Chapter 77

2. Inclined to contradict or cavil [Obs.] Sharp.

-- Con`tra*dic"tious*ness, n. Norris.

Con`tra*dict"ive (?), a. Contradictory; inconsistent. -- Con`tra*dict"ive*ly, adv.

Con`tra*dict"or (?), n. [L.] A contradicter.

Con`tra*dict"o*ri*ly (?), adv. In a contradictory manner. Sharp.

Con"tra*dict`o*ri*ness, n. The quality of being contradictory; opposition; inconsistency. J. Whitaker.

Con`tra*dict"o*ry (?), a. [LL. contradictorius: cf. F. contradictoire.] 1. Affirming the contrary; implying a denial of what has been asserted; also, mutually contradicting; inconsistent. "Contradictory assertions." South.

2. Opposing or opposed; repugnant.

Schemes . . . contradictory to common sense. Addisn.

Con`tra*dict"o*ry, n.; pl. Contradictories (&?;). 1. A proposition or thing which denies or opposes another; contrariety.

It is common with princes to will contradictories. Bacon.

2. pl. (Logic) propositions with the same terms, but opposed to each other both in quality and quantity.

Con`tra*dis*tinct" (?), a. Distinguished by opposite qualities. J. Goodwin.

Con`tra*dis*tinc"tion (?), n. Distinction by contrast.

That there are such things as sins of infirmity in contradistinction to those of presumption is not to be questioned. South.

Con`tra*dis*tinc"tive (?), a. having the quality of contradistinction; distinguishing by contrast. -- Con`tra*dis*tinc"tive, n.

Con`tra*dis*tin"guish (?; 144), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contradistinguished (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Contradistinguishing.] To distinguish by a contrast of opposite qualities.

These are our complex ideas of soul and body, as contradistinguished. Locke.

Con`tra*fa*get"to (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) The double bassoon, an octave deeper than the bassoon.

Con`tra*fis"sure (?; 135), n. (Med.) A fissure or fracture on the side opposite to that which received the blow, or at some distance from it. Coxe.

Con"tra*hent (?), a. [L. contrahens, p. pr. See Contract.] Entering into covenant; contracting; as, contrahent parties. [Obs.] Mede.

Con"tra*in"di*cant (?), n. (Med.) Something, as a symptom, indicating that the usual mode of treatment is not to be followed. Burke.

Con"tra*in*"di*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contraindicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Contraindicating (?).] (Med.) To indicate, as by a symptom, some method of treatment contrary to that which the general tenor of the case would seem to require.

Contraindicating symptoms must be observed. Harvey.

Con"tra*in`di*ca"tion (?), n. (med.) An indication or symptom which forbids the method of treatment usual in such cases.

Con*tral"to (? or &?;), n. [It., fr. contra + alto. See Alto.] (Mus.) (a) The part sung by the highest male or lowest female voices; the alto or counter tenor. (b) the voice or singer performing this part; as, her voice is a contralto; she is a contralto.

&fist; The usual range of the contralto voice is from G, below middle C, to the C above that; though exceptionally it embraces two octaves.

Con*tral"to (? or &?;), a. (Mus.) Of or pertaining to a contralto, or to the part in music called contralto; as, a contralto voice.

Con"tra*mure (?), n. [Cf. Countermure.] (fort.) An outer wall. [Obs.] Chambers.

Con"tra*nat"u*ral (?; 135), a. [Cf. Counternatural.] Opposed to or against nature; unnatural. [R.] Bp. Rust.

Con"tra*po*si"tion (?), n. [Pref. contra- + position: cf. f. conterposition.] 1. A placing over against; opposite position. [Obs.] F. Potter.

2. (Logic) A so-called immediate inference which consists in denying the original subject of the contradictory predicate; e.g.: Every S is P; therefore, no Not-P is S.

Con`tra*pun"tal (?), a. [It. contrappunto counterpoint. See Counterpoint.] (Mus.) Pertaining to, or according to the rules of, counterpoint.

Con`tra*pun"tist (?), n. [It. contrappuntista.] (Mus.) One skilled in counterpoint. L. Mason.

Con"tra*re*mon"strant (?), n. One who remonstrates in opposition or answer to a remonstrant. [R.]

They did the synod wrong to make this distinction of contraremonstrants and remonstrants. Hales.

Con*tra"ri*ant (?), a. [LL. contrarians, p. pr. of contrariare to oppose, fr. L. contrarius: cf. F. contrariant, p. pr. of contrarier to contradict. See Contrary.] Contrary; opposed; antagonistic; inconsistent; contradictory. [R.]

The struggles of contrariant factions. Coleridge.

Con*tra"ri*ant*ly, adv. Contrarily. [Obs.]

Con"tra*ries (? or &?;; 48), n. pl. [Pl. of Contrary, n.] (Logic) Propositions which directly and destructively contradict each other, but of which the falsehood of one does not establish the truth of the other.

If two universals differ in quality, they are contraries; as, every vine is a tree; no vine is a tree. These can never be both true together; but they may be both false. I. Watts.

Con`tra*ri"e*ty (?) n.; pl. Contrarieties (#). [L. contrarietas: cf. F. contrariÚtÚ.] 1. The state or quality of being contrary; opposition; repugnance; disagreement; antagonism.

There is a contrariety between those things that conscience inclines to, and those that entertain the senses. South.

2. Something which is contrary to, or inconsistent with, something else; an inconsistency.

How can these contrarieties agree? Shak.

Syn. -- Inconsistency; discrepancy; repugnance.

Con"tra*ri*ly (? or &?;), adv. In a contrary manner; in opposition; on the other side; in opposite ways.

Con"tra*ri*ness, n. state or quality of being contrary; opposition; inconsistency; contrariety; perverseness; obstinacy.

Con*tra"ri*ous (?), a. [LL. contrariosus: cf. OF. contrarios contralius.] Showing contrariety; repugnant; perverse. [Archaic] Milton.

She flew contrarious in the face of God. Mrs. Browning.

Con*tra"ri*ous*ly, adv. Contrarily; oppositely. Shak.

Con"tra*ri*wise (? or &?;), adv. 1. On the contrary; oppositely; on the other hand.

Not rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing; but contrariwise, blessing. 1 Pet. iii. 9.

2. In a contrary order; conversely.

Everything that acts upon the fluids must, at the same time, act upon the solids, and contrariwise. Arbuthnot.

Con`tra*ro*ta"tion (?), n. Circular motion in a direction contrary to some other circular motion.

Con"tra*ry (? or ?; 48), a. [OE. contrarie, contraire, F. contraire, fr. L. contrarius, fr. contra. See Contra-.] 1. Opposite; in an opposite direction; in opposition; adverse; as, contrary winds.

And if ye walk contrary unto me, and will not hearken unto me. Lev. xxvi. 21.

We have lost our labor; they are gone a contrary way. Shak.

2. Opposed; contradictory; repugnant; inconsistent.

Fame, if not double-faced, is double mouthed, And with contrary blast proclaims most deeds. Milton.

The doctrine of the earth's motion appeared to be contrary to the sacred Scripture. Whewell.

3. Given to opposition; perverse; forward; wayward; as, a contrary disposition; a contrary child.

4. (Logic) Affirming the opposite; so opposed as to destroy each other; as, contrary propositions.

Contrary motion (Mus.), the progression of parts in opposite directions, one ascending, the other descending.

Syn. -- Adverse; repugnant; hostile; inimical; discordant; inconsistent.

Con"tra*ry, n.; pl. Contraries (&?;). 1. A thing that is of contrary or opposite qualities.

No contraries hold more antipathy Than I and such a knave. Shak.

2. An opponent; an enemy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. the opposite; a proposition, fact, or condition incompatible with another; as, slender proofs which rather show the contrary. See Converse, n., 1. Locke.

4. (Logic) See Contraries.

On the contrary, in opposition; on the other hand. Swift. -- To the contrary, to an opposite purpose or intent; on the other side. "They did it, not for want of instruction to the contrary." Bp. Stillingfleet.

Con"tra*ry, v. t. [F. contrarier. See Contrary, a.] To contradict or oppose; to thwart. [Obs.]

I was advised not to contrary the king. Bp. Latimer.

Con*trast" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Contrasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Contrasting.] [F. contraster, LL. contrastare to resist, withstand, fr. L. contra + stare to stand. See Stand.] To stand in opposition; to exhibit difference, unlikeness, or opposition of qualities.

The joints which divide the sandstone contrast finely with the divisional planes which separate the basalt into pillars. Lyell.

Con*trast", v. t. 1. To set in opposition, or over against, in order to show the differences between, or the comparative excellences and defects of; to compare by difference or contrariety of qualities; as, to contrast the present with the past.

2. (Fine Arts) To give greater effect to, as to a figure or other object, by putting it in some relation of opposition to another figure or object.

the figures of the groups must not be all on side . . . but must contrast each other by their several position. Dryden.

Con"trast (k&obreve;n"tr&adot;st), n. [F. contraste: cf. It. contrasto.] 1. The act of contrasting, or the state of being contrasted; comparison by contrariety of qualities.

place the prospect of the soul In sober contrast with reality. Wordsworth.

2. Opposition or dissimilitude of things or qualities; unlikeness, esp. as shown by juxtaposition or comparison.

The contrasts and resemblances of the seasons. Whewell.

3. (Fine Arts) The opposition of varied forms, colors, etc., which by such juxtaposition more vividly express each other's peculiarities. Fairholt.

Con`tra*stim"u*lant (?), a. Counteracting the effects of stimulants; relating to a course of medical treatment based on a theory of contrastimulants. -- n. (Med.) An agent which counteracts the effect of a stimulant.

Con"trate (?), a. [See Contra- .] Having cogs or teeth projecting parallel to the axis, instead of radiating from it. [R.]

Contrate wheel. See Crown wheel.

Con"tra*ten`or (?), n. [Cf. Counter tenor.] (Mus.) Counter tenor; contralto.

Con`tra*val*la"tion (?), n. [Pref. contra- + vallation: cf. F. contrevallation. Cf. Countervallation.] (Fort.) A trench guarded with a parapet, constructed by besiegers, to secure themselves and check sallies of the besieged.

Con`tra*vene" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contravened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Contravening.] [LL. contravenire; L. contra + venire to come: cf. F. contrevenir. See Come.] 1. To meet in the way of opposition; to come into conflict with; to oppose; to contradict; to obstruct the operation of; to defeat.

So plain a proposition . . . was not likely to be contravened. Southey.

2. To violate; to nullify; to be inconsistent with; as, to contravene a law.

Laws that place the subjects in such a state contravene the first principles of the compact of authority. Johnson.

Syn. -- To contradict; set aside; nullify; defeat; cross; obstruct; baffle; thwart.

Con`tra*ven"er (?), n. One who contravenes.

Con`tra*ven"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. contravention.] The act of contravening; opposition; obstruction; transgression; violation.

Warrants in contravention of the acts of Parliament. Macaulay.

In contravention of all his marriage stipulations. Motley.

Con`tra*ver"sion (?), n. A turning to the opposite side; antistrophe. Congreve.

Con`tra*yer"va (?), n. [Sp. contrayerba, literally, a counter herb, hence, an antidote for poison, fr. l. contra + herba herb.] (Bot.) A species of Dorstenia (D. Contrayerva), a South American plant, the aromatic root of which is sometimes used in medicine as a gentle stimulant and tonic.

||Con`tre*coup" (?), n. [F., fr. contre (L. contra) + coup a blow.] (med.) A concussion or shock produced by a blow or other injury, in a part or region opposite to that at which the blow is received, often causing rupture or disorganisation of the parts affected.

||Con`tre*temps" (?), n. [F., fr. contre (L. conta) + temps time, fr. L. tempus.] An unexpected and untoward accident; something inopportune or embarrassing; a hitch.

In this unhappy contretemps. De Quincey.

Con*trib"u*ta*ble (?), a. Capable of being contributed.

Con*trib"u*ta*ry (?), a. 1. Contributory. [R.]

2. Tributary; contributing. [R.]

It was situated on the Ganges, at the place where this river received a contributary stream. D'Anville (Trans. ).

Con*trib"ute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Contributing.] [L. contributus, p. p. of contribuere to bring together, to add; con- + tribuere to grant, impart. See Tribute.] To give or grant i common with others; to give to a common stock or for a common purpose; to furnish or suply in part; to give (money or other aid) for a specified object; as, to contribute food or fuel for the poor.

England contributes much more than any other of the allies. Addison.

Con*trib"ute, v. i. 1. To give a part to a common stock; to lend assistance or aid, or give something, to a common purpose; to have a share in any act or effect.

We are engaged in war; the secretary of state calls upon the colonies to contribute. Burke.

2. To give or use one's power or influence for any object; to assist.

These men also contributed to obstruct the progress of wisdom. Goldsmith.

Con`tri*bu"tion (?), n. [L. contributio: cf. F. contribution.] 1. The act of contributing.

2. That which is contributed; -- either the portion which an individual furnishes to the common stock, or the whole which is formed by the gifts of individuals.

A certain contribution for the poor saints which are at jerusalem. Rom. xv. 26.

Aristotle's actual contributions to the physical sciences. Whewell.

3. (Mil.) An irregular and arbitrary imposition or tax leved on the people of a town or country.

These sums, . . . and the forced contributions paid by luckless peasants, enabled him to keep his straggling troops together. Motley.

4. (Law) Payment, by each of several jointly liable, of a share in a loss suffered or an amount paid by one of their number for the common benefit.

Con`tri*bu"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or furnishing, a contribution.

Con*trib"u*tive (?), a. Contributing, or tending to contribute. Fuller.

Con*trib"u*tor (?), n. One who, or that which, contributes; specifically, one who writes articles for a newspaper or magazine.

Con*trib"u*to*ry (?), a. Contributing to the same stock or purpose; promoting the same end; bringing assistance to some joint design, or increase to some common stock; contributive. Milton.

Bonfires of contributory wood. Chapman.

Contributory negligence (Law), negligence by an injured party, which combines with the negligence of the injurer in producing the injury, and which bars recovery when it is the proximate cause of the injury. Wharton.

Con*trib"u*to*ry, n.; pl. Contributories (&?;). One who contributes, or is liable to be called upon to contribute, as toward the discharge of a common indebtedness. Abbott.

Con*trist" (?), v. t. [Cf. F. contrister. See Contristate.] To make sad. [Obs.]

To deject and contrist myself. Sterne.

Con*tris"tate (?), v. t. & i. [L. contristatus, p. p. of contristare to sadden; con- + tristis sad.] To make sorrowful. [Obs.] Bacon.

Con"trite (?; 277), a. [L. contritus bruised, p. p. of contrere to grind, bruise; con- + terere to rub, grind: cf. F. contrit See Trite.] 1. Thoroughly bruised or broken. [Obs.]

2. Broken down with grief and penitence; deeply sorrowful for sin because it is displeasing to God; humbly and thoroughly penitent.

A contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise. Ps. li. 17.

Be penitent, and for thy fault contrite. Milton.

Syn. -- Penitent; repentant; humble; sorrowful.

Con"trite, n. A contrite person. Hooker.

Con"trite, v. In a contrite manner.

Con"trite`ness, n. Deep sorrow and penitence for sin; contrition.

Con*tri"tion (?), n. [F. contrition, L. contritio.] 1. The act of grinding or ribbing to powder; attrition; friction; rubbing. [Obs.]

The breaking of their parts into less parts by contrition. Sir I. Newton.

2. The state of being contrite; deep sorrow and repentance for sin, because sin is displeasing to God; humble penitence; through repentance.

My future days shall be one whole contrition. Dryden.

Syn. -- repentance; penitence; humiliation; compunction; self-reproach; remorse. -- Contrition, Attrition, repentance. -- Contrition is deep sorrow and self-condemnation, with through repetance for sin because it is displeasing to God, and implies a feeling of love toward God. Attrition is sorrow for sin, or imperfect repentance produced by fear of punishment or a sense of the baseness of sin. Repentance is a penitent renunciation of, and turning from, sin; thorough repentance produces a new life. Repentance is often used as synonymous with contrition. See Compunction.

Con*trit"u*rate (?; 135), v. t. To triturate; to pulverize. [R.]

Con*triv"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being contrived, planned, invented, or devised.

A perpetual motion may seem easily contrivable. Bp. Wilkins.

Con*triv"ance (?), n. 1. The act or faculty of contriving, inventing, devising, or planning.

The machine which we are inspecting demonstrates, by its construction, contrivance and design. Contrivance must have had a contriver. Paley.

2. The thing contrived, invented, or planned; disposition of parts or causes by design; a scheme; plan; artifice; arrangement.

Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants. Burke.

Syn. -- Device; plan; scheme; invention; machine; project; design; artifice; shift. See Device.

Con*trive" (k&obreve;n*trīv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contrived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Contriving.] [OE. contriven, contreven, controven, to invent, OF. controver, contruver; con- + trouver to find. See Troubadour, trover.] To form by an exercise of ingenuity; to devise; to invent; to design; to plan.

What more likely to contrive this admirable frame of the universe than infinite wisdom. Tillotson.

neither do thou imagine that I shall contrive aught against his life. Hawthorne.

Syn. -- To invent; discover; plan; design; project; plot; concert; hatch.

Con*trive", v. i. To make devices; to form designs; to plan; to scheme; to plot.

The Fates with traitors do contrive. Shak.

Thou hast contrived against th very life Of the defendant. Shak.

Con*trive"ment (?), n. Contrivance; invention; arrangement; design; plan. [Obs.]

Consider the admirable contrivement and artifice of this great fabric. Glanvill.

Active to meet their contrivements. Sir G. Buck.

Con*triv"er (?), n. One who contrives, devises, plans, or schemas. Swift.

Con*trol" (?), n. [F. contr˘le a counter register, contr. fr. contr- r˘le; contre (L. contra) + r˘le roll, catalogue. See Counter and Roll, and cf. Counterroll.] 1. A duplicate book, register, or account, kept to correct or check another account or register; a counter register. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. That which serves to check, restrain, or hinder; restraint. "Speak without control." Dryden.

3. Power or authority to check or restrain; restraining or regulating influence; superintendence; government; as, children should be under parental control.

The House of Commons should exercise a control over all the departments of the executive administration. Macaulay.

Board of control. See under Board.

Con*trol", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Controlled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Controlling.] [F. contr˘ler, fr. contr˘le.] [Formerly written comptrol and controul.] 1. To check by a counter register or duplicate account; to prove by counter statements; to confute. [Obs.]

This report was controlled to be false. Fuller.

2. To exercise restraining or governing influence over; to check; to counteract; to restrain; to regulate; to govern; to overpower.

Give me a staff of honor for mine age, But not a scepter to control the world. Shak.

I feel my virtue struggling in my soul: But stronger passion does its power control. Dryden.

Syn. -- To restrain; rule; govern; manage; guide; regulate; hinder; direct; check; curb; counteract; subdue.

Con*trol`la*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capability of being controlled; controllableness.

Con*trol"la*ble (?), a. Capable of being controlled, checked, or restrained; amenable to command.

Passion is the drunkeness of the mind, and, therefore, . . . not always controllable by reason. South.

Con*trol"la*ble*ness, n. Capability of being controlled.

Con*trol"ler (?), n. [From control, v. t.: cf. F. contr˘leur.] 1. One who, or that which, controls or restraines; one who has power or authority to regulate or control; one who governs.

The great controller of our fate Deigned to be man, and lived in low estate. Dryden.

2. An officer appointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or to examine, rectify, or verify accounts. [More commonly written controller.]

3. (Naut.) An iron block, usually bolted to a ship's deck, for controlling the running out of a chain cable. The links of the cable tend to drop into hollows in the block, and thus hold fast until disengaged.

Con*trol"ler*ship, n. The office of a controller.

Con*trol"ment (?), n. 1. The power or act of controlling; the state of being restrained; control; restraint; regulation; superintendence.

You may do it without controlment. Shak.

2. Opposition; resistance; hostility. [Obs.]

Here have we war for war, and blood for blood, Controlment for controlment. Shak.

Con`tro*ver"sal (?), a. 1. Turning or looking opposite ways. [Obs.]

The temple of Janus, with his two controversal faces. Milton.

2. Controversial. [Obs.] Boyle.

Con`tro*ver"sa*ry (?), a. Controversial. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Con"tro*verse (?), n. [Cf. F. controverse.] Controversy. [Obs.] Spenser.

Con"tro*verse, v. t. [L. controversari, fr. controversus turned against, disputed.] To dispute; to controvert. [Obs.] "Controversed causes." Hooker.

Con"tro*ver`ser (?), n. A disputant. [Obs.]

Con`tro*ver"sial (?), a. [Cf. LL. controversialis.] Relating to, or consisting of, controversy; disputatious; polemical; as, controversial divinity.

Whole libraries of controversial books. Macaulay.

Con`tro*ver"sial*ist, n. One who carries on a controversy; a disputant.

He [Johnson] was both intellectually and morally of the stuff of which controversialists are made. Macaulay.

Con`tro*ver"sial*ly, adv. In a controversial manner.

Con`tro*ver"sion (?), n. Act of controverting; controversy. [Obs.] Hooker.

Con"tro*ver`sor (?), n. A controverser. [Obs.]

Con"tro*ver`sy (?), n.; pl. Controversies (#). [L. controversia, fr. controversus turned against, disputed; contro- = contra + versus, p. p. of vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. Contention; dispute; debate; discussion; agitation of contrary opinions.

This left no room for controversy about the title. Locke.

A dispute is commonly oral, and a controversy in writing. Johnson.

2. Quarrel; strife; cause of variance; difference.

The Lord hath a controversy with the nations. Jer. xxv. 31.

3. A suit in law or equity; a question of right. [Obs.]

When any man that had a controversy came to the king for judgment. 2 Sam. xv. 2.

Syn. -- Dispute; debate; disputation; disagreement; altercation; contention; wrangle; strife; quarrel.

Con"tro*vert (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Controverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Controverting.] [See Controversy.] To make matter of controversy; to dispute or oppose by reasoning; to contend against in words or writings; to contest; to debate.

Some controverted points had decided according to the sense of the best jurists. Macaulay.

Con"tro*ver`ter (?), n. One who controverts; a controversial writer; a controversialist.

Some controverters in divinity are like swaggerers in a tavern. B. Jonson.

Con`tro*ver"ti*ble (?), a. Capable of being controverted; disputable; admitting of question. -- Con`tro*ver"ti*bly, adv.

Con"tro*ver`tist (?), n. One skilled in or given to controversy; a controversialist.

How unfriendly is the controvertist to the discernment of the critic! Campbell.

{ Con*tu"ber*nal (?), Con`tu*ber"ni*al (?) }, a. [L. contubernalis a tent companion, fr. contubernium tent companionship.] Living or messing together; familiar; in companionship.