Chapter 8

Ca*nal" (?), n. [F. canal, from L. canalis canal, channel; prob. from a root signifying "to cut"; cf. D. kanaal, fr. the French. Cf. Channel, Kennel gutter.]

1. An artificial channel filled with water and designed for navigation, or for irrigating land, etc.

2. (Anat.) A tube or duct; as, the alimentary canal; the semicircular canals of the ear.

Canal boat, a boat for use on a canal; esp. one of peculiar shape, carrying freight, and drawn by horses walking on the towpath beside the canal. -- Canal lock. See Lock.

Can"al coal` (?). See Cannel coal.

{ Can`a*lic"u*late (?), Can`a*lic"u*la`ted (?), } a. [L. canaliculatus channeled, fr. canaliculus, dim. of canalis. See Canal.] Having a channel or groove, as in the leafstalks of most palms.

||Can`a*lic"u*lus (?), n.; pl. Canaliculi (#). [L.] (Anat.) A minute canal.

Ca*nal`i*za"tion (?), n. Construction of, or furnishing with, a canal or canals. [R.]

Ca*nard" (?), n. [F., properly, a duck.] An extravagant or absurd report or story; a fabricated sensational report or statement; esp. one set afloat in the newspapers to hoax the public.

Can`a*rese" (?), a. Pertaining to Canara, a district of British India.

Ca*na"ry (?), a. [F. Canarie, L. Canaria insula one of the Canary islands, said to be so called from its large dogs, fr. canis dog.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Canary Islands; as, canary wine; canary birds.

2. Of a pale yellowish color; as, Canary stone.

Canary grass, a grass of the genus Phalaris (P. Canariensis), producing the seed used as food for canary birds. -- Canary stone (Min.), a yellow species of carnelian, named from its resemblance in color to the plumage of the canary bird. -- Canary wood, the beautiful wood of the trees Persea Indica and P. Canariensis, natives of Madeira and the Canary Islands. -- Canary vine. See Canary bird flower, under Canary bird.

Ca*na"ry, n.; pl. Canaries (#). 1. Wine made in the Canary Islands; sack. "A cup of canary." Shak.

2. A canary bird.

3. A pale yellow color, like that of a canary bird.

4. A quick and lively dance. [Obs.]

Make you dance canary With sprightly fire and motion. Shak.

Ca*na"ry (?), v. i. To perform the canary dance; to move nimbly; to caper. [Obs.]

But to jig of a tune at the tongue's end, canary to it with your feet. Shak.

Ca*na"ry bird` (?). (Zo÷l.) A small singing bird of the Finch family (Serinus Canarius), a native of the Canary Islands. It was brought to Europe in the 16th century, and made a household pet. It generally has a yellowish body with the wings and tail greenish, but in its wild state it is more frequently of gray or brown color. It is sometimes called canary finch.

Canary bird flower (Bot.), a climbing plant (TropŠolum peregrinum) with canary- colored flowers of peculiar form; -- called also canary vine.

Ca*nas"ter (?), n. [Sp. canasta, canastro, basket, fr. L. canistrum. See Canister.] A kind of tobacco for smoking, made of the dried leaves, coarsely broken; -- so called from the rush baskets in which it is packed in South America. McElrath.

Can" buoy` (?). See under Buoy, n.

||Can"can (?), n. [F.] A rollicking French dance, accompanied by indecorous or extravagant postures and gestures.

Can"cel (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Canceled or Cancelled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Canceling or Cancelling.] [L. cancellare to make like a lattice, to strike or cross out (cf. Fr. canceller, OF. canceler) fr. cancelli lattice, crossbars, dim. of cancer lattice; cf. Gr. &?; latticed gate. Cf. Chancel.] 1. To inclose or surround, as with a railing, or with latticework. [Obs.]

A little obscure place canceled in with iron work is the pillar or stump at which . . . our Savior was scourged. Evelyn.

2. To shut out, as with a railing or with latticework; to exclude. [Obs.] "Canceled from heaven." Milton.

3. To cross and deface, as the lines of a writing, or as a word or figure; to mark out by a cross line; to blot out or obliterate.

A deed may be avoided by delivering it up to be cancelled; that is, to have lines drawn over it in the form of latticework or cancelli; though the phrase is now used figuratively for any manner of obliterating or defacing it. Blackstone.

4. To annul or destroy; to revoke or recall.

The indentures were canceled. Thackeray.

He was unwilling to cancel the interest created through former secret services, by being refractory on this occasion. Sir W. Scott.

5. (Print.) To suppress or omit; to strike out, as matter in type.

Canceled figures (Print), figures cast with a line across the face., as for use in arithmetics.

Syn. -- To blot out; obliterate; deface; erase; efface; expunge; annul; abolish; revoke; abrogate; repeal; destroy; do away; set aside. See Abolish.

Can"cel, n. [See Cancel, v. i., and cf. Chancel.]

1. An inclosure; a boundary; a limit. [Obs.]

A prison is but a retirement, and opportunity of serious thoughts, to a person whose spirit . . . desires no enlargement beyond the cancels of the body. Jer. Taylor.

2. (Print) (a) The suppression or striking out of matter in type, or of a printed page or pages. (b) The part thus suppressed.

Can`cel*ier" (?), v. i. [F. chanceler, OF. canseler, to waver, orig. to cross the legs so as not to fall; from the same word as E. cancel.] (Falconry) To turn in flight; -- said of a hawk. [Obs.] Nares.

He makes his stoop; but wanting breath, is forced To cancelier. Massinger.

{ Can`cel*ier" (?), Can"cel*eer (?) }, n. (Falconry) The turn of a hawk upon the wing to recover herself, when she misses her aim in the stoop. [Obs.]

The fierce and eager hawks, down thrilling from the skies, Make sundry canceliers ere they the fowl can reach. Drayton.

Can`cel*la"re*an (?), a. Cancellarean. [R.]

Can"cel*late (?), a. [L. cancellatus, p. p. of cancellare, See Cancel, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) Consisting of a network of veins, without intermediate parenchyma, as the leaves of certain plants; latticelike.

2. (Zo÷l.) Having the surface coveres with raised lines, crossing at right angles.

Can"cel*la`ted (?), a. 1. Crossbarred; marked with cross lines. Grew.

2. (Anat.) Open or spongy, as some porous bones.

Can`cel*la"tion (?), n. [L. cancellatio: cf. F. cancellation.] 1. The act, process, or result of canceling; as, the cansellation of certain words in a contract, or of the contract itself.

2. (Math.) The operation of striking out common factors, in both the dividend and divisor.

||Can*cel"li (?), n. pl. [L., a lattice. See Cancel, v. t.] 1. An interwoven or latticed wall or inclosure; latticework, rails, or crossbars, as around the bar of a court of justice, between the chancel and the nave of a church, or in a window.

2. (Anat.) The interlacing osseous plates constituting the elastic porous tissue of certain parts of the bones, esp. in their articular extremities.

Can"cel*lous (?), a. [Cf. L. cancellosus covered with bars.] (Anat.) Having a spongy or porous structure; made up of cancelli; cancellated; as, the cancellous texture of parts of many bones.

Can"cer (?), n. [L. cancer, cancri, crab, ulcer, a sign of the zodiac; akin to Gr. karki`nos, Skr. karka&tsdot;a crab, and prob. Skr. karkara hard, the crab being named from its hard shell. Cf. Canner, Chancre.] 1. (Zo÷l.) A genus of decapod Crustacea, including some of the most common shore crabs of Europe and North America, as the rock crab, Jonah crab, etc. See Crab.

2. (Astron.) (a) The fourth of the twelve signs of the zodiac. The first point is the northern limit of the sun's course in summer; hence, the sign of the summer solstice. See Tropic. (b) A northern constellation between Gemini and Leo.

3. (Med.) Formerly, any malignant growth, esp. one attended with great pain and ulceration, with cachexia and progressive emaciation. It was so called, perhaps, from the great veins which surround it, compared by the ancients to the claws of a crab. The term is now restricted to such a growth made up of aggregations of epithelial cells, either without support or embedded in the meshes of a trabecular framework.

&fist; Four kinds of cancers are recognized: (1) Epithelial cancer, or Epithelioma, in which there is no trabecular framework. See Epithelioma. (2) Scirrhous cancer, or Hard cancer, in which the framework predominates, and the tumor is of hard consistence and slow growth. (3) Encephaloid, Medullary, or Soft cancer, in which the cellular element predominates, and the tumor is soft, grows rapidy, and often ulcerates. (4) Colloid cancer, in which the cancerous structure becomes gelatinous. The last three varieties are also called carcinoma.

Cancer cells, cells once believed to be peculiar to cancers, but now know to be epithelial cells differing in no respect from those found elsewhere in the body, and distinguished only by peculiarity of location and grouping. -- Cancer root (Bot.), the name of several low plants, mostly parasitic on roots, as the beech drops, the squawroot, etc. -- Tropic of Cancer. See Tropic.

Can"cer*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Cancerated.] [LL. canceratus eaten by a cancer. See Cancer.] To grow into a cancer; to become cancerous. Boyle.

Can`cer*a"tion (?), n. The act or state of becoming cancerous or growing into a cancer.

Can"cer*ite (?), n. [Cf. F. cancÚreux.] Like a cancer; having the qualities or virulence of a cancer; affected with cancer. "Cancerous vices." G. Eliot.

Can"cer*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. cancÚreux] Like a cancer; having the qualities or virulence of a cancer; affected with cancer. "cancerous vices" G. Eliot. [1913 Webster]

-- Can"cer*ous*ly, adv. -- Can"cer*ous*ness, n.

Can"cri*form (?), a. [Cancer + -form; cf. F. cancriforme.] 1. Having the form of, or resembling, a crab; crab- shaped.

2. Like a cancer; cancerous.

Can"crine (?), a. [From Cancer.] Having the qualities of a crab; crablike.

Can"cri*nite (?), n. [Named after Count Cancrin, a minister of finance in Russia.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in hexagonal crystals, also massive, generally of a yellow color, containing silica, alumina, lime, soda, and carbon dioxide.

Can"croid (?), a. [Cancer + oid.] 1. (Zo÷l.) Resembling a crab; pertaining to the Cancroidea, one of the families of crabs, including the genus Cancer.

2. Like a cancer; as, a cancroid tumor.

Cand (?), n. Fluor spar. See Kand.

Can`de*la"brum (?) n.; pl. L. Candelabra (#), E. Candelabrums (#). [L., fr. candela candle. See candle.] 1. (Antiq.) (a) A lamp stand of any sort. (b) A highly ornamented stand of marble or other ponderous material, usually having three feet, -- frequently a votive offering to a temple.

2. A large candlestick, having several branches.

Can`dent (?), a. [L. candens, p. pr. of candŰre to glitter. See Candid.] Heated to whiteness; glowing with heat. "A candent vessel." Boyle.

||Can"de*ros (?), n. An East Indian resin, of a pellucid white color, from which small ornaments and toys are sometimes made.

Can*des"cence (?), n. See Incandescence.

Can"di*cant (?), a. [L. candicans, p. pr. of candicare to be whitish.] Growing white. [Obs.]

Can*did (kăn"d&ibreve;d), a. [F. candide (cf. It. candido), L. candidus white, fr. candēre to be of a glowing white; akin to accend&ebreve;re, incend&ebreve;re, to set on fire, Skr. chand to shine. Cf. Candle, Incense.] 1. White. [Obs.]

The box receives all black; but poured from thence, The stones came candid forth, the hue of innocence. Dryden.

2. Free from undue bias; disposed to think and judge according to truth and justice, or without partiality or prejudice; fair; just; impartial; as, a candid opinion. "Candid and dispassionate men." W. Irving.

3. Open; frank; ingenuous; outspoken.

Syn. -- Fair; open; ingenuous; impartial; just; frank; artless; unbiased; equitable. -- Candid, Fair, Open, Frank, Ingenuous. A man is fair when he puts things on a just or equitable footing; he is candid when be looks impartially on both sides of a subject, doing justice especially to the motives and conduct of an opponent; he is open and frank when he declares his sentiments without reserve; he is ingenuous when he does this from a noble regard for truth. Fair dealing; candid investigation; an open temper; a frank disposition; an ingenuous answer or declaration.

Can"di*da*cy (?), n. The position of a candidate; state of being a candidate; candidateship.

Can"di*date (?), n. [L. Candidatus, n. (because candidates for office in Rome were clothed in a white toga.) fr. candidatus clothed in white, fr. candiduslittering, white: cf. F. candidat.] One who offers himself, or is put forward by others, as a suitable person or an aspirant or contestant for an office, privilege, or honor; as, a candidate for the office of governor; a candidate for holy orders; a candidate for scholastic honors.

Can"di*date*ship, n. Candidacy.

Can"di*da`ting (?), n. The taking of the position of a candidate; specifically, the preaching of a clergyman with a view to settlement. [Cant, U. S.]

Can"di*da*ture (?), n. Candidacy.

Can"did*ly (?), adv. In a candid manner.

Can"did*ness, n. The quality of being candid.

Can"died (?), a. [From 1st Candy.] 1. Preserved in or with sugar; incrusted with a candylike substance; as, candied fruits.

2. (a) Converted wholly or partially into sugar or candy; as candied sirup. (b) Conted or more or less with sugar; as, candidied raisins. (c) Figuratively; Honeyed; sweet; flattering.

Let the candied tongue lick absurd pomp. Shak.

3. Covered or incrusted with that which resembles sugar or candy.

Will the cold brook, Candiedwith ice, caudle thy morning tast? Shak.

Can"di*fy (?), v. t. or v. i. [L. candificare; candŰre to be white + - facere to make.] To make or become white, or candied. [R.]

Can"di*ot (?), a. [Cf. F. candiote.] Of or pertaining to Candia; Cretary.

Can"dite (?), n. (Min.) A variety of spinel, of a dark color, found at Candy, in Ceylon.

Can"dle (?), n. [OE. candel, candel, AS, candel, fr. L. candela a (white) light made of wax or tallow, fr. candŰre to be white. See Candid, and cf. Chandler, Cannel, Kindle.] 1. A slender, cylindrical body of tallow, containing a wick composed of loosely twisted linen of cotton threads, and used to furnish light.

How far that little candle throws his beams! So shines a good deed in a naughty world. Shak.

&fist; Candles are usually made by repeatedly dipping the wicks in the melted tallow, etc. ("dipped candles"), or by casting or running in a mold.

2. That which gives light; a luminary.

By these blessed candles of the night. Shak.

Candle nut, the fruit of a euphorbiaceous shrub (Aleurites triloba), a native of some of the Pacific islands; -- socalled because, when dry, it will burn with a bright flame, and is used by the natives as a candle. The oil has many uses. -- Candle power (Photom.), illuminating power, as of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle. -- Electric candle, A modification of the electric arc lamp, in which the carbon rods, instead of being placed end to end, are arranged side by side, and at a distance suitable for the formation of the arc at the tip; -- called also, from the name of the inventor, Jablockoff candle. -- Excommunication by inch of candle, a form of excommunication in which the offender is allowed time to repent only while a candle burns. -- Not worth the candle, not worth the cost or trouble. -- Rush candle, a candle made of the pith of certain rushes, peeled except on one side, and dipped in grease. -- Sale by inch of candle, an auction in which persons are allowed to bid only till a small piece of candle burns out. -- Standard candle (Photom.), a special form of candle employed as a standard in photometric measurements; usually, a candle of spermaceti so constructed as to burn at the rate of 120 grains, or 7.8 grams, per hour. -- To curse by bell, book and candle. See under Bell.

Can"dle*ber`ry tree (?). (Bot.) A shrub (the Myrica cerifera, or wax-bearing myrtle), common in North America, the little nuts of which are covered with a greenish white wax, which was formerly, used for hardening candles; -- also called bayberry tree, bayberry, or candleberry.

Can"dle*bomb` (#), n. 1. A small glass bubble, filled with water, which, if placed in the flame of a candle, bursts by expansion of steam.

2. A pasteboard shell used in signaling. It is filled with a composition which makes a brilliant light when it explodes. Farrow.

Can"dle coal` (#). See Cannel coal.

Can"dle*fish` (#), n. (Zo÷l.) (a) A marine fish (Thaleichthys Pacificus), allied to the smelt, found on the north Pacific coast; -- called also eulachon. It is so oily that, when dried, it may be used as a candle, by drawing a wick through it. (b) The beshow.

Can"dle*hold`er (#), n. One who, or that which, holds a candle; also, one who assists another, but is otherwise not of importance. Shak.

Can"dle*light`, n. The light of a candle.

Never went by candlelight to bed. Dryden.

Can"dle*mas (#), n. [AS. candelmŠsse, candel candle + mŠsse mass.] The second day of February, on which is celebrated the feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary; -- so called because the candles for the altar or other sacred uses are blessed on that day.

Can"dle*stick` (?), n. [AS. candel-sticca; candel candle + sticca stick.] An instrument or utensil for supporting a candle.

Can"dle*wast`er (?), n. One who consumes candles by being up late for study or dissipation.

A bookworm, a candlewaster. B. Jonson.

Can"dock (?) n. [Prob. fr. can + dock (the plant). Cf. G. kannenkraut horsetail, lit. "canweed."] (Bot.) A plant or weed that grows in rivers; a species of Equisetum; also, the yellow frog lily (Nuphar luteum).

Can"dor (?), n. [Written also candour.] [L. candor, fr. candŰre; cf. F. candeur. See candid.]

1. Whiteness; brightness; (as applied to moral conditions) usullied purity; innocence. [Obs.]

Nor yor unquestioned integrity Shall e'er be sullied with one taint or spot That may take from your innocence and candor. Massinger.

2. A disposition to treat subjects with fairness; freedom from prejudice or disguise; frankness; sincerity.

Attribute superior sagacity and candor to those who held that side of the question. Whewell.

Can"droy (?), n. A machine for spreading out cotton cloths to prepare them for printing.

Can"dy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Candied (?); p. pr & vb. n. Candying.] [F. candir (cf. It. candire, Sp. az˙car cande or candi), fr. Ar. & Pers. qand, fr. Skr. Khan.d.da piece, sugar in pieces or lumps, fr. khan.d., khad. to break.] 1. To conserve or boil in sugar; as, to candy fruits; to candy ginger.

2. To make sugar crystals of or in; to form into a mass resembling candy; as, to candy sirup.

3. To incrust with sugar or with candy, or with that which resembles sugar or candy.

Those frosts that winter brings Which candy every green. Drayson.

Can"dy (?), v. i. 1. To have sugar crystals form in or on; as, fruits preserved in sugar candy after a time.

2. To be formed into candy; to solidify in a candylike form or mass.

Can"dy n. [F. candi. See Candy, v. t.] A more or less solid article of confectionery made by boiling sugar or molasses to the desired consistency, and than crystallizing, molding, or working in the required shape. It is often flavored or colored, and sometimes contains fruit, nuts, etc.

||Candy, n. [Mahratta khan.d.ī, Tamil kan.d.i.] A weight, at Madras 500 pounds, at Bombay 560 pounds.

Can"dy*tuft` (?), n. (Bot.) An annual plant of the genus Iberis, cultivated in gardens. The name was originally given to the I. umbellata, first, discovered in the island of Candia.

Cane (kān), n. [OE. cane, canne, OF. cane, F. canne, L. canna, fr. Gr. ka`nna, ka`nnh; prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. qāneh reed. Cf. Canister, canon, 1st Cannon.]

1. (Bot.) (a) A name given to several peculiar palms, species of Calamus and DŠmanorops, having very long, smooth flexible stems, commonly called rattans. (b) Any plant with long, hard, elastic stems, as reeds and bamboos of many kinds; also, the sugar cane. (c) Stems of other plants are sometimes called canes; as, the canes of a raspberry.

Like light canes, that first rise big and brave. B. Jonson.

&fist; In the Southern United States great cane is the Arundinaria macrosperma, and small cane is. A. tecta.

2. A walking stick; a staff; -- so called because originally made of one of the species of cane.

Stir the fire with your master's cane. Swift.

3. A lance or dart made of cane. [R.]

Judgelike thou sitt'st, to praise or to arraign The flying skirmish of the darted cane. Dryden.

4. A local European measure of length. See Canna.

Cane borer (Zo÷.), A beetle (Oberea bimaculata) which, in the larval state, bores into pith and destroy the canes or stalks of the raspberry, blackberry, etc. -- Cane mill, a mill for grinding sugar canes, for the manufacture of sugar. -- Cane trash, the crushed stalks and other refuse of sugar cane, used for fuel, etc.

Cane (kān), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Caned (kānd); p. pr. & vb. n. Caning.] 1. To beat with a cane. Macaulay.

2. To make or furnish with cane or rattan; as, to cane chairs.

Cane"brake` (-brāk`), n. A thicket of canes. Ellicott.

Caned (kānd), a. [Cf. L. canus white.] Filled with white flakes; mothery; -- said vinegar when containing mother. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

||Ca*nel"la (k&adot;*n&ebreve;l"l&adot;), n. [LL. (OE. canel, canelle, cinnamon, fr. F. cannelle), Dim. of L. canna a reed. Canella is so called from the shape of the rolls of prepared bark. See Cane.] (Bot.) A genus of trees of the order CanellaceŠ, growing in the West Indies.

&fist; The principal species is Canella alba, and its bark is a spice and drug exported under the names of wild cinnamon and whitewood bark.

Ca*nes"cent (?), a. [L. canescens, p. pr. of canescere, v. inchoative of canere to be white.] Growing white, or assuming a color approaching to white.

Can" hook` (?). A device consisting of a short rope with flat hooks at each end, for hoisting casks or barrels by the ends of the staves.

||Ca*nic"u*la (?), n. [L. canicula, lit., a little dog, a dim. of canis dog; cf. F. canicule.] (Astron.) The Dog Star; Sirius.

Ca*nic"u*lar (?), a. [L. canicularis; cf. F. caniculaire.] Pertaining to, or measured, by the rising of the Dog Star.

Canicular days, the dog days, See Dog days. -- Canicular year, the Egyptian year, computed from one heliacal rising of the Dog Star to another.

Can"i*cule (?), n. Canicula. Addison.

Ca*ni"nal (?), a. See Canine, a.

Ca*nine" (?), a. [L. caninus, fr. canis dog: cf. F. canin. See Hound.] 1. Of or pertaining to the family CanidŠ, or dogs and wolves; having the nature or qualities of a dog; like that or those of a dog.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pointed tooth on each side the incisors.

Canine appetite, a morbidly voracious appetite; bulimia. -- Canine letter, the letter r. See R. -- Canine madness, hydrophobia. -- Canine tooth, a tooth situated between the incisor and bicuspid teeth, so called because well developed in dogs; usually, the third tooth from the front on each side of each jaw; an eyetooth, or the corresponding tooth in the lower jaw.

Ca*nine", n. (Anat.) A canine tooth.

||Ca"nis (kă"n&ibreve;s), n.; pl. Canes (- nēz). [L., a dog.] (Zo÷l.) A genus of carnivorous mammals, of the family CanidŠ, including the dogs and wolves.

||Canis major [L., larger dog], a constellation to the southeast of Orion, containing Sirius or the Dog Star. -- ||Canis minor [L., smaller dog], a constellation to the east of Orion, containing Procyon, a star of the first magnitude.

Can"is*ter (kăn"&ibreve;s*t&etilde;r), n. [L. canistrum a basket woven from reeds Gr. &?;, fr. ka`nh, ka`nna reed; cf. F. canistre. See Cane, and Canaster.] 1. A small basket of rushes, reeds, or willow twigs, etc.

2. A small box or case for holding tea, coffee, etc.