Chapter 62

2. A member of a social and benevolent order, founded in London in 1781, and professedly based on the traditions of the ancient Druids. Lodges or groves of the society are established in other countries.

Druid stones, a name given, in the south of England, to weatherworn, rough pillars of gray sandstone scattered over the chalk downs, but in other countries generally in the form of circles, or in detached pillars.

Dru"id*ess, n. A female Druid; a prophetess.

{ Dru*id"ic (?), Dru*id"ic*al (?), } a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Druids.

Druidical circles. See under Circle.

Dru"id*ish (?), a. Druidic.

Dru"id*ism (?), n. The system of religion, philosophy, and instruction, received and taught by the Druids; the rites and ceremonies of the Druids.

Drum (?), n. [Cf. D. trom, trommel, LG. trumme, G. trommel, Dan. tromme, Sw. trumma, OHG. trumba a trumpet, Icel. pruma a clap of thunder, and as a verb, to thunder, Dan. drum a booming sound, drumme to boom; prob. partly at least of imitative origin; perh. akin to E. trum, or trumpet.] 1. (Mus.) An instrument of percussion, consisting either of a hollow cylinder, over each end of which is stretched a piece of skin or vellum, to be beaten with a stick; or of a metallic hemisphere (kettledrum) with a single piece of skin to be so beaten; the common instrument for marking time in martial music; one of the pair of tympani in an orchestra, or cavalry band.

The drums cry bud-a-dub.

Gascoigne.

2. Anything resembling a drum in form; as: (a) A sheet iron radiator, often in the shape of a drum, for warming an apartment by means of heat received from a stovepipe, or a cylindrical receiver for steam, etc. (b) A small cylindrical box in which figs, etc., are packed. (c) (Anat.) The tympanum of the ear; -- often, but incorrectly, applied to the tympanic membrane. (d) (Arch.) One of the cylindrical, or nearly cylindrical, blocks, of which the shaft of a column is composed; also, a vertical wall, whether circular or polygonal in plan, carrying a cupola or dome. (e) (Mach.) A cylinder on a revolving shaft, generally for the purpose of driving several pulleys, by means of belts or straps passing around its periphery; also, the barrel of a hoisting machine, on which the rope or chain is wound.

3. (Zoöl.) See Drumfish.

4. A noisy, tumultuous assembly of fashionable people at a private house; a rout. [Archaic]

Not unaptly styled a drum, from the noise and emptiness of the entertainment.

Smollett.

There were also drum major, rout, tempest, and hurricane, differing only in degrees of multitude and uproar, as the significant name of each declares.

5. A tea party; a kettledrum. G. Eliot.

Bass drum. See in the Vocabulary. -- Double drum. See under Double.

Drum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Drummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Drumming.] 1. To beat a drum with sticks; to beat or play a tune on a drum.

2. To beat with the fingers, as with drumsticks; to beat with a rapid succession of strokes; to make a noise like that of a beaten drum; as, the ruffed grouse drums with his wings.

Drumming with his fingers on the arm of his chair.

W. Irving.

3. To throb, as the heart. [R.] Dryden.

4. To go about, as a drummer does, to gather recruits, to draw or secure partisans, customers, etc,; -- with for.

Drum, v. t. 1. To execute on a drum, as a tune.

2. (With out) To expel ignominiously, with beat of drum; as, to drum out a deserter or rogue from a camp, etc.

3. (With up) To assemble by, or as by, beat of drum; to collect; to gather or draw by solicitation; as, to drum up recruits; to drum up customers.

Drum"beat` (?), n. The sound of a beaten drum; drum music.

Whose morning drumbeat, following the sun, and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England.

D. Webster.

Drum"ble (?), v. i. [See Drumly.] 1. To be sluggish or lazy; to be confused. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To mumble in speaking. [Obs.]

Drum"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Sciænidæ, which makes a loud noise by means of its air bladder; -- called also drum.

<! p. 458 !>

The common drumfish (Pogonias chromis) is a large species, common south of New Jersey. The southern red drum or red horse (Sciæna ocellata), and the fresh-water drum or croaker (Aplodionotus grunniens), are related species.

Drum"head` (?), n. 1. The parchment or skin stretched over one end of a drum.

2. The top of a capstan which is pierced with sockets for levers used in turning it. See Illust. of Capstan.

Drumhead court-martial (Mil.), a summary court-martial called to try offenses on the battlefield or the line of march, when, sometimes, a drumhead has to do service as a writing table.

Drum"lin (?), n. [Gael. druim the ridge of a hill.] (Geol.) A hill of compact, unstratified, glacial drift or till, usually elongate or oval, with the larger axis parallel to the former local glacial motion.

Drum"ly, a. [Cf. Droumy.] Turbid; muddy. [Scot. & Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Wodroephe (1623). Burns.

Drum" ma"jor (?). 1. The chief or first drummer of a regiment; an instructor of drummers.

2. The marching leader of a military band. [U.S.]

3. A noisy gathering. [R.] See under Drum, n., 4.

Drum"mer (?), n. 1. One whose office is to best the drum, as in military exercises and marching.

2. One who solicits custom; a commercial traveler. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett.

3. (Zoöl.) A fish that makes a sound when caught; as: (a) The squeteague. (b) A California sculpin.

4. (Zoöl.) A large West Indian cockroach (Blatta gigantea) which drums on woodwork, as a sexual call.

Drum"ming (?), n. The act of beating upon, or as if upon, a drum; also, the noise which the male of the ruffed grouse makes in spring, by beating his wings upon his sides.

Drum"mond light` (?). [From Thomas Drummond, a British naval officer.] A very intense light, produced by turning two streams of gas, one oxygen and the other hydrogen, or coal gas, in a state of ignition, upon a ball of lime; or a stream of oxygen gas through a flame of alcohol upon a ball or disk of lime; -- called also oxycalcium light, or lime light.

The name is also applied sometimes to a heliostat, invented by Drummond, for rendering visible a distant point, as in geodetic surveying, by reflecting upon it a beam of light from the sun.

Drum"stick` (?), n. 1. A stick with which a drum is beaten.

2. Anything resembling a drumstick in form, as the tibiotarsus, or second joint, of the leg of a fowl.

Drunk (?), a. [OE. dronke, drunke, dronken, drunken, AS. druncen. Orig. the same as drunken, p. p. of drink. See Drink.] 1. Intoxicated with, or as with, strong drink; inebriated; drunken; -- never used attributively, but always predicatively; as, the man is drunk (not, a drunk man).

Be not drunk with wine, where in is excess.

Eph. v. 18.

Drunk with recent prosperity.

Macaulay.

2. Drenched or saturated with moisture or liquid.

I will make mine arrows drunk with blood.

Deut. xxxii. 42.

Drunk, n. A drunken condition; a spree. [Slang]

Drunk"ard (?), n. [Drunk + - ard.] One who habitually drinks strong liquors immoderately; one whose habit it is to get drunk; a toper; a sot.

The drunkard and glutton shall come to poverty.

Prov. xxiii. 21.

Drunk"en (?), a. [AS. druncen, prop., that has drunk, p. p. of drincan, taken as active. See Drink, v. i., and cf. Drunk.] 1. Overcome by strong drink; intoxicated by, or as by, spirituous liquor; inebriated.

Drunken men imagine everything turneth round.

Bacon.

2. Saturated with liquid or moisture; drenched.

Let the earth be drunken with our blood.

Shak.

3. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, intoxication.

The drunken quarrels of a rake.

Swift.

Drunk"en*head (?), n. Drunkenness. [Obs.]

Drunk"en*ly, adv. In a drunken manner. [R.] Shak.

Drunk"en*ness, n. 1. The state of being drunken with, or as with, alcoholic liquor; intoxication; inebriety; -- used of the casual state or the habit.

The Lacedemonians trained up their children to hate drunkenness by bringing a drunken man into their company.

I. Watts.

2. Disorder of the faculties, resembling intoxication by liquors; inflammation; frenzy; rage.

Passion is the drunkenness of the mind.

South.

Syn. -- Intoxication; inebriation; inebriety. -- Drunkenness, Intoxication, Inebriation. Drunkenness refers more to the habit; intoxication and inebriation, to specific acts. The first two words are extensively used in a figurative sense; a person is intoxicated with success, and is drunk with joy. "This plan of empire was not taken up in the first intoxication of unexpected success." Burke.

{ Drunk"en*ship, Drunk"ship, } n. The state of being drunk; drunkenness. [Obs.] Gower.

Dru*pa"ceous (?), a. [Cf. F. drupacé.] (Bot.) Producing, or pertaining to, drupes; having the form of drupes; as, drupaceous trees or fruits.

Drup"al (?), a. (Bot.) Drupaceous.

Drupe (?), n. [F. drupe, L. drupa an overripe, wrinkled olive, fr. Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) A fruit consisting of pulpy, coriaceous, or fibrous exocarp, without valves, containing a nut or stone with a kernel. The exocarp is succulent in the plum, cherry, apricot, peach, etc.; dry and subcoriaceous in the almond; and fibrous in the cocoanut.

{ Drup"el (?), Drupe"let (?), } n. [Dim. of Drupe.] (Bot.) A small drupe, as one of the pulpy grains of the blackberry.

Druse (?), n. [Cf. G. druse bonny, crystallized piece of ore, Bohem. druza. Cf. Dross.] (Min.) A cavity in a rock, having its interior surface studded with crystals and sometimes filled with water; a geode.

Druse (?), n. One of a people and religious sect dwelling chiefly in the Lebanon mountains of Syria.

The Druses separated from the Mohammedan Arabs in the 9th century. Their characteristic dogma is the unity of God.

Am. Cyc.

{ Dru"sy (?), Drused (?), } a. (Min.) Covered with a large number of minute crystals.

{ Drux"ey, Drux"y } (?), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Having decayed spots or streaks of a whitish color; -- said of timber. Weale.

Dry (?), a. [Compar. Drier (?); superl. Driest.] [OE. dru&?;e, druye, drie, AS. dryge; akin to LG. dröge, D. droog, OHG. trucchan, G. trocken, Icel. draugr a dry log. Cf. Drought, Drouth, 3d Drug.] 1. Free from moisture; having little humidity or none; arid; not wet or moist; deficient in the natural or normal supply of moisture, as rain or fluid of any kind; -- said especially: (a) Of the weather: Free from rain or mist.

The weather, we agreed, was too dry for the season.

Addison.

(b) Of vegetable matter: Free from juices or sap; not succulent; not green; as, dry wood or hay. (c) Of animals: Not giving milk; as, the cow is dry. (d) Of persons: Thirsty; needing drink.

Give the dry fool drink.

Shak

(e) Of the eyes: Not shedding tears.

Not a dry eye was to be seen in the assembly.

Prescott.

(f) (Med.) Of certain morbid conditions, in which there is entire or comparative absence of moisture; as, dry gangrene; dry catarrh.

2. Destitute of that which interests or amuses; barren; unembellished; jejune; plain.

These epistles will become less dry, more susceptible of ornament.

Pope.

3. Characterized by a quality somewhat severe, grave, or hard; hence, sharp; keen; shrewd; quaint; as, a dry tone or manner; dry wit.

He was rather a dry, shrewd kind of body.

W. Irving.

4. (Fine Arts) Exhibiting a sharp, frigid preciseness of execution, or the want of a delicate contour in form, and of easy transition in coloring.

Dry area (Arch.), a small open space reserved outside the foundation of a building to guard it from damp. -- Dry blow. (a) (Med.) A blow which inflicts no wound, and causes no effusion of blood. (b) A quick, sharp blow. -- Dry bone (Min.), Smithsonite, or carbonate of zinc; -- a miner's term. -- Dry castor (Zoöl.) a kind of beaver; -- called also parchment beaver. -- Dry cupping. (Med.) See under Cupping. - - Dry dock. See under Dock. -- Dry fat. See Dry vat (below). -- Dry light, pure unobstructed light; hence, a clear, impartial view. Bacon.

The scientific man must keep his feelings under stern control, lest they obtrude into his researches, and color the dry light in which alone science desires to see its objects.

J. C. Shairp.

-- Dry masonry. See Masonry. -- Dry measure, a system of measures of volume for dry or coarse articles, by the bushel, peck, etc. -- Dry pile (Physics), a form of the Voltaic pile, constructed without the use of a liquid, affording a feeble current, and chiefly useful in the construction of electroscopes of great delicacy; -- called also Zamboni's , from the names of the two earliest constructors of it. -- Dry pipe (Steam Engine), a pipe which conducts dry steam from a boiler. -- Dry plate (Photog.), a glass plate having a dry coating sensitive to light, upon which photographic negatives or pictures can be made, without moistening. -- Dry-plate process, the process of photographing with dry plates. -- Dry point. (Fine Arts) (a) An engraving made with the needle instead of the burin, in which the work is done nearly as in etching, but is finished without the use acid. (b) A print from such an engraving, usually upon paper. (c) Hence: The needle with which such an engraving is made. -- Dry rent (Eng. Law), a rent reserved by deed, without a clause of distress. Bouvier. -- Dry rot, a decay of timber, reducing its fibers to the condition of a dry powdery dust, often accompanied by the presence of a peculiar fungus (Merulius lacrymans), which is sometimes considered the cause of the decay; but it is more probable that the real cause is the decomposition of the wood itself. D. C. Eaton. Called also sap rot, and, in the United States, powder post. Hebert. -- Dry stove, a hothouse adapted to preserving the plants of arid climates. Brande & C. -- Dry vat, a vat, basket, or other receptacle for dry articles. -- Dry wine, that in which the saccharine matter and fermentation were so exactly balanced, that they have wholly neutralized each other, and no sweetness is perceptible; -- opposed to sweet wine, in which the saccharine matter is in excess.

Dry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Drying.] [AS. drygan; cf. drugian to grow dry. See Dry, a.] To make dry; to free from water, or from moisture of any kind, and by any means; to exsiccate; as, to dry the eyes; to dry one's tears; the wind dries the earth; to dry a wet cloth; to dry hay.

To dry up. (a) To scorch or parch with thirst; to deprive utterly of water; to consume.

Their honorable men are famished, and their multitude dried up with thirst.

Is. v. 13.

The water of the sea, which formerly covered it, was in time exhaled and dried up by the sun.

Woodward.

(b) To make to cease, as a stream of talk.

Their sources of revenue were dried up.

Jowett (Thucyd. )

-- To dry, or dry up, a cow, to cause a cow to cease secreting milk. Tylor.

Dry, v. i. 1. To grow dry; to become free from wetness, moisture, or juice; as, the road dries rapidly.

2. To evaporate wholly; to be exhaled; -- said of moisture, or a liquid; -- sometimes with up; as, the stream dries, or dries up.

3. To shrivel or wither; to lose vitality.

And his hand, which he put forth against him, dried up, so that he could not pull it in again to him.

I Kings xiii. 4.

Dry"ad (?), n. [L. dryas, pl. dryades, Gr. &?;, pl. &?;, fr. &?; oak, tree. See Tree.] (Class. Myth.) A wood nymph; a nymph whose life was bound up with that of her tree.

||Dry*an"dra (?), n. [NL. Named after J. Dryander.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs growing in Australia, having beautiful, hard, dry, evergreen leaves.

||Dry"as (?), n.; pl. Dryades (#). [L. See Dryad.] (Class. Myth.) A dryad.

Dry"-beat` (?), v. t. To beat severely. Shak.

Dry"-boned` (?), a. Having dry bones, or bones without flesh.

Dry" dock` (?). (Naut.) See under Dock.

Dry"er (?), n. See Drier. Sir W. Temple.

Dry"-eyed` (?), a. Not having tears in the eyes.

Dry"-fist`ed (?), a. Niggardly.

Dry"foot (?), n. The scent of the game, as far as it can be traced. [Obs.] Shak.

Dry" goods` (?). A commercial name for textile fabrics, cottons, woolens, linen, silks, laces, etc., -- in distinction from groceries. [U.S.]

Dry"ing, a. 1. Adapted or tending to exhaust moisture; as, a drying wind or day; a drying room.

2. Having the quality of rapidly becoming dry.

Drying oil, an oil which, either naturally or after boiling with oxide of lead, absorbs oxygen from the air and dries up rapidly. Drying oils are used as the bases of many paints and varnishes.

Dry"ly, adv. In a dry manner; not succulently; without interest; without sympathy; coldly.

Dry"ness, n. The state of being dry. See Dry.

Dry" nurse` (?). A nurse who attends and feeds a child by hand; -- in distinction from a wet nurse, who suckles it.

Dry"nurse`, v. t. To feed, attend, and bring up without the breast. Hudibras.

||Dry`o*bal"a*nops (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. dry^s oak + ba`lanos acorn + 'o`psis appearance. The fruit remotely resembles an acorn in its cup.] (Bot.) The genus to which belongs the single species D. Camphora, a lofty resinous tree of Borneo and Sumatra, yielding Borneo camphor and camphor oil.

Dry"-rub` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dry-rubbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Dry-rubbing.] To rub and cleanse without wetting. Dodsley.

Dry"salt`er (?), n. A dealer in salted or dried meats, pickles, sauces, etc., and in the materials used in pickling, salting, and preserving various kinds of food Hence drysalters usually sell a number of saline substances and miscellaneous drugs. Brande & C.

Dry"salt`er*y (?), n. The articles kept by a drysalter; also, the business of a drysalter.

Dry"-shod` (?), a. Without wetting the feet.

Dry"-stone` (?), a. Constructed of uncemented stone. "Dry-stone walls." Sir W. Scott.

{ Dryth (?), or Drith }, n. Drought. [Obs.] Tyndale.

Du"ad (?), n. [See Dyad.] A union of two; duality. [R.] Harris.

Du"al (?), a. [L. dualis, fr. duo two. See Two.] Expressing, or consisting of, the number two; belonging to two; as, the dual number of nouns, etc. , in Greek.

Here you have one half of our dual truth.

Tyndall.

Du"a*lin (?), n. (Chem.) An explosive substance consisting essentially of sawdust or wood pulp, saturated with nitroglycerin and other similar nitro compounds. It is inferior to dynamite, and is more liable to explosion.

Du"al*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. dualisme.] State of being dual or twofold; a twofold division; any system which is founded on a double principle, or a twofold distinction; as: (a) (Philos.) A view of man as constituted of two original and independent elements, as matter and spirit. (Theol.) (b) A system which accepts two gods, or two original principles, one good and the other evil. (c) The doctrine that all mankind are divided by the arbitrary decree of God, and in his eternal foreknowledge, into two classes, the elect and the reprobate. (d) (Physiol.) The theory that each cerebral hemisphere acts independently of the other.

An inevitable dualism bisects nature, so that each thing is a half, and suggests another thing to make it whole.

Emerson.

Du"al*ist, n. [Cf. F. dualiste.] 1. One who believes in dualism; a ditheist.

2. One who administers two offices. Fuller.

Du`al*is"tic (?), a. Consisting of two; pertaining to dualism or duality.

Dualistic system or theory (Chem.), the theory, originated by Lavoisier and developed by Berzelius, that all definite compounds are binary in their nature, and consist of two distinct constituents, themselves simple or complex, and possessed of opposite chemical or electrical affinities.

Du"al"i*ty (?), n. [L. dualitas: cf. F. dualité.] The quality or condition of being two or twofold; dual character or usage.

Du"an (?), n. [Gael. & Ir.] A division of a poem corresponding to a canto; a poem or song. [R.]

Du"ar*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?; two + - archy.] Government by two persons.

Dub (db), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Dubbed (dbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Dubbing.] [AS. dubban to strike, beat ("dubbade his sunu . . . to rdere." AS. Chron. an. 1086); akin to Icel. dubba; cf. OF. adouber (prob. fr. Icel.) a chevalier, Icel. dubba til riddara.] 1. To confer knighthood upon; as, the king dubbed his son Henry a knight.

The conclusion of the ceremony was marked by a tap on the shoulder with the sword.

2. To invest with any dignity or new character; to entitle; to call.

A man of wealth is dubbed a man of worth.

Pope.

3. To clothe or invest; to ornament; to adorn. [Obs.]

His diadem was dropped down Dubbed with stones.

Morte d'Arthure.

4. To strike, rub, or dress smooth; to dab; as: (a) To dress with an adz; as, to dub a stick of timber smooth.

<! p. 459 !>

(b) To strike cloth with teasels to raise a nap. Halliwell. (c) To rub or dress with grease, as leather in the process of cyrrying it. Tomlinson. (d) To prepare for fighting, as a gamecock, by trimming the hackles and cutting off the comb and wattles.

To dub a fly, to dress a fishing fly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. -- To dub out (Plastering), to fill out, as an uneven surface, to a plane, or to carry out a series of small projections.

Dub (?), v. i. To make a noise by brisk drumbeats. "Now the drum dubs." Beau. & Fl.

Dub, n. A blow. [R.] Hudibras.

Dub, n. [Cf. Ir. dób mire, stream, W. dwvr water.] A pool or puddle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Dubb (?), n. [Ar.] (Zoöl.) The Syrian bear. See under Bear. [Written also dhubb, and dub.]

Dub"ber (?), n. One who, or that which, dubs.

Dub"ber, n. [Hind. dabbah.] A globular vessel or bottle of leather, used in India to hold ghee, oil, etc. [Also written dupper.] M'Culloch.

Dub"bing (?), n. 1. The act of dubbing, as a knight, etc.

2. The act of rubbing, smoothing, or dressing; a dressing off smooth with an adz.

3. A dressing of flour and water used by weavers; a mixture of oil and tallow for dressing leather; daubing.

4. The body substance of an angler's fly. Davy.

Du*bi"e*ty (?), n.; pl. Dubieties (#). [L. dubietas, fr. dubius. See Dubious.] Doubtfulness; uncertainty; doubt. [R.] Lamb. "The dubiety of his fate." Sir W. Scott.

Du`bi*os"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Dubiosities (#). [L. dubiosus.] The state of being doubtful; a doubtful statement or thing. [R.]

Men often swallow falsities for truths, dubiosities for certainties, possibilities for feasibilities.

Sir T. Browne.

Du"bi*ous (?), a. [L. dubius, dubiosus, fr. duo two. See Two, and cf. Doubt.] 1. Doubtful or not settled in opinion; being in doubt; wavering or fluctuating; undetermined. "Dubious policy." Sir T. Scott.

A dubious, agitated state of mind.

Thackeray.

2. Occasioning doubt; not clear, or obvious; equivocal; questionable; doubtful; as, a dubious answer.

Wiping the dingy shirt with a still more dubious pocket handkerchief.

Thackeray.

3. Of uncertain event or issue; as, in dubious battle.

Syn. -- Doubtful; doubting; unsettled; undetermined; equivocal; uncertain. Cf. Doubtful.

Du"bi*ous*ly, adv. In a dubious manner.

Du"bi*ous*ness, n. State of being dubious.

Du"bi*ta*ble (?), a. [L. dubitabilis. Cf. Doubtable.] Liable to be doubted; uncertain. [R.] Dr. H. More. -- Du"bi*ta*bly, adv. [R.]

Du"bi*tan*cy (?), n. [LL. dubitantia.] Doubt; uncertainty. [R.] Hammond.

Du"bi*tate (?), v. i. [L. dubitatus, p. p. of dubitare. See Doubt.] To doubt. [R.]

If he . . . were to loiter dubitating, and not come.

Carlyle.

Du`bi*ta"tion (?), n. [L. dubitatio.] Act of doubting; doubt. [R.] Sir T. Scott.

Du"bi*ta*tive (?), a. [L. dubitativus: cf. F. dubitatif.] Tending to doubt; doubtful. [R.] -- Du"bi*ta*tive*ly, adv. [R.] . Eliot.

||Du*bois"i*a (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Same as Duboisine.

Du*bois"ine (?), n. (Med.) An alkaloid obtained from the leaves of an Australian tree (Duboisia myoporoides), and regarded as identical with hyoscyamine. It produces dilation of the pupil of the eye.

Du"cal (?), a. [F. ducal. See Duke.] Of or pertaining to a duke.

His ducal cap was to be exchanged for a kingly crown.

Motley.

Du"cal*ly, adv. In the manner of a duke, or in a manner becoming the rank of a duke.