Chapter 70

Con*jure" (k&obreve;n*jūr"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjured (- jūrd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Conjuring.] [F. conjurer, fr. L. conjurare to swear together, to conspire; con- + jurare to swear. See Jury.] To call on or summon by a sacred name or in solemn manner; to implore earnestly; to adjure.

I conjure you, let him know, Whate'er was done against him, Cato did it. Addison.

Con*jure", v. i. To combine together by an oath; to conspire; to confederate. [A Latinism]

Drew after him the third part of Heaven's sons Conjured against the Highest. Milton.

Con"jure (?), v. t. To affect or effect by conjuration; to call forth or send away by magic arts; to excite or alter, as if by magic or by the aid of supernatural powers.

The habitation which your prophet . . . conjured the devil into. Shak.

To conjure up, or make visible, as a spirit, by magic arts; hence, to invent; as, to conjure up a story; to conjure up alarms.

Con"jure (?), v. i. To practice magical arts; to use the tricks of a conjurer; to juggle; to charm.

She conjures; away with her. Shak.

Con*jure"ment (?), n. Serious injunction; solemn demand or entreaty. [Obs.] Milton.

Con*jur"er (?), n. One who conjures; one who calls, entreats, or charges in a solemn manner.

Con"jur*er (?), n. 1. One who practices magic arts; one who pretends to act by the aid super natural power; also, one who performs feats of legerdemain or sleight of hand.

Dealing with witches and with conjurers. Shak.

From the account the loser brings, The conjurer knows who stole the things. Prior.

2. One who conjectures shrewdly or judges wisely; a man of sagacity. [Obs.] Addison.

Con*ju"ror (?), n. (Law) One bound by a common oath with others. [Obs.]

Con"ju*ry (?), n. The practice of magic; enchantment. Motley.

Conn (k&obreve;n), v. t. See Con, to direct a ship.

{ Con*nas"cence (?), Con*nas"cen*cy (?) }, n. [L. con- + nascentia birth, fr. nascens, p. pr. of nasci to be born.] 1. The common birth of two or more at the same tome; production of two or more together. Johnson.

2. That which is born or produced with another.

3. The act of growing together. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Con*nas"cent (?), a. Born together; produced at the same time. Craig.

Con"nate (?; 277), a. [L. connatus; con- + natus born, p. p. of nasci. See Cognate.]

1. Born with another; being of the same birth.

2. Congenital; existing from birth. "Connate notions." South.

A difference has been made by some; those diseases or conditions which are dependent on original conformation being called congenital; while the diseases of affections that may have supervened during gestation or delivery are called connate. Dunglison.

3. (Bot.) Congenitally united; growing from one base, or united at their bases; united into one body; as, connate leaves or athers. See Illust. of Connate-perfoliate.

Con"nate-per*fo"li*ate (?), a. (Bot.) Connate or coalescent at the base so as to produce a broad foliaceous body through the center of which the stem passes; -- applied to leaves, as the leaves of the boneset.

Con*na"tion (?), n. Connection by birth; natural union. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Con*nat"u*ral (?; 135), a. [Pref. con- + natural.] 1. Connected by nature; united in nature; inborn; inherent; natural.

These affections are connatural to us. L'Estrange.

2. Partaking of the same nature.

And mix with our connatural dust. Milton.

Con*nat`u*ral"i*ty (?), n. Participation of the same nature; natural union or connection. [R.]

A congruity and connaturality between them. Sir M. Hale.

Con*nat"u*ral*ize (?; 135), v. t. To bring to the same nature as something else; to adapt. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott.

Con*nat"u*ral*ly, adv. By the act of nature; originally; from birth. Sir M. Hale.

Con*nat"u*ral*ness, n. Participation of the same nature; natural union. I. Walton.

Con*na"ture (?; 135), n. Participation in a common nature or character. [R.]

Connature was defined as likeness in kind between either two changes in consciousness, or two states of consciousness. H. Spencer.

Con*nect" (k&obreve;n*n&ebreve;kt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Connected; p. pr. & vb. n. Connecting>.] [L. connectere, -nexum; con- + nectere to bind. See Annex.] 1. To join, or fasten together, as by something intervening; to associate; to combine; to unite or link together; to establish a bond or relation between.

He fills, he bounds, connects and equals all. Pope.

A man must see the connection of each intermediate idea with those that it connects before he can use it in a syllogism. Locke.

2. To associate (a person or thing, or one's self) with another person, thing, business, or affair.

Connecting rod (Mach.), a rod or bar joined to, and connecting, two or more moving parts; esp. a rod connecting a crank wrist with a beam, crosshead, piston rod, or piston, as in a steam engine.

Con*nect" (?), v. i. To join, unite, or cohere; to have a close relation; as, one line of railroad connects with another; one argument connects with another.

Con*nect"ed*ly, adv. In a connected manner.

Con*nec"tion (?), n. [Cf. Connexion.] 1. The act of connecting, or the state of being connected; junction; union; alliance; relationship.

He [Algazel] denied the possibility of a known connection between cause and effect. Whewell.

The eternal and inseparable connection between virtue and happiness. Atterbury.

2. That which connects or joins together; bond; tie.

Any sort of connection which is perceived or imagined between two or more things. I. Taylor.

3. A relation; esp. a person connected with another by marriage rather than by blood; -- used in a loose and indefinite, and sometimes a comprehensive, sense.

4. The persons or things that are connected; as, a business connection; the Methodist connection.

Men elevated by powerful connection. Motley.

At the head of a strong parliamentary connection. Macaulay.

Whose names, forces, connections, and characters were perfectly known to him. Macaulay.

In this connection, in connection with this subject. [A phrase objected to by some writers.]

&fist; This word was formerly written, as by Milton, with x instead of t in the termination, connexion, and the same thing is true of the kindred words inflexion, reflexion, and the like. But the general usage at present is to spell them connection, inflection, reflection, etc.

Syn. -- Union; coherence; continuity; junction; association; dependence; intercourse; commerce; communication; affinity; relationship.

Con*nect"ive (?), a. Connecting, or adapted to connect; involving connection.

Connection tissue (Anat.) See Conjunctive tissue, under Conjunctive.

Con*nect"ive, n. That which connects. Specifically: (a) (Gram.) A word that connect words or sentences; a conjunction or preposition. (b) (Bot.) That part of an anther which connects its thecŠ, lobes, or cells.

Con*nect"ive*ly, adv. In connjunction; jointly.

Con*nect"or (?), n. One who, or that which, connects; as: (a) A flexible tube for connecting the ends of glass tubes in pneumatic experiments. (b) A device for holding two parts of an electrical conductor in contact.

Con"ner (?), n. [Cf. Cunner.] (Zo÷l.) A marine European fish (Crenilabrus melops); also, the related American cunner. See Cunner.

Con*nex" (?), v. t. [L. connexus, p. p. See Connect.] To connect. Sir M. Hale.

Con*nex"ion (?), n. [L. connexio: cf. F. connexion.] Connection. See Connection.

Con*nex"ive (?), a. See Connective.

Con"ning tow"er (?), n. The shot-proof pilot house of a war vessel.

Con*niv"ance (?), n. [Cf. F. connivence, L. conniventia.] 1. Intentional failure or forbearance to discover a fault or wrongdoing; voluntary oversight; passive consent or co÷peration.

2. (Law) Corrupt or guilty assent to wrongdoing, not involving actual participation in, but knowledge of, and failure to prevent or oppose it.

Syn. -- See Collusion.

Con*nive" (k&obreve;n*nīv"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Connived (- nīvd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Conniving.] [L. connivere to shut the eyes, connive, fr. con- + (perh.) a word akin to nicere to beckon, nictare to wink.] 1. To open and close the eyes rapidly; to wink. [Obs.]

The artist is to teach them how to nod judiciously, and to connive with either eye. Spectator.

2. To close the eyes upon a fault; to wink (at); to fail or forbear by intention to discover an act; to permit a proceeding, as if not aware of it; -- usually followed by at.

To connive at what it does not approve. Jer. Taylor.

In many of these, the directors were heartily concurring; in most of them, they were encouraging, and sometimes commanding; in all they were conniving. Burke.

The government thought it expedient, occasionally, to connive at the violation of this rule. Macaulay.

Con*nive", v. t. To shut the eyes to; to overlook; to pretend not to see. [R. & Obs.] "Divorces were not connived only, but with eye open allowed." Milton.

Con*niv"en*cy (?), n. Connivance. [Obs.]

Con*niv"ent (#), a. [L. connivens, p. pr.] 1. Forbearing to see; designedly inattentive; as, connivent justice. [R.] Milton.

2. (Biol.) Brought close together; arched inward so that the points meet; converging; in close contact; as, the connivent petals of a flower, wings of an insect, or folds of membrane in the human system, etc.

Con*niv"er (?), n. One who connives.

Con`nois*seur" (?; 277), n. [F. connaisseur, formerly connoisseur, fr. connaţtre to know, fr. L. cognoscere to become acquainted with; co- + noscere, gnoscere, to learn to know. See Know, amd cf. Cognizor.] One well versed in any subject; a skillful or knowing person; a critical judge of any art, particulary of one of the fine arts.

The connoisseur is "one who knows," as opposed to the dilettant, who only "thinks he knows." Fairholt.

Con`nois*seur"ship (?; 277), n. State of being a connoisseur.

Con"no*tate (?), v. t. [L. con- + notatus, p. p.of notare to mark. Cf. Connote.] To connote; to suggest or designate (something) as additional; to include; to imply. Hammond.

Con`no*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. connotation.] The act of connoting; a making known or designating something additional; implication of something more than is asserted.

Con*no"ta*tive (? or ?), a. 1. Implying something additional; illative.

2. (Log.) Implying an attribute. See Connote.

Connotative term, one which denotes a subject and implies an attribute. J. S. Mill.

Con*no"ta*tive*ly, adv. In a connotative manner; expressing connotation.

Con*note" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Connoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Connoting.] [See Connotate, and Note.] 1. To mark along with; to suggest or indicate as additional; to designate by implication; to include in the meaning; to imply.

Good, in the general notion of it, connotes also a certain suitableness of it to some other thing. South.

2. (Logic) To imply as an attribute.

The word "white" denotes all white things, as snow, paper, the foam of the sea, etc., and ipmlies, or as it was termed by the schoolmen, connotes, the attribute "whiteness." J. S. Mill.

Con*nu"bi*al (#), a. [L. connubialis, fr. connubium marriage; con- + nubere to veil, to marry. See Nupital.] Of or pertaining to marriage, or the marriage state; conjugal; nuptial.

Nor Eve the rites Mysterious of connubial love refused. Milton.

Kind, connubial tenderness. Goldsmith.

Con*nu`bi*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being connubial; something characteristics of the conjugal state; an expression of connubial tenderness.

Some connubialities which had begun to pass between Mr. and Mrs. B. Dickens.

Con*nu`mer*a"tion (?), n. [LL. connumeratio, fr. L. connumerare, - numeratum, to number with.] A reckoning together. [R.] Porson.

Con"nu*sance (?), n. (Law) See Cognizance. [Obs.]

Con"nu*sant (#), a. (Law) See Cognizant. [Obs.]

Con`nu*sor" (#), n. (Law) See Cognizor. [Obs.]

Con`nu*tri"tious (#), a. Nutritious by force of habit; -- said of certain kinds of food. [Obs.] Crabb.

Con"ny (?), a. [√45. Cf. Canny, Gunning.] Brave; fine; canny. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Co"no*dont (kō"n&osl;*d&obreve;nt), n. [Gr. kw^nos cone + 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos, tooth.] (Zo÷l.) A peculiar toothlike fossil of many forms, found especially in carboniferous rocks. Such fossils are supposed by some to be the teeth of marsipobranch fishes, but they are probably the jaws of annelids.

Co"noid (kō"noid), n. [Gr. kwnoeidh`s conical; kw^nos cone + e'i^dos form: cf. F. cono´de.] 1. Anything that has a form resembling that of a cone.

2. (Geom.) (a) A solid formed by the revolution of a conic section about its axis; as, a parabolic conoid, elliptic conoid, etc.; -- more commonly called paraboloid, ellipsoid, etc. (b) A surface which may be generated by a straight line moving in such a manner as always to meet a given straight line and a given curve, and continue parallel to a given plane. Math. Dict.

Co"noid a. Resembling a cone; conoidal.

Co*noid"al (#), a. [Cf. F. cono´dal.] Nearly, but not exactly, conical. Lindley.

{ Co*noid"ic (?), Co*noid"ic*al (?) }, a. Pertaining to a conoid; having the form of a conoid.

Co*nom`i*nee" (?), n. One nominated in conjunction with another; a joint nominee. Kirby.

Con*quad"rate (?), v. t. [L. conquadratus, p. p. of conquadrare.] To bring into a square. [R.] Ash.

Con*quas"sate (?), v. t. [L. conquassatus, p. p. of conquassare.] To shake; to agitate. [Obs.] Harvey.

-- Con`quas*sa"tion (#), n. [Obs.]

Con"quer (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conquered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conquering.] [OF. conquerre, F. conquÚrir, fr. L. conquirere, - quisitum, to seek or search for, to bring together, LL., to conquer; con- + quaerere to seek. See Quest.] 1. To gain or acquire by force; to take possession of by violent means; to gain dominion over; to subdue by physical means; to reduce; to overcome by force of arms; to cause to yield; to vanquish. "If thou conquer Rome." Shak.

If we be conquer'd, let men conquer us. Shak.

We conquered France, but felt our captive's charms. Pope.

2. To subdue or overcome by mental or moral power; to surmount; as, to conquer difficulties, temptation, etc.

By winning words to conquer hearts, And make persuasion do the work of fear. Milton.

3. To gain or obtain, overcoming obstacles in the way; to win; as, to conquer freedom; to conquer a peace.

Syn. -- To subdue; vanquish; overcome; overpower; overthrow; defeat; rout; discomfit; subjugate; reduce; humble; crush; surmount; subject; master. -- To Conquer, Vanquish, Subdue, Subjugate, Overcome. These words agree in the general idea expressed by overcome, -- that of bringing under one's power by the exertion of force. Conquer is wider and more general than vanquish, denoting usually a succession of conflicts. Vanquish is more individual, and refers usually to a single conflict. Thus, Alexander conquered Asia in a succession of battles, and vanquished Darius in one decisive engagement. Subdue implies a more gradual and continual pressure, but a surer and more final subjection. We speak of a nation as subdued when its spirit is at last broken, so that no further resistance is offered. Subjugate is to bring completely under the yoke of bondage. The ancient Gauls were never finally subdued by the Romans until they were completely subjugated. These words, when used figuratively, have correspondent meanings. We conquer our prejudices or aversions by a succesion of conflicts; but we sometimes vanquish our reluctance to duty by one decided effort: we endeavor to subdue our evil propensities by watchful and persevering exertions. Subjugate is more commonly taken in its primary meaning, and when used figuratively has generally a bad sense; as, his reason was completely subjugated to the sway of his passions.

Con"quer (?), v. i. To gain the victory; to overcome; to prevail.

He went forth conquering and to conquer. Rev. vi. 2.

The champions resolved to conquer or to die. Waller.

Con*quer*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being conquered or subdued. South.

-- Con"quer*a*ble*ness, n.

Con"quer*ess, n. A woman who conquers. Fairfax.

Con"quer*or (?), n. [OF. conquereor, fr. conquerre,] One who conquers.

The Conqueror (Eng. Hist.). William the Norman (1027-1067) who invaded England, defeated Harold in the battle of Hastings, and was crowned king, in 1066.

Con"quest (?), n. [OF. conquest, conqueste, F. conquŕte, LL. conquistum, conquista, prop. p. p. from L. conquirere. See Conquer.] 1. The act or process of conquering, or acquiring by force; the act of overcoming or subduing opposition by force, whether physical or moral; subjection; subjugation; victory.

In joys of conquest he resigns his breath. Addison.

Three years sufficed for the conquest of the country. Prescott.

2. That which is conquered; possession gained by force, physical or moral.

Wherefore rejoice? What conquest brings he home? Shak.

3. (Feudal Law) The acquiring of property by other means than by inheritance; acquisition. Blackstone.

4. The act of gaining or regaining by successful struggle; as, the conquest of liberty or peace.

The Conquest (Eng. Hist.), the subjugation of England by William of Normandy in 1066.

Syn. -- Victory; triumph; mastery; reduction; subjugation; subjection.

Con`san*guin"e*al (?), a. Of the same blood; related by birth. Sir T. Browne.

Con*san"guined (?), a. Of kin blood; related. [R.] Johnson.

Con`san*guin"e*ous (?), a. [L. conguineus; con- + sanguis blood: cf. F. consanguin. See Sanquine.] Of the same blood; related by birth; descended from the same parent or ancestor. Shak.

Con`san*guin"i*ty (?), n. [L. consanguinitas: cf. F. consanguintitÚ.] The relation of persons by blood, in distinction from affinity or relation by marriage; blood relationship; as, lineal consanguinity; collateral consanguinity.

Invoking aid by the ties of consanguinity. Prescott.

Con*sar`ci*na"tion (?), n. [L. consarcinare, -natum, to patch together.] A patching together; patchwork. [Obs.] Bailey.

Con"science (?), n. [F. conscience, fr. L. conscientia, fr. consciens, p. pr. of conscire to know, to be conscious; con- + scire to know. See Science.] 1. Knowledge of one's own thoughts or actions; consciousness. [Obs.]

The sweetest cordial we receive, at last, Is conscience of our virtuous actions past. Denham.

2. The faculty, power, or inward principle which decides as to the character of one's own actions, purposes, and affections, warning against and condemning that which is wrong, and approving and prompting to that which is right; the moral faculty passing judgment on one's self; the moral sense.

My conscience hath a thousand several tongues, And every tongue brings in a several tale, And every tale condemns me for a villain. Shak.

As science means knowledge, conscience etymologically means self-knowledge . . . But the English word implies a moral standard of action in the mind as well as a consciousness of our own actions. . . . Conscience is the reason, employed about questions of right and wrong, and accompanied with the sentiments of approbation and condemnation. Whewell.

3. The estimate or determination of conscience; conviction or right or duty.

Conscience supposes the existence of some such [i.e., moral] faculty, and properly signifies our consciousness of having acted agreeably or contrary to its directions. Adam Smith.

4. Tenderness of feeling; pity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Conscience clause, a clause in a general law exempting persons whose religious scruples forbid compliance therewith, -- as from taking judicial oaths, rendering military service, etc. -- Conscience money, stolen or wrongfully acquired money that is voluntarily restored to the rightful possessor. Such money paid into the United States treasury by unknown debtors is called the Conscience fund. -- Court of Conscience, a court established for the recovery of small debts, in London and other trading cities and districts. [Eng.] Blackstone. -- In conscience, In all conscience, in deference or obedience to conscience or reason; in reason; reasonably. "This is enough in conscience." Howell. "Half a dozen fools are, in all conscience, as many as you should require." Swift. -- To make conscience of, To make a matter of conscience, to act according to the dictates of conscience concerning (any matter), or to scruple to act contrary to its dictates.

Con"scienced (?), a. Having a conscience. [R.] "Soft-conscienced men." Shak.

Con"science*less, a. Without conscience; indifferent to conscience; unscrupulous.

Conscienceless and wicked patrons. Hookre.

Con"scient (?), a. [L. consciens, -entis, p. pr.] Conscious. [R.] Bacon.

Con`sci*en"tious (?), a. [Cf. F. consciencieux, LL. conscientiosus.] 1. Influenced by conscience; governed by a strict regard to the dictates of conscience, or by the known or supposed rules of right and wrong; -- said of a person.

The advice of wise and conscientious men. Prescott.

2. Characterized by a regard to conscience; conformed to the dictates of conscience; -- said of actions.

A holy and conscientious course. Abp. Tillotson.

Syn. -- Scrupulous; exact; faithful; just; upright.

Con`sci*en"tious*ly (?), adv. In a conscientious manner; as a matter of conscience; hence; faithfully; accurately; completely.

Con`sci*en"tious*ness, n. The quality of being conscientious; a scrupulous regard to the dictates of conscience.

Con"scion*a*ble (?), a. [Irregularly formed fr. conscience.] Governed by, or according to, conscience; reasonable; just.

Let my debtors have conscionable satisfaction. Sir H. Wotton.

Con"scion*a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being conscionable; reasonableness. Johnson.

Con"scion*a*bly, adv. Reasonably; justly.

Con"scious (?), a. [L. conscius; con- + scire to know. See Conscience.] 1. Possessing the faculty of knowing one's own thoughts or mental operations.

Some are thinking or conscious beings, or have a power of thought. I. Watts.

2. Possessing knowledge, whether by internal, conscious experience or by external observation; cognizant; aware; sensible.

Her conscious heart imputed suspicion where none could have been felt. Hawthorne.

The man who breathes most healthilly is least conscious of his own breathing. De Quincey.

3. Made the object of consciousness; known to one's self; as, conscious guilt.

With conscious terrors vex me round. Milton.

Syn. -- Aware; apprised; sensible; felt; known.

Con"scious*ly, adv. In a conscious manner; with knowledge of one's own mental operations or actions.

Con"scious*ness (?), n. 1. The state of being conscious; knowledge of one's own existence, condition, sensations, mental operations, acts, etc.

Consciousness is thus, on the one hand, the recognition by the mind or "ego" of its acts and affections; -- in other words, the self-affirmation that certain modifications are known by me, and that these modifications are mine. Sir W. Hamilton.

2. Immediate knowledge or perception of the presence of any object, state, or sensation. See the Note under Attention.

Annihilate the consciousness of the object, you annihilate the consciousness of the operation. Sir W. Hamilton.

And, when the steam Which overflowed the soul had passed away, A consciousness remained that it had left. . . . images and precious thoughts That shall not die, and can not be destroyed. Wordsworth.

The consciousness of wrong brought with it the consciousness of weakness. Froude.

3. Feeling, persuasion, or expectation; esp., inward sense of guilt or innocence. [R.]

An honest mind is not in the power of a dishonest: to break its peace there must be some guilt or consciousness. Pope.

Con*scribe" (?), v. t. [L. conscribere. See Conscript.] To enroll; to enlist. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Con"script (?), a. [L. conscriptus, p. p. of conscribere to write together, to enroll; con- + scribere to write. See Scribe.] Enrolled; written; registered.