Chapter 69

Con"gre*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Congregated; p. pr. & vb. n. Congregating] To collect into an assembly or assemblage; to assemble; to bring into one place, or into a united body; to gather together; to mass; to compact.

Any multitude of Christian men congregated may be termed by the name of a church. Hooker.

Cold congregates all bodies. Coleridge.

The great receptacle Of congregated waters he called Seas. Milton.

Con"gre*gate, v. i. To come together; to assemble; to meet.

Even there where merchants most do congregate. Shak.

Con`gre*ga"tion (?), n. [L. congregatio: cf. F. congrÚgation.] 1. The act of congregating, or bringing together, or of collecting into one aggregate or mass.

The means of reduction in the fire is but by the congregation of homogeneal parts. Bacon.

2. A collection or mass of separate things.

A foul and pestilent congregation of vapors. Shak.

3. An assembly of persons; a gathering; esp. an assembly of persons met for the worship of God, and for religious instruction; a body of people who habitually so meet.

He [Bunyan] rode every year to London, and preached there to large and attentive congregations. Macaulay.

4. (Anc. Jewish Hist.) The whole body of the Jewish people; -- called also Congregation of the Lord.

It is a sin offering for the congregation. Lev. iv. 21.

5. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A body of cardinals or other ecclesiastics to whom as intrusted some department of the church business; as, the Congregation of the Propaganda, which has charge of the missions of the Roman Catholic Church. (b) A company of religious persons forming a subdivision of a monastic order.

6. The assemblage of Masters and Doctors at Oxford or Cambrige University, mainly for the granting of degrees. [Eng.]

7. (Scotch Church Hist.) the name assumed by the Protestant party under John Knox. The leaders called themselves (1557) Lords of the Congregation.

Con`gre*ga"tion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a congregation; conducted, or participated in, by a congregation; as, congregational singing.

2. Belonging to the system of Congregationalism, or to Congregationalist; holding to the faith and polity of Congregationalism; as, a Congregational church.

Con`gre*ga"tion*al*ism (?), n. 1. That system of church organization which vests all ecclesiastical power in the assembled brotherhood of each local church.

2. The faith and polity of the Congregational churches, taken collectively.

&fist; In this sense (which is its usual signification) Congregationalism is the system of faith and practice common to a large body of evangelical Trinitarian churches, which recognize the local brotherhood of each church as independent of all dictation in ecclesiastical matters, but are united in fellowship and joint action, as in councils for mutual advice, and in consociations, conferences, missionary organizations, etc., and to whose membership the designation "Congregationalists" is generally restricted; but Unitarian and other churches are Congregational in their polity.

Con`gre*ga"tion*al*ist, n. One who belongs to a Congregational church or society; one who holds to Congregationalism.

Con"gress (?), n.; pl. Congresses (#). [L. congressus, fr. congredi, p. p. -gressus, to go or come together; con- + grati to go or step, gradus step: cf. F. congr&?;s. See Grade.] 1. A meeting of individuals, whether friendly or hostile; an encounter. [Obs.]

Here Pallas urges on, and Lausus there; Their congress in the field great Jove withstands. Dryden.

2. A sudden encounter; a collision; a shock; -- said of things. [Obs.]

From these laws may be deduced the rules of the congresses and reflections of two bodies. Cheyne.

3. The coming together of a male and female in sexual commerce; the act of coition. Pennant.

4. A gathering or assembly; a conference.

5. A formal assembly, as of princes, deputies, representatives, envoys, or commissioners; esp., a meeting of the representatives of several governments or societies to consider and determine matters of common interest.

The European powers strove to . . . accommodate their differences at the congress of Vienna. Alison.

6. The collective body of senators and representatives of the people of a nation, esp. of a republic, constituting the chief legislative body of the nation.

&fist; In the Congress of the United States (which took the place of the Federal Congress, March 4, 1789), the Senate consists of two Senators from each State, chosen by the State legislature for a term of six years, in such a way that the terms of one third of the whole number expire every year; the House of Representatives consists of members elected by the people of the several Congressional districts, for a term of two years, the term of all ending at the same time. The united body of Senators and Representatives for any term of two years for which the whole body of Representatives is chosen is called one Congress. Thus the session which began in December, 1887, was the first (or long) session, and that which began in December, 1888, was the second (or short) session, of the Fiftieth Congress. When an extra session is had before the date of the first regular meeting of a Congress, that is called the first session, and the following regular session is called the second session.

7. The lower house of the Spanish Cortes, the members of which are elected for three years.

The Continental Congress, an assembly of deputies from the thirteen British colonies in America, appointed to deliberate in respect to their common interests. They first met in 1774, and from time thereafter until near the close of the Revolution. -- The Federal Congress, the assembly of representatives of the original States of the American Union, who met under the Articles of Confederation from 1781 till 1789. -- Congress boot or gaiter, a high shoe or half-boot, coming above the ankle, and having the sides made in part of some elastic material which stretches to allow the boot to be drawn on and off. [U.S.] -- Congress water, a saline mineral water from the Congress spring at Saratoga, in the State of New York.

Syn. -- Assembly; meeting; convention; convocation; council; diet; conclave; parliament; legislature.

Con*gres"sion (? or &?;), n. [L. congressio.] A coming or bringing together, as in a public meeting, in a dispute, in the act of comparing, or in sexual intercourse. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Con*gres"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a congress, especially, to the Congress of the United States; as, congressional debates.

Congressional and official labor. E. Everett.

Congressional District, one of the divisions into which a State is periodically divided (according to population), each of which is entitled to elect a Representative to the Congress of the United States.

Con*gres"sive (?), a. Encountering, or coming together. Sir T. Browne.

Con"gress*man (?), n.; pl. Congressmen (&?;). A member of the Congress of the United States, esp. of the House of Representatives.

Con"greve rock"et (?). See under Rocket.

Con"grue" (?), v. i. [L. congruere. See Congruous.] To agree; to be suitable. [Obs.] Shak.

Con"gru*ence (?), n. [L. congruentia: cf. OF. cornguence.] Suitableness of one thing to another; agreement; consistency. Holland.

Con"gru*en*cy (? or ?), n. Congruence.

Congruency of lines. (Geom.) See Complex of lines, under Complex, n.

Con"gru*ent (?), a. [L. congruens, p. pr. of congruere: cf. F. congruent.] Possessing congruity; suitable; agreeing; corresponding.

The congruent and harmonious fitting of parts in a sentence. B. Jonson.

Congruent figures (Geom.), concurring figures.

Con"gru*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. congruisme.] (Scholastic Theol.) See Congruity.

Con*gru"i*ty (? or &?;), n.; pl. Congruities (#). [Cf. F. congruit&?;.] 1. The state or quality of being congruous; the relation or agreement between things; fitness; harmony; correspondence; consistency.

With what congruity doth the church of Rome deny that her enemies do at all appertain to the church of Christ? Hooker.

A whole sentence may fail of its congruity by wanting one particle. Sir P. Sidney.

2. (Geom.) Coincidence, as that of lines or figures laid over one another.

3. (Scholastic Theol.) That, in an imperfectly good persons, which renders it suitable for God to bestow on him gifts of grace.

Con"gru*ous (?), a. [L. congruus, fr. congruere to come together, to coincide, to agree. Of uncertain origin.] Suitable or concordant; accordant; fit; harmonious; correspondent; consistent.

Not congruous to the nature of epic poetry. Blair.

It is no ways congruous that God should be always frightening men into an acknowledgment of the truth. Atterbury.

Con"gru*ous*ly, adv. In a congruous manner.

Con*hy"drine (? or &?;), n. [Conium + hydrate.] (Chem.) A vegetable alkaloid found with conine in the poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). It is a white crystalline substance, C8H17NO, easily convertible into conine.

||Co*ni"a (? or &?;), n. [NL. See Conium.] (Chem.) Same as Conine.

{ Con"ic (?), Con"ic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. conique. See Cone.] 1. Having the form of, or resembling, a geometrical cone; round and tapering to a point, or gradually lessening in circumference; as, a conic or conical figure; a conical vessel.

2. Of or pertaining to a cone; as, conic sections.

Conic section (Geom.), a curved line formed by the intersection of the surface of a right cone and a plane. The conic sections are the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. The right lines and the circle which result from certain positions of the plane are sometimes, though not generally included. -- Conic sections, that branch of geometry which treats of the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola. -- Conical pendulum. See Pendulum. -- Conical projection, a method of delineating the surface of a sphere upon a plane surface as if projected upon the surface of a cone; -- much used by makers of maps in Europe. -- Conical surface (Geom.), a surface described by a right line moving along any curve and always passing through a fixed point that is not in the plane of that curve.

Con"ic, n. (Math.) A conic section.

Con`i*cal"i*ty (?), n. Conicalness.

Con"ic*al*ly (?), adv. In the form of a cone.

Con"ic*al*ness, n. State or quality of being conical.

Con"i*co- (&?;), a. [See Conic.] A combining form, meaning somewhat resembling a cone; as, conico-cylindrical, resembling a cone and a cylinder; conico-hemispherical; conico-subulate.

Con"i*coid (?), a. [Conic + -oid.] (Math.) Same as Conoidal.

Con"ics (?), n. 1. That branch of geometry which treats of the cone and the curves which arise from its sections.

2. Conic sections.

||Co*nid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Conida (#). [NL.] (Bot.) A peculiar kind of reproductive cell found in certain fungi, and often containing zo÷spores.

Co"ni*fer (?), n. [L. conifer; conus cone + ferre to bear: cf. F. conifŔre.] (Bot.) A tree or shrub bearing cones; one of the order Coniferae, which includes the pine, cypress, and (according to some) the yew.

Co*nif"er*in (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from the cambium layer of coniferous trees as a white crystalline substance.

Co*nif"er*ous (?), a. (a) Bearing cones, as the pine and cypress. (b) Pertaining to the order Coniferae, of which the pine tree is the type.

Co"ni*form (?), a. [Cone + -form: cf. F. coniforme.] Cone-shaped; conical.

Co*ni"ine (? or &?;), n. See Conine.

Co"ni*mene (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) Same as Olibene.

Co"nine (? or &?;), n. [From Conium.] (Chem.) A powerful and very poisonous vegetable alkaloid found in the hemlock (Conium maculatum) and extracted as a colorless oil, C8H17N, of strong repulsive odor and acrid taste. It is regarded as a derivative of piperidine and likewise of one of the collidines. It occasions a gradual paralysis of the motor nerves. Called also coniine, coneine, conia, etc. See Conium, 2.

||Co`ni*ros"ter (?), n. [NL.] (Zo÷l.) One of the Conirostres.

Co`ni*ros"tral (?), a. (Zo÷l.) Belonging to the Conirostres.

||Co`ni*ros"tres (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. conus cone + rostrum beak: cf. F. conirostre.] (Zo÷l.) A tribe of perching birds, including those which have a strong conical bill, as the finches.

Con`i*sor" (?), n. [Obs.] See Cognizor.

||Co*nis"tra (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; dust.] (Greek Antiq.) Originally, a part of the palestra, or gymnasium among the Greeks; either the place where sand was stored for use in sprinkling the wrestlers, or the wrestling ground itself. Hence, a part of the orchestra of the Greek theater.

Co"nite (?), n. [Gr. &?; dust: cf. F. conite. So called on account of its gray color.] (Min.) A magnesian variety of dolomite.

||Co*ni"um (? or &?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; hemlock.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of biennial, poisonous, white-flowered, umbelliferous plants, bearing ribbed fruit ("seeds") and decompound leaves.

2. (Med.) The common hemlock (Conium maculatum, poison hemlock, spotted hemlock, poison parsley), a roadside weed of Europe, Asia, and America, cultivated in the United States for medicinal purpose. It is an active poison. The leaves and fruit are used in medicine.

Con*ject" (?), v. t. [L. conjectus, p. p. of conjicere. See Conjecture, n.] To throw together, or to throw. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

Con*ject", v. t. To conjecture; also, to plan. [Obs.]

Con*ject"or (?), n. [L.] One who guesses or conjectures. [Obs.]

A great conjector at other men by their writings. Milton.

Con*jec"tur*a*ble (?; 135), a. Capable of being conjectured or guessed.

Con*jec"tur*al (?), a. [L. conjecturalis: cf. F. conjectural.] Dependent on conjecture; fancied; imagined; guessed at; undetermined; doubtful.

And mak'st conjectural fears to come into me. Shak.

A slight expense of conjectural analogy. Hugh Miller.

Who or what such editor may be, must remain conjectural. Carlyle.

Con*jec"tur*al*ist, n. A conjecturer. [R.] Month. rev.

Con*jec`tur*al"ly (?), n. That which depends upon guess; guesswork. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Con*jec`tur*al*ly, adv. In a conjectural manner; by way of conjecture. Boyle.

Con*jec"ture (; 135?), n. [L. conjectura, fr. conjicere, conjectum, to throw together, infer, conjecture; con- + jacere to throw: cf. F. conjecturer. See Jet a shooting forth.] An opinion, or judgment, formed on defective or presumptive evidence; probable inference; surmise; guess; suspicion.

He [Herodotus] would thus have corrected his first loose conjecture by a real study of nature. Whewell.

Conjectures, fancies, built on nothing firm. Milton.

Con*jec"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjectured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conjecturing.] [Cf. F. conjecturer. Cf. Conject.] To arrive at by conjecture; to infer on slight evidence; to surmise; to guess; to form, at random, opinions concerning.

Human reason can then, at the best, but conjecture what will be. South.

Con*jec"ture, v. i. To make conjectures; to surmise; to guess; to infer; to form an opinion; to imagine.

Con*jec"tur*er (?), n. One who conjectures. Hobbes.

Con*join (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjoined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Conjoining.] [F. conjoindre, fr. L. conjungere, -junctum; con- + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Conjugate, Conjunction.] To join together; to unite.

The English army, that divided was Into two parties, is now conjoined in one. Shak.

If either of you know any inward impediment why you should not be conjoined. Shak.

Let that which he learns next be nearly conjoined with what he knows already. Locke.

Con*join", v. i. To unite; to join; to league. Shak.

Con*joined" (?), a. (Her.) Joined together or touching.

Con*joint" (?), a. [F. conjoint, p. p. of conjoindre. See Conjoin, and cf. Conjunct.] United; connected; associated. "Influence conjoint." Glover.

Conjoint degrees (Mus.), two notes which follow each other immediately in the order of the scale, as ut and re. Johnson. -- Conjoint tetrachords (Mus.), two tetrachords or fourths, where the same note is the highest of one and the lowest of the other; -- also written conjunct.

Con*joint"ly, adv. In a conjoint manner; untitedly; jointly; together. Sir T. Browne.

Con*joint"ness, n. The quality of being conjoint.

Con*ju"bi*lant (?), a. Shouting together for joy; rejoicing together. [R.] Neale.

Con"ju*gal (?), a. [L. conjugalis, fr. conjux husband, wife, consort, fr. conjungere to unite, join in marriage. See Conjoin.] Belonging to marriage; suitable or appropriate to the marriage state or to married persons; matrimonial; connubial. "Conjugal affection." Milton.

Con`ju*gal"i*ty (?), n. The conjugal state; sexual intercourse. [R.] Milton.

Con"ju*gal*ly (?), adv. In a conjugal manner; matrimonially; connubially.

Con"ju*gate (?), a. [L. conjugatus, p. p. or conjugare to unite; con- + jugare to join, yoke, marry, jugum yoke; akin to jungere to join. See Join.] 1. United in pairs; yoked together; coupled.

2. (Bot.) In single pairs; coupled.

3. (Chem.) Containing two or more radicals supposed to act the part of a single one. [R.]

4. (Gram.) Agreeing in derivation and radical signification; -- said of words.

5. (Math.) Presenting themselves simultaneously and having reciprocal properties; -- frequently used in pure and applied mathematics with reference to two quantities, points, lines, axes, curves, etc.

Conjugate axis of a hyperbola (Math.), the line through the center of the curve, perpendicular to the line through the two foci. -- Conjugate diameters (Conic Sections), two diameters of an ellipse or hyperbola such that each bisects all chords drawn parallel to the other. -- Conjugate focus (Opt.) See under Focus. -- Conjugate mirrors (Optics), two mirrors so placed that rays from the focus of one are received at the focus of the other, especially two concave mirrors so placed that rays proceeding from the principal focus of one and reflected in a parallel beam are received upon the other and brought to the principal focus. -- Conjugate point (Geom.), an acnode. See Acnode, and Double point. -- Self-conjugate triangle (Conic Sections), a triangle each of whose vertices is the pole of the opposite side with reference to a conic.

Con`ju*gate (?), n. [L. conjugatum a combining, etymological relationship.] 1. A word agreeing in derivation with another word, and therefore generally resembling it in signification.

We have learned, in logic, that conjugates are sometimes in name only, and not in deed. Abp. Bramhall.

2. (Chem.) A complex radical supposed to act the part of a single radical. [R.]

Con"ju*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Conjugated; p. pr. & vb. n. Conjugating.] 1. To unite in marriage; to join. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

2. (Gram.) To inflect (a verb), or give in order the forms which it assumes in its several voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons.

Con"ju*gate, v. i. (Biol.) To unite in a kind of sexual union, as two or more cells or individuals among the more simple plants and animals.

Con`ju*ga"tion (?), n. [L. conjugatio conjugation (in senses 1 & 3).] 1. the act of uniting or combining; union; assemblage. [Obs.]

Mixtures and conjugations of atoms. Bentley.

2. Two things conjoined; a pair; a couple. [Obs.]

The sixth conjugations or pair of nerves. Sir T. Browne.

3. (Gram.) (a) The act of conjugating a verb or giving in order its various parts and inflections. (b) A scheme in which are arranged all the parts of a verb. (c) A class of verbs conjugated in the same manner.

4. (Biol.) A kind of sexual union; -- applied to a blending of the contents of two or more cells or individuals in some plants and lower animals, by which new spores or germs are developed.

Con`ju*ga"tion*al (?), a. relating to conjugation. Ellis.

Con*ju"gi*al (?), a. [L. conjugialis, fr. conjugium. Cf. Conjugal.] Conjugal. [R.] Swedenborg.

||Con*ju"gi*um (?), n. [L.] (Rom. Law) The marriage tie.

Con*junct" (?), a. [L. conjunctus, p. p. See Conjoin.] 1. United; conjoined; concurrent. [Archaic]

2. (Her.) Same as Conjoined.

Con*junc"tion (?), n. [L. conjunctio: cf. F. conjunction. See Conjoin.] 1. The act of conjoining, or the state of being conjoined, united, or associated; union; association; league.

He will unite the white rose and the red: Smille heaven upon his fair conjunction. Shak.

Man can effect no great matter by his personal strength but as he acts in society and conjunction with others. South.

2. (Astron.) The meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the zodiac; as, the conjunction of the moon with the sun, or of Jupiter and Saturn. See the Note under Aspect, n., 6.

&fist; Heavenly bodies are said to be in conjunction when they are seen in the same part of the heavens, or have the same longitude or right ascension. The inferior conjunction of an inferior planet is its position when in conjunction on the same side of the sun with the earth; the superior conjunction of a planet is its position when on the side of the sun most distant from the earth.

3. (Gram.) A connective or connecting word; an indeclinable word which serves to join together sentences, clauses of a sentence, or words; as, and, but, if.

Though all conjunctions conjoin sentences, yet, with respect to the sense, some are conjunctive and some disjunctive. Harris.

Con*junc"tion*al (?), a. Relating to a conjunction.

||Con`junc*ti"va (?), n. [NL., from L. conjunctivus connective.] (Anat.) The mucous membrane which covers the external surface of the ball of the eye and the inner surface of the lids; the conjunctival membrane.

Con`junc*ti"val (?), a. 1. Joining; connecting.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the conjunctiva.

Con*junc"tive (?), a. [L. conjunctivus.] 1. Serving to unite; connecting together.

2. Closely united. [Obs.] Shak.

Conjunctive mood (Gram.), the mood which follows a conjunction or expresses contingency; the subjunctive mood. -- Conjunctive tissue (Anat.), the tissue found in nearly all parts of most animals. It yields gelatin on boiling, and consists of vriously arranged fibers which are imbedded protoplasmic cells, or corpuscles; -- called also cellular tissue and connective tissue. Adipose or fatty tissue is one of its many forms, and cartilage and bone are sometimes included by the phrase.

Con*junc"tive*ly, adv. In conjunction or union; together. Sir T. Browne.

Con*junc"tive*ness, n. The state or quality of being conjunctive. Johnson.

Con*junc`ti*vi"tis (? or &?;), n. (Med.) Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

Con*junct"ly (?), adv. In union; conjointly; unitedly; together. Sir W. Hamilton.

Con*junc"ture (?; 135), n. [Cf. F. conjoncture, LL. conjunctura.] 1. The act of joining, or state of being joined; union; connection; combination.

The conjuncture of philosophy and divinity. Hobbes.

A fit conjuncture or circumstances. Addison.

2. A crisis produced by a combination of circumstances; complication or combination of events or circumstances; plight resulting from various conditions.

He [Chesterfield] had recently governed Ireland, at a momentous conjuncture, with eminent firmness, wisdom, and humanity. Macaulay.

Con`ju*ra"tion (?), n. [L. conjuratio, cf. F. conjuration.] 1. The act of calling or summoning by a sacred name, or in solemn manner; the act of binding by an oath; an earnest entreaty; adjuration.

We charge you, in the name of God, take heed; . . . Under this conjuration speak, my lord. Shak.

2. The act or process of invoking supernatural aid by the use of a magical form of words; the practice of magic arts; incantation; enchantment.

Pretended conjurations and prophecies of that event. Hallam.

3. A league for a criminal purpose; conspiracy. [Obs.] "The conjuration of Catiline." Sir T. Elyot.

Con"ju*ra`tor (?), n. [LL.] (O. Eng. Law) One who swears or is sworn with others; one bound by oath with others; a compurgator. Burrill.