (?), n. One who engraves; a person whose business it is to produce engraved work, especially on metal or wood.

En*grav"er*y (?), n. The trade or work of an engraver. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

En*grav"ing, n. 1. The act or art of producing upon hard material incised or raised patterns, characters, lines, and the like; especially, the art of producing such lines, etc., in the surface of metal plates or blocks of wood. Engraving is used for the decoration of the surface itself; also, for producing an original, from which a pattern or design may be printed on paper.

2. That which is engraved; an engraved plate.

3. An impression from an engraved plate, block of wood, or other material; a print.

Engraving on wood is called xylography; on copper, chalcography; on stone lithography. Engravings or prints take from wood blocks are usually called wood cuts, those from stone, lithographs.

En*greg"ge (?), v. t. [OF. engregier, from (assumed) LL. ingreviare; in + (assumed) grevis heavy, for L. gravis. Cf. Aggravate.] To aggravate; to make worse; to lie heavy on. [Obs.] Chaucer.

En*grieve" (?), v. t. To grieve. [Obs.] Spenser.

En*gross" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Engrossed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Engrossing.] [F., fr. pref. en- (L. in) + gros gross, grosse, n., an engrossed document: cf. OF. engrossir, engroissier, to make thick, large, or gross. See Gross.] 1. To make gross, thick, or large; to thicken; to increase in bulk or quantity. [Obs.]

Waves . . . engrossed with mud.

Spenser.

Not sleeping, to engross his idle body.

Shak.

2. To amass. [Obs.]

To engross up glorious deeds on my behalf.

Shak.

3. To copy or write in a large hand (en gross, i. e., in large); to write a fair copy of in distinct and legible characters; as, to engross a deed or like instrument on parchment.

Some period long past, when clerks engrossed their stiff and formal chirography on more substantial materials.

Hawthorne.

Laws that may be engrossed on a finger nail.

De Quincey.

4. To seize in the gross; to take the whole of; to occupy wholly; to absorb; as, the subject engrossed all his thoughts.