Chapter 69

Every circumstance of ecclesiastical order and discipline was an abomination.

Cowper.

Ecclesiastical commissioners for England, a permanent commission established by Parliament in 1836, to consider and report upon the affairs of the Established Church. -- Ecclesiastical courts, courts for maintaining the discipline of the Established Church; -- called also Christian courts. [Eng.] -- Ecclesiastical law, a combination of civil and canon law as administered in ecclesiastical courts. [Eng.] -- Ecclesiastical modes (Mus.), the church modes, or the scales anciently used. -- Ecclesiastical States, the territory formerly subject to the Pope of Rome as its temporal ruler; -- called also States of the Church.

Ec*cle`si*as"tic*al*ly (?), adv. In an ecclesiastical manner; according ecclesiastical rules.

Ec*cle`si*as"ti*cism (?), n. Strong attachment to ecclesiastical usages, forms, etc.

Ec*cle`si*as"ti*cus (?), n. [L.] A book of the Apocrypha.

Ec*cle`si*o*log"ic*al (?), a. Belonging to ecclesiology.

Ec*cle`si*ol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in ecclesiology.

Ec*cle`si*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Ecclesia + -logy.] The science or theory of church building and decoration.

Ec*crit"ic (?), n. [Gr. &?; secretive, fr. &?; to choose out.] (Med.) A remedy which promotes discharges, as an emetic, or a cathartic.

Ec"der*on (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; out + &?; skin.] (Anat.) See Ecteron. -- Ec`der*on"ic (#), a.

||Ec"dy*sis (?), n.; pl. Ecdyses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. 'e`kdysis a getting out, fr. 'ekdy`ein, to put off; 'ek out + dy`ein to enter.] (Biol.) The act of shedding, or casting off, an outer cuticular layer, as in the case of serpents, lobsters, etc.; a coming out; as, the ecdysis of the pupa from its shell; exuviation.

Ec"go*nine (?; 104), n. [Gr. 'e`kgonos sprung from.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline, nitrogenous base, obtained by the decomposition of cocaine.

||É`chau`guette" (?), n. [F.] A small chamber or place of protection for a sentinel, usually in the form of a projecting turret, or the like. See Castle.

Ech"e (sh"e), a. or a. pron. Each. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ech"e*lon (sh"e*ln), n. [F., fr. échelle ladder, fr. L. scala.] 1. (Mil.) An arrangement of a body of troops when its divisions are drawn up in parallel lines each to the right or the left of the one in advance of it, like the steps of a ladder in position for climbing. Also used adjectively; as, echelon distance. Upton (Tactics).

2. (Naval) An arrangement of a fleet in a wedge or V formation. Encyc. Dict.

Echelon lens (Optics), a large lens constructed in several parts or layers, extending in a succession of annular rings beyond the central lens; -- used in lighthouses.

Ech"e*lon (?), v. t. (Mil.) To place in echelon; to station divisions of troops in echelon.

Ech"e*lon, v. i. To take position in echelon.

Change direction to the left, echelon by battalion from the right.

Upton (Tactics).

||E*chid"na (*kd"n), n. [L., a viper, adder, Gr. 'e`chidna.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A monster, half maid and half serpent.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of Monotremata found in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. They are toothless and covered with spines; -- called also porcupine ant-eater, and Australian ant-eater.

E*chid"nine (?; 104), n. [See Echidna.] (Chem.) The clear, viscid fluid secreted by the poison glands of certain serpents; also, a nitrogenous base contained in this, and supposed to be the active poisonous principle of the virus. Brande & C.

{ Ech"i*nate (?), Ech"i*na`ted (?), } a. [L. echinatus. See Echinus.] Set with prickles; prickly, like a hedgehog; bristled; as, an echinated pericarp.

E*chi"nid (?), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Echinoid.

E*chin"i*dan (?), n. [Cf. F. échinide.] (Zoöl.) One the Echinoidea.

E*chin"i*tal (?), a. Of, or like, an echinite.

Ech"i*nite (?), n. [Cf. F. échinite. See Echinus.] (Paleon.) A fossil echinoid.

||E*chi`no*coc"cus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; hedgehog, sea urchin + &?; grain, seed. So called because forming little granular bodies, each armed with hooklets and disposed upon the inner wall of the hydatid cysts.] (Zoöl.) A parasite of man and of many domestic and wild animals, forming compound cysts or tumors (called hydatid cysts) in various organs, but especially in the liver and lungs, which often cause death. It is the larval stage of the Tænia echinococcus, a small tapeworm peculiar to the dog.

E*chin"o*derm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Echinodermata.

E*chi`no*der"mal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Relating or belonging to the echinoderms.

||E*chi`no*der"ma*ta (*k`n*dr"m*t), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'echi^nos hedgehog, sea urchin + de`rma, -atos, skin.] (Zoöl.) One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom. By many writers it was formerly included in the Radiata. [Written also Echinoderma.]

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The species usually have an exterior calcareous skeleton, or shell, made of many pieces, and often covered with spines, to which the name. They may be star-shaped, cylindrical, disk-shaped, or more or less spherical. The body consists of several similar parts (spheromeres) repeated symmetrically around a central axis, at one end of which the mouth is situated. They generally have suckers for locomotion. The group includes the following classes: Crinoidea, Asterioidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothurioidea. See these words in the Vocabulary, and also Ambulacrum.

E*chi`no*der"ma*tous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Relating to Echinodermata; echinodermal.

E*chi"noid (?), a. [Echinus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Echinoidea. -- n. One of the Echinoidea.

||Ech`i*noi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Echinus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) The class Echinodermata which includes the sea urchins. They have a calcareous shell, usually more or less spheroidal or disk-shaped, composed of many united plates, and covered with movable spines. See Spatangoid, Clypeastroid. [Written also Echinidea, and Echinoida.]

||E*chi`no*zo"a (*k`n*z"), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'echi^nos an echinus + zw^,on an animal.] (Zoöl.) The Echinodermata.

E*chin"u*late (?), a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Set with small spines or prickles.

||E*chi"nus (?), n.; pl. Echini (#). [L., a hedgehog, sea urchin, Gr. 'echi^nos.] 1. (Zoöl.) A hedgehog.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of echinoderms, including the common edible sea urchin of Europe.

3. (Arch.) (a) The rounded molding forming the bell of the capital of the Grecian Doric style, which is of a peculiar elastic curve. See Entablature. (b) The quarter-round molding (ovolo) of the Roman Doric style. See Illust. of Column (c) A name sometimes given to the egg and anchor or egg and dart molding, because that ornament is often identified with the Roman Doric capital. The name probably alludes to the shape of the shell of the sea urchin.

||Ech`i*u*roi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. echiurus, the name of one genus (Gr. 'e`chis an adder + o'yra` tail) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of Annelida which includes the genus Echiurus and allies. They are often classed among the Gephyrea, and called the armed Gephyreans.

Ech"o (k"), n.; pl. Echoes (k"z). [L. echo, Gr. 'hchw` echo, sound, akin to 'hchh`, 'h^chos, sound, noise; cf. Skr. vç to sound, bellow; perh. akin to E. voice: cf. F. écho.] 1. A sound reflected from an opposing surface and repeated to the ear of a listener; repercussion of sound; repetition of a sound.

The babbling echo mocks the hounds.

Shak.

The woods shall answer, and the echo ring.

Pope.

2. Fig.: Sympathetic recognition; response; answer.

Fame is the echo of actions, resounding them.

Fuller.

Many kind, and sincere speeches found an echo in his heart.

R. L. Stevenson.

3. (a) (Myth. & Poetic) A wood or mountain nymph, regarded as repeating, and causing the reverberation of them.

Sweet Echo, sweetest nymph, that liv'st unseen Within thy airy shell.

Milton.

(b) (Gr. Myth.) A nymph, the daughter of Air and Earth, who, for love of Narcissus, pined away until nothing was left of her but her voice.

Compelled me to awake the courteous Echo To give me answer from her mossy couch.

Milton.

Echo organ (Mus.), a set organ pipes inclosed in a box so as to produce a soft, distant effect; -- generally superseded by the swell. -- Echo stop (Mus.), a stop upon a harpsichord contrived for producing the soft effect of distant sound. -- To applaud to the echo, to give loud and continuous applause. M. Arnold.

I would applaud thee to the very echo, That should applaud again.

Shak.

Ech"o, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Echoed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Echoing. -- 3d pers. sing. pres. Echoes (&?;).] 1. To send back (a sound); to repeat in sound; to reverberate.

Those peals are echoed by the Trojan throng.

Dryden.

The wondrous sound Is echoed on forever.

Keble.

2. To repeat with assent; to respond; to adopt.

They would have echoed the praises of the men whom they &?;nvied, and then have sent to the newspaper anonymous libels upon them.

Macaulay.

Ech"o, v. i. To give an echo; to resound; to be sounded back; as, the hall echoed with acclamations. "Echoing noise." Blackmore.

Ech"o*er (?), n. One who, or that which, echoes.

Ech"o*less, a. Without echo or response.

E*chom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, sound + -meter: cf. F. échomètre.] (Mus) A graduated scale for measuring the duration of sounds, and determining their different, and the relation of their intervals. J. J. Rousseau.

E*chom"e*try (?), n. [Cf. F. échométrie.] 1. The art of measuring the duration of sounds or echoes.

2. The art of constructing vaults to produce echoes.

{ Ech*on" (?), Ech*oon" (?) }, pron. Each one. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ech"o*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, sound + -scope.] (Med.) An instrument for intensifying sounds produced by percussion of the thorax. Knight.

||É`clair" (?), n. [F.] (Cookery) A kind of frosted cake, containing flavored cream.

E*clair"cise (?), v. t. [F. éclaircir; pref. es- (L. ex) + clair clear, L. clarus.] To make clear; to clear up what is obscure or not understood; to explain.

||E*clair"cisse*ment (?), n. [F., fr. éclaircir. See Eclaircise, v. t.] The clearing up of anything which is obscure or not easily understood; an explanation.

The eclaircissement ended in the discovery of the informer.

Clarendon.

||Ec*lamp"si*a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; a shining forth, fr. &?; to shine forth; &?; out + &?; to shine.] (Med.) A fancied perception of flashes of light, a symptom of epilepsy; hence, epilepsy itself; convulsions.

The term is generally restricted to a convulsive affection attending pregnancy and parturition, and to infantile convulsions.

||Ec*lamp"sy (?), n. (Med.) Same as Eclampsia.

E*clat" (?), n. [F. éclat a fragment, splinter, explosion, brilliancy, splendor, fr. éclater to splinter, burst, explode, shine brilliantly, prob. of German origin; cf. OHG. sleizan to slit, split, fr. slzan, G. schleissen; akin to E. slit.] 1. Brilliancy of success or effort; splendor; brilliant show; striking effect; glory; renown. "The eclat of Homer's battles." Pope.

2. Demonstration of admiration and approbation; applause. Prescott.

Ec*lec"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to pick out, choose out: cf. F. éclectique. See Eclogue, and cf. Elect.] 1. Selecting; choosing (what is true or excellent in doctrines, opinions, etc.) from various sources or systems; as, an eclectic philosopher.

2. Consisting, or made up, of what is chosen or selected; as, an eclectic method; an eclectic magazine.

Eclectic physician, one of a class of practitioners of medicine, who select their modes of practice and medicines from all schools; formerly, sometimes the same as botanic physician. [U.S.] -- Eclectic school. (Paint.) See Bolognese school, under Bolognese.

Ec*lec"tic (?), n. One who follows an eclectic method.

Ec*lec"tic*al*ly (?), adv. In an eclectic manner; by an eclectic method.

Ec*lec"ti*cism (?), n. [Cf. F. éclecticisme. Cf. Electicism.] Theory or practice of an eclectic.

Ec*legm" (?), n. [F. éclegme, L. ecligma, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to lick up.] (Med.) A medicine made by mixing oils with sirups. John Quincy.

E*clipse" (*klps"), n. [F. éclipse, L. eclipsis, fr. Gr. 'e`kleipsis, prop., a forsaking, failing, fr. 'eklei`pein to leave out, forsake; 'ek out + lei`pein to leave. See Ex-, and Loan.] 1. (Astron.) An interception or obscuration of the light of the sun, moon, or other luminous body, by the intervention of some other body, either between it and the eye, or between the luminous body and that illuminated by it. A lunar eclipse is caused by the moon passing through the earth's shadow; a solar eclipse, by the moon coming between the sun and the observer. A satellite is eclipsed by entering the shadow of its primary. The obscuration of a planet or star by the moon or a planet, though of the nature of an eclipse, is called an occultation. The eclipse of a small portion of the sun by Mercury or Venus is called a transit of the planet.

In ancient times, eclipses were, and among unenlightened people they still are, superstitiously regarded as forerunners of evil fortune, a sentiment of which occasional use is made in literature.

That fatal and perfidious bark, Built in the eclipse, and rigged with curses dark.

Milton.

2. The loss, usually temporary or partial, of light, brilliancy, luster, honor, consciousness, etc.; obscuration; gloom; darkness.

All the posterity of our fist parents suffered a perpetual eclipse of spiritual life.

Sir W. Raleigh.

As in the soft and sweet eclipse, When soul meets soul on lovers' lips.

Shelley.

Annular eclipse. (Astron.) See under Annular. -- Cycle of eclipses. See under Cycle.

E*clipse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Eclipsed (*klpst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Eclipsing.] 1. To cause the obscuration of; to darken or hide; -- said of a heavenly body; as, the moon eclipses the sun.

2. To obscure, darken, or extinguish the beauty, luster, honor, etc., of; to sully; to cloud; to throw into the shade by surpassing. "His eclipsed state." Dryden.

My joy of liberty is half eclipsed.

Shak.

E*clipse", v. i. To suffer an eclipse.

While the laboring moon Eclipses at their charms.

Milton.

E*clip"tic (*klp"tk), n. [Cf. F. écliptique, L. linea ecliptica, Gr. 'ekleiptiko`s, prop. adj., of an eclipse, because in this circle eclipses of the sun and moon take place. See Ecliptic, a.] 1. (Astron.) A great circle of the celestial sphere, making an angle with the equinoctial of about 23° 28&prime;. It is the apparent path of the sun, or the real path of the earth as seen from the sun.

2. (Geog.) A great circle drawn on a terrestrial globe, making an angle of 23° 28&prime; with the equator; -- used for illustrating and solving astronomical problems.

E*clip"tic, a. [L. eclipticus belonging to an eclipse, Gr. 'ekleiptiko`s. See Eclipse.] 1. Pertaining to the ecliptic; as, the ecliptic way.

2. Pertaining to an eclipse or to eclipses.

Lunar ecliptic limit (Astron.), the space of 12° on the moon's orbit from the node, within which, if the moon happens to be at full, it will be eclipsed. -- Solar ecliptic limit, the space of 17° from the lunar node, within which, if a conjunction of the sun and moon occur, the sun will be eclipsed.

Ec"lo*gite (?), n. [See Ecloque.] (Min.) A rock consisting of granular red garnet, light green smaragdite, and common hornblende; -- so called in reference to its beauty.

Ec"logue (?), n. [L. ecloga, Gr. &?; a selection, choice extracts, fr. &?; to pick out, choose out; &?; out + &?; to gather, choose: cf. F. égloque, écloque. See Ex-, and Legend.] A pastoral poem, in which shepherds are introduced conversing with each other; a bucolic; an idyl; as, the Ecloques of Virgil, from which the modern usage of the word has been established.

{ E`co*nom"ic (?; 277), E`co*nom"ic*al (?), } a. [F. économique, L. oeconomicus orderly, methodical, Gr. &?; economical. See Economy.] 1. Pertaining to the household; domestic. "In this economical misfortune [of ill- assorted matrimony.]" Milton.

2. Relating to domestic economy, or to the management of household affairs.

And doth employ her economic art And busy care, her household to preserve.

Sir J. Davies.

3. Managing with frugality; guarding against waste or unnecessary expense; careful and frugal in management and in expenditure; -- said of character or habits.

Just rich enough, with economic care, To save a pittance.

Harte.

4. Managed with frugality; not marked with waste or extravagance; frugal; -- said of acts; saving; as, an economical use of money or of time.

5. Relating to the means of living, or the resources and wealth of a country; relating to political economy; as, economic purposes; economical truths.

These matters economical and political.

J. C. Shairp.

There was no economical distress in England to prompt the enterprises of colonization.

Palfrey.

Economic questions, such as money, usury, taxes, lands, and the employment of the people.

H. C. Baird.

6. Regulative; relating to the adaptation of means to an end. Grew.

Economical is the usual form when meaning frugal, saving; economic is the form commonly used when meaning pertaining to the management of a household, or of public affairs.

E`co*nom"ic*al*ly (?), adv. With economy; with careful management; with prudence in expenditure.

E`co*nom"ics (`k&ocr*;nm"ks), n. [Gr. ta` o'ikonomika`, equiv. to "h o'ikonomi`a. See Economic.] 1. The science of household affairs, or of domestic management.

2. Political economy; the science of the utilities or the useful application of wealth or material resources. See Political economy, under Political. "In politics and economics." V. Knox.

E*con"o*mist (?), n. [Cf. F. économiste.] 1. One who economizes, or manages domestic or other concerns with frugality; one who expends money, time, or labor, judiciously, and without waste. "Economists even to parsimony." Burke.

2. One who is conversant with political economy; a student of economics.

E*con`o*mi*za"tion (?), n. The act or practice of using to the best effect. [R.] H. Spenser.

E*con"o*mize (*kn"*mz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Economized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Economizing.] [Cf. F. économiser.] To manage with economy; to use with prudence; to expend with frugality; as, to economize one's income. [Written also economise.]

Expenses in the city were to be economized.

Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Calculating how to economize time.

W. Irving.

E*con"o*mize, v. i. To be prudently sparing in expenditure; to be frugal and saving; as, to economize in order to grow rich. [Written also economise.] Milton.

E*con"o*mi`zer (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, economizes.

2. Specifically: (Steam Boilers) An arrangement of pipes for heating feed water by waste heat in the gases passing to the chimney.

E*con"o*my (-m), n.; pl. Economies (#). [F. économie, L. oeconomia household management, fr. Gr. o'ikonomi`a, fr. o'ikono`mos one managing a household; o'i^kos house (akin to L. vicus village, E. vicinity) + no`mos usage, law, rule, fr. ne`mein to distribute, manage. See Vicinity, Nomad.] 1. The management of domestic affairs; the regulation and government of household matters; especially as they concern expense or disbursement; as, a careful economy.

Himself busy in charge of the household economies.

Froude.

2. Orderly arrangement and management of the internal affairs of a state or of any establishment kept up by production and consumption; esp., such management as directly concerns wealth; as, political economy.

3. The system of rules and regulations by which anything is managed; orderly system of regulating the distribution and uses of parts, conceived as the result of wise and economical adaptation in the author, whether human or divine; as, the animal or vegetable economy; the economy of a poem; the Jewish economy.

The position which they [the verb and adjective] hold in the general economy of language.

Earle.

In the Greek poets, as also in Plautus, we shall see the economy . . . of poems better observed than in Terence.

B. Jonson.

The Jews already had a Sabbath, which, as citizens and subjects of that economy, they were obliged to keep.

Paley.

4. Thrifty and frugal housekeeping; management without loss or waste; frugality in expenditure; prudence and disposition to save; as, a housekeeper accustomed to economy but not to parsimony.

Political economy. See under Political.

Syn. -- Economy, Frugality, Parsimony. Economy avoids all waste and extravagance, and applies money to the best advantage; frugality cuts off indulgences, and proceeds on a system of saving. The latter conveys the idea of not using or spending superfluously, and is opposed to lavishness or profusion. Frugality is usually applied to matters of consumption, and commonly points to simplicity of manners; parsimony is frugality carried to an extreme, involving meanness of spirit, and a sordid mode of living. Economy is a virtue, and parsimony a vice.

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I have no other notion of economy than that it is the parent to liberty and ease.

Swift.

The father was more given to frugality, and the son to riotousness [luxuriousness].

Golding.

||É`cor`ché" (?), n. [F.] (Fine Arts) A manikin, or image, representing an animal, especially man, with the skin removed so that the muscles are exposed for purposes of study.

||É`cos`saise" (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) A dancing tune in the Scotch style.

E*cos"tate (?), a. [Pref. e- + costate.] (Bot.) Having no ribs or nerves; -- said of a leaf.

||É`coute" (?), n. [F., a listening place.] (Mil.) One of the small galleries run out in front of the glacis. They serve to annoy the enemy's miners.

||Ec"pha*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to speak out.] (Rhet.) An explicit declaration.

||Ec`pho*ne"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a thing called out, fr. &?; to cry out; 'ek out + &?; voice.] (Rhet.) A breaking out with some interjectional particle.

Ec"pho*neme (?), n. [See Ecphonema.] A mark (!) used to indicate an exclamation. G. Brown.

||Ec`pho*ne"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Ecphonema.] (Rhet.) An animated or passionate exclamation.

The feelings by the ecphonesis are very various.

Gibbs.

Ec*phrac"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, from &?; to open; 'ek out + &?; to block up: cf. F. ecphractique.] (Med.) Serving to dissolve or attenuate viscid matter, and so to remove obstructions; deobstruent. -- n. An ecphractic medicine. Harvey.

||É`crase`ment" (?), n. [F.] (Surg.) The operation performed with an écraseur.

É`cra`seur" (?), n. [F., fr. écraser to crush.] (Surg.) An instrument intended to replace the knife in many operations, the parts operated on being severed by the crushing effect produced by the gradual tightening of a steel chain, so that hemorrhage rarely follows.

||É`cru" (?), a. [F., fr. L. crudus raw.] Having the color or appearance of unbleached stuff, as silk, linen, or the like.

Ec"sta*sy (?), n.; pl. Ecstasies (#). [F. extase, L. ecstasis, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to put out of place, derange; &?; = 'ek out + &?; to set, stand. See Ex-, and Stand.] [Also written extasy.] 1. The state of being beside one's self or rapt out of one's self; a state in which the mind is elevated above the reach of ordinary impressions, as when under the influence of overpowering emotion; an extraordinary elevation of the spirit, as when the soul, unconscious of sensible objects, is supposed to contemplate heavenly mysteries.

Like a mad prophet in an ecstasy.

Dryden.

This is the very ecstasy of love.

Shak.

2. Excessive and overmastering joy or enthusiasm; rapture; enthusiastic delight.

He on the tender grass Would sit, and hearken even to ecstasy.

Milton.

3. Violent distraction of mind; violent emotion; excessive grief of anxiety; insanity; madness. [Obs.]

That unmatched form and feature of blown youth Blasted with ecstasy.

Shak.

Our words will but increase his ecstasy.

Marlowe.

4. (Med.) A state which consists in total suspension of sensibility, of voluntary motion, and largely of mental power. The body is erect and inflexible; the pulsation and breathing are not affected. Mayne.

Ec"sta*sy, v. t. To fill ecstasy, or with rapture or enthusiasm. [Obs.]