Chapter 4

Ca*lam"i*ty (?) n.; pl. Calamities (#). [L. calamitas, akin to in-columis unharmed: cf. F. calamitÚ] 1. Any great misfortune or cause of misery; -- generally applied to events or disasters which produce extensive evil, either to communities or individuals.

The word calamity was first derived from calamus when the corn could not get out of the stalk. Bacon.

Strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul. W. Irving.

2. A state or time of distress or misfortune; misery.

The deliberations of calamity are rarely wise. Burke.

Where'er I came I brought calamity. Tennyson.

Syn. -- Disaster; distress; affliction; adversity; misfortune; unhappiness; infelicity; mishap; mischance; misery; evil; extremity; exigency; downfall. -- Calamity, Disaster, Misfortune, Mishap, Mischance. Of these words, calamity is the strongest. It supposes a somewhat continuous state, produced not usually by the direct agency of man, but by natural causes, such as fire, flood, tempest, disease, etc, Disaster denotes literally ill-starred, and is some unforeseen and distressing event which comes suddenly upon us, as if from hostile planet. Misfortune is often due to no specific cause; it is simply the bad fortune of an individual; a link in the chain of events; an evil independent of his own conduct, and not to be charged as a fault. Mischance and mishap are misfortunes of a trivial nature, occurring usually to individuals. "A calamity is either public or private, but more frequently the former; a disaster is rather particular than private; it affects things rather than persons; journey, expedition, and military movements are often attended with disasters; misfortunes are usually personal; they immediately affect the interests of the individual." Crabb.

Cal"a*mus (?), n.; pl. Calami (#). [L., a reed. See Halm.] 1. (Bot.) The indian cane, a plant of the Palm family. It furnishes the common rattan. See Rattan, and Dragon's blood.

2. (Bot.) A species of Acorus (A. calamus), commonly called calamus, or sweet flag. The root has a pungent, aromatic taste, and is used in medicine as a stomachic; the leaves have an aromatic odor, and were formerly used instead of rushes to strew on floors.

3. (Zo÷l.) The horny basal portion of a feather; the barrel or quill.

||Ca*lan"do (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Gradually diminishing in rapidity and loudness.

Ca*lash" (?), n. [F. calŔche; of Slavonic origin; cf. Bohem. kolesa, Russ. koliaska calash, koleso, kolo, wheel.] 1. A light carriage with low wheels, having a top or hood that can be raised or lowered, seats for inside, a separate seat for the driver, and often a movable front, so that it can be used as either an open or a close carriage.

The baroness in a calash capable of holding herself, her two children, and her servants. W. Irving.

2. In Canada, a two-wheeled, one-seated vehicle, with a calash top, and the driver's seat elevated in front.

3. A hood or top of a carriage which can be thrown back at pleasure.

4. A hood, formerly worn by ladies, which could be drawn forward or thrown back like the top of a carriage.

Ca`la*ve"rite (&?;), n. (Min.) A bronze-yellow massive mineral with metallic luster; a telluride of gold; -- first found in Calaveras County California.

Cal*ca"ne*al (?), a. (Anal.) Pertaining to the calcaneum; as, calcaneal arteries.

||Cal*ca"ne*um (?) n.; pl. E. -neums, L. -nea. [L. the heel, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] (Anal.) One of the bones of the tarsus which in man, forms the great bone of the heel; -- called also fibulare.

Cal"car (?), n. [L. calcaria lime kiln, fr. calx, calcis, lime. See Calx.] (Glass manuf.) A kind of oven, or reverberatory furnace, used for the calcination of sand and potash, and converting them into frit. Ure.

||Cal"car, n.; L. pl. Calcaria (#). [L., a spur, as worn on the heel, also the spur of a cock, fr. calx, calcis, the heel.] 1. (Bot.) A hollow tube or spur at the base of a petal or corolla.

2. (Zo÷l.) A slender bony process from the ankle joint of bats, which helps to support the posterior part of the web, in flight.

3. (Anat.) (a) A spur, or spurlike prominence. (b) A curved ridge in the floor of the leteral ventricle of the brain; the calcar avis, hippocampus minor, or ergot.

{ Cal"ca*rate (?), Cal"ca*ra`ted (?), } a. [LL. calcaratus, fr. L. calcar. See 2d Calcar.]

1. (Bot.) Having a spur, as the flower of the toadflax and larkspur; spurred. Gray.

2. (Zo÷l.) Armed with a spur.

Cal*ca"re*o-ar`gil*la"ceous (?), a. consisting of, or containing, calcareous and argillaceous earths.

Cal*ca"re*o-bi*tu"mi*nous (?), a. Consisting of, or containing, lime and bitumen. Lyell.

Cal*ca"re*o-si*li"ceous (?), a.Consisting of, or containing calcareous and siliceous earths.

Cal*ca"re*ous (?), a. [L. calcarius pertaining to lime. See Calx.] Partaking of the nature of calcite or calcium carbonate; consisting of, or containing, calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime.

Calcareous spar. See as Calcite.

Cal*ca"re*ous*ness, n. Quality of being calcareous.

Cal`ca*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. calcarius of lime + ferous.] Lime-yielding; calciferous

Cal"ca*rine (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the calcar of the brain.

Cal`ca*vel"la (?), n. A sweet wine from Portugal; -- so called from the district of Carcavelhos. [Written also Calcavellos or Carcavelhos.]

Cal"ce*a`ted (?), a. [L. calceatus, p. p. of pelceare to ahoe, fr. catceus shoe, fr. calx, calcic, heel.] Fitted with, or wearing, shoes. Johnson.

Calced (?), a. [See Calceated.] Wearing shoes; calceated; -- in distintion from discalced or barefooted; as the calced Carmelites.

Cal"ce*don (?), n. [See Chalcedony.] A foul vein, like chalcedony, in some precious stones.

{ Cal`ce*don"ic (?), Cal`ce*do"ni*an, } a. See Chalcedonic.

Cal"ce*i*form` (kăl"s&esl;*&ibreve;*f˘rm`), a. [L. calceus shoe + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a slipper, as one petal of the lady's-slipper; calceolate.

||cal`ce*o*la"ri*a (kăl`s&esl;*&osl;*lā"r&ibreve;*&adot;), n. [NL., fr. L. calceolarius shoemaker, fr. calceolus, a dim. of calceus shoe.] (Bot.) A genus of showy herbaceous or shrubby plants, brought from South America; slipperwort. It has a yellow or purple flower, often spotted or striped, the shape of which suggests its name.

Cal"ce*o*late (?), a. [See Calceolaria.] Slipper-ahaped. See Calceiform.

||Cal"ces (?), n. pl. See Calx.

Cal"cic (?), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime: cf. F. calcique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, calcium or lime.

Cal*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -ferous.] Bearing, producing, or containing calcite, or carbonate of lime.

Calciferous epoch (Geol.), an epoch in the American lower Silurian system, immediately succeeding the Cambrian period. The name alludes to the peculiar mixture of calcareous and siliceous characteristics in many of the beds. See the Diagram under Geology.

Cal*cif"ic (?), a. Calciferous. Specifically: (Zo÷l.) of or pertaining to the portion of the oviduct which forms the eggshell in birds and reptiles. Huxley.

Cal`ci*fi*ca"tion (kăl`s&ibreve;*f&ibreve;*kā"shŭn), n. (Physiol.) The process of change into a stony or calcareous substance by the deposition of lime salt; -- normally, as in the formation of bone and of teeth; abnormally, as in calcareous degeneration of tissue.

Cal"ci*fied (kăl"s&ibreve;*fīd), a. Consisting of, or containing, calcareous matter or lime salts; calcareous.

Cal"ci*form (kăl"s&ibreve;*f˘rm), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + - form.] In the form of chalk or lime.

Cal"ci*fy (kăl"s&ibreve;*fī), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calcified (- fīd); p. pr. & vb. n. Calcifying.] [L. calx, calcis, lime + -fy.] To make stony or calcareous by the deposit or secretion of salts of lime.

Cal"ci*fy, v. i. To become changed into a stony or calcareous condition, in which lime is a principal ingredient, as in the formation of teeth.

Cal*cig"e*nous (?), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -genouse.] (Chem.) Tending to form, or to become, a calx or earthlike substance on being oxidized or burnt; as magnesium, calcium. etc.

Cal*cig"er*ous (?), a. [L. calx, calcis, lime + -gerouse.] Holding lime or other earthy salts; as, the calcigerous cells of the teeth.

Cal"ci*mine (?), n. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] A white or colored wash for the ceiling or other plastering of a room, consisting of a mixture of clear glue, Paris white or zinc white, and water. [Also spelt kalsomine.]

Cal"ci*mine, v. t. [imp. &p. p. Calcimined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calcimining.] To wash or cover with calcimine; as, to calcimine walls.

Cal"ci*mi`ner (?), n. One who calcimines.

Cal*cin"a*ble (?), a. That may be calcined; as, a calcinable fossil.

Cal"ci*nate (?), v. i. To calcine. [R.]

Cal`ci*na"tion (kăl`s&ibreve;*nā"shŭn), n. [F. calcination.]

1. (Chem.) The act or process of disintegrating a substance, or rendering it friable by the action of heat, esp. by the expulsion of some volatile matter, as when carbonic and acid is expelled from carbonate of calcium in the burning of limestone in order to make lime.

2. The act or process of reducing a metal to an oxide or metallic calx; oxidation.

Cal*cin"a*to*ry (?), n. A vessel used in calcination.

Cal*cine" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calciden (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calcining.] [F. calciner, fr. L. calx, calcis, lime. See Calx.]

1. To reduce to a powder, or to a friable state, by the action of heat; to expel volatile matter from by means of heat, as carbonic acid from limestone, and thus (usually) to produce disintegration; as to, calcine bones.

2. To oxidize, as a metal by the action of heat; to reduce to a metallic calx.

Cal*cine", v. i. To be converted into a powder or friable substance, or into a calx, by the action of heat. "Calcining without fusion" Newton.

Cal*cin"er (?), n. One who, or that which, calcines.

||Cal`ci*spon"gi*Š (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. calx, calcis, lime + spongia a sponge.] (Zo÷l.) An order of marine sponges, containing calcareous spicules. See Porifera.

Cal"cite (kăl"sīt), n. [L. calx, calcis, lime.] (Min.) Calcium carbonate, or carbonate of lime. It is rhombohedral in its crystallization, and thus distinguished from aragonite. It includes common limestone, chalk, and marble. Called also calc-spar and calcareous spar.

&fist; Argentine is a pearly lamellar variety; aphrite is foliated or chalklike; dogtooth spar, a form in acute rhombohedral or scalenohedral crystals; calc- sinter and calc-tufa are lose or porous varieties formed in caverns or wet grounds from calcareous deposits; agaric mineral is a soft, white friable variety of similar origin; stalaclite and stalagmite are varieties formed from the drillings in caverns. Iceland spar is a transparent variety, exhibiting the strong double refraction of the species, and hence is called doubly refracting spar.

Cal"ci*trant (?), a. [L. calcitrans, p. pr. of calcitrare to kick, fr. calx, calcis , heel.] Kicking. Hence: Stubborn; refractory.

Cal"ci*trate (?), v. i. & i. [L. calcitratus, p. p. of calcitrare. See Calcitrant.] To kick.

Cal`ci*tra"tion (-trā"shŭn), n. Act of kicking.

Cal"ci*um (kăl"s&ibreve;*ŭm), n. [NL., from L. calx, calcis, lime; cf F. calcium. See Calx.] (Chem.) An elementary substance; a metal which combined with oxygen forms lime. It is of a pale yellow color, tenacious, and malleable. It is a member of the alkaline earth group of elements. Atomic weight 40. Symbol Ca.

&fist; Calcium is widely and abundantly disseminated, as in its compounds calcium carbonate or limestone, calcium sulphate or gypsum, calcium fluoride or fluor spar, calcium phosphate or apatite.

Calcium light, an intense light produced by the incandescence of a stick or ball of lime in the flame of a combination of oxygen and hydrogen gases, or of oxygen and coal gas; -- called also Drummond light.

Cal*civ"o*rous (?), a. [L. calx lime + vorare to devour.] Eroding, or eating into, limestone.

Cal*cog"ra*pher (?), n. One who practices calcography.

{ Cal`co*graph"ic (?), Cal`co*graph"ic*al, } a. Relating to, or in the style of, calcography.

Cal*cog"ra*phy (?), n. [L. calx, calcis, lime, chalk + -graphy.] The art of drawing with chalk.

Calc"-sin`ter (?), n. [G. kalk (L. calx, calcis) lime + E. sinter.] See under Calcite.

Calc"-spar` (?), n. [G. kalk (L. calx) lime E. spar.] Same as Calcite.

Calc"-tu`fa (?), n. [G. kalk (l. calx) lime + E. tufa.] See under Calcite.

Cal"cu*la*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. calculable.] That may be calculated or ascertained by calculation.

Cal"cu*la*ry (?), a. [L. calculus a pebble, a calculus; cf calcularius pertaining to calculation.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to calculi.

Cal"cu*la*ry, n. A congeries of little stony knots found in the pulp of the pear and other fruits.

Cal"cu*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calculater (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calculating (?).] [L, calculatus, p. p. of calculate, fr. calculus a pebble, a stone used in reckoning; hence, a reckoning, fr. calx, calcis, a stone used in gaming, limestone. See Calx.] 1. To ascertain or determine by mathematical processes, usually by the ordinary rules of arithmetic; to reckon up; to estimate; to compute.

A calencar exacity calculated than any othe. North.

2. To ascertain or predict by mathematical or astrological computations the time, circumstances, or other conditions of; to forecast or compute the character or consequences of; as, to calculate or cast one's nativity.

A cunning man did calculate my birth. Shak.

3. To adjust for purpose; to adapt by forethought or calculation; to fit or prepare by the adaptation of means to an end; as, to calculate a system of laws for the government and protection of a free people.

[Religion] is . . . calculated for our benefit. Abp. Tillotson.

4. To plan; to expect; to think. [Local, U. S.]

Syn. -- To compute; reckon; count; estimate; rate. -- To Calculate, Compute. Reckon, Count. These words indicate the means by which we arrive at a given result in regard to quantity. We calculate with a view to obtain a certain point of knowledge; as, to calculate an eclipse. We compute by combining given numbers, in order to learn the grand result. We reckon and count in carrying out the details of a computation. These words are also used in a secondary and figurative sense. "Calculate is rather a conjection from what is, as to what may be; computation is a rational estimate of what has been, from what is; reckoning is a conclusive conviction, a pleasing assurance that a thing will happen; counting indicates an expectation. We calculate on a gain; we compute any loss sustained, or the amount of any mischief done; we reckon on a promised pleasure; we count the hours and minutes until the time of enjoyment arrives" Crabb.

Cal"cu*late (?), v. i. To make a calculation; to forecast consequences; to estimate; to compute.

The strong passions, whether good or bad, never calculate. F. W. Robertson.

Cal"cu*la`ted (?), p. p. & a. 1. Worked out by calculation; as calculated tables for computing interest; ascertained or conjectured as a result of calculation; as, the calculated place of a planet; the calculated velocity of a cannon ball.

2. Adapted by calculation, contrivance. or forethought to accomplish a purpose; as, to use arts calculated to deceive the people.

3. Likely to produce a certain effect, whether intended or not; fitted; adapted; suited.

The only danger that attends multiplicity of publication is, that some of them may be calculated to injure rather than benefit society. Goldsmith.

The minister, on the other hand, had never gone through an experience calculated to lead him beyond the scope of generally received laws . Hawthorne.

Cal"cu*la`ting (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to mathematical calculations; performing or able to perform mathematical calculations.

2. Given to contrivance or forethought; forecasting; scheming; as, a cool calculating disposition.

Calculating machine, a machine for the mechanical performance of mathematical operations, for the most part invented by Charles Babbage and G. and E. Scheutz. It computes logarithmic and other mathematical tables of a high degree of intricacy, imprinting the results on a leaden plate, from which a stereotype plate is then directly made.

Cal"cu*la`ting, n. The act or process of making mathematical computations or of estimating results.

Cal`cu*la"tion (-lā"shŭn), n. [OE. calculation, fr. L. calculatio; cf. OF. calcucation.] 1. The act or process, or the result, of calculating; computation; reckoning, estimate. "The calculation of eclipses." Nichol.

The mountain is not so his calculation makes it. Boyle.

2. An expectation based on circumstances.

The lazy gossips of the port, Abhorrent of a calculation crost, Began to chafe as at a personal wrong. Tennyson.

Cal"cu*la*tive (?), a. Of or pertaining to calculation; involving calculation.

Long habits of calculative dealings. Burke.

Cal"cu*la*tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. calculateur.] One who computes or reckons: one who estimates or considers the force and effect of causes, with a view to form a correct estimate of the effects.

Ambition is no exact calculator. Burke.

Cal"cu*la*to*ry (?), a. [L. calculatorius.] Belonging to calculation. Sherwood.

Cal"cule (?), n. [F. calcul, fr. L. calculus. See Calculus.] Reckoning; computation. [Obs.] Howell.

Cal"cule, v. i. To calculate [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cal"cu*li (?), n. pl. See Calculus.

Cal"cu*lous (?), a. [L. calculosus.] 1. Of the nature of a calculus; like stone; gritty; as, a calculous concretion. Sir T. Browne.

2. Caused, or characterized, by the presence of a calculus or calculi; a, a calculous disorder; affected with gravel or stone; as, a calculous person.

Cal"cu*lus (?), n.; pl. Calculi (#). [L, calculus. See Calculate, and Calcule.] 1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the body, but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as, biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.

2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may involve calculation.

Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other points to which coŰfficients or weights are ascribed. -- Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given conditions. -- Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic that treats of all operations that satisfy given conditions. -- Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the computation of the probabilities of events, or the application of numbers to chance. -- Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities together are themselves subject to change. -- Differential calculus, a method of investigating mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The problems are primarily of this form: to find how the change in some variable quantity alters at each instant the value of a quantity dependent upon it. -- Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of exponents. -- Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra. -- Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the differential, the primary object of which is to learn from the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes themselves, or, in other words, from having the differential of an algebraic expression to find the expression itself.

Cal"dron (k&add;l"drŭn), n. [OE. caldron, caudron, caudroun, OF. caudron, chauderon, F. chaudron, an aug. of F. chaudiŔre, LL. caldaria, fr. L. caldarius suitable for warming, fr. caldus, calidus, warm, fr. calere to be warm; cf. Skr. šrā to boil. Cf. Chaldron, Calaric, Caudle.] A large kettle or boiler of copper, brass, or iron. [Written also cauldron.] "Caldrons of boiling oil." Prescott.

||Ca*lŔche" (k&adot;*lāsh"), n. [F. calŔche.] See Calash.

Cal`e*do"ni*a (?), n. The ancient Latin name of Scotland; -- still used in poetry.

Cal`e*do"ni*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Caledonia or Scotland; Scottish; Scotch. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Caledonia or Scotland.

Ca*led"o*nite (?), n. (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of copper and lead, found in some parts of Caledonia or Scotland.

Cal`e*fa"cient (?), a. [L. calefaciens p. pr. of calefacere to make warm; calere to be warm + facere to make.] Making warm; heating. [R.]

Cal`e*fa"cient, n. A substance that excites warmth in the parts to which it is applied, as mustard.

Cal`e*fac"tion (?), n. [L. calefactio: cf. F. calÚfaction.] 1. The act of warming or heating; the production of heat in a body by the action of fire, or by communication of heat from other bodies.

2. The state of being heated.

Cal`e*fac"tive (?), a. See Calefactory. [R.]

Cal`e*fac"tor (?), n. A heater; one who, or that which, makes hot, as a stove, etc.

Cal`e*fac"to*ry (?), a. [L. calefactorius.] Making hot; producing or communicating heat.

Cal`e*fac"to*ry, n. 1. (Eccl.) An apartment in a monastery, warmed and used as a sitting room.

2. A hollow sphere of metal, filled with hot water, or a chafing dish, placed on the altar in cold weather for the priest to warm his hands with.

Cal"e*fy (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calefied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calefying.] [L. calere to be warm + -fy] To make warm or hot.

Cal"e*fy, v. i. To grow hot or warm. Sir T. Browne.

||Cal"em*bour` (?), n. [F.] A pun.

Cal"en*dar (?), n. [OE. kalender, calender, fr. L. kalendarium an interest or account book (cf. F. calendrier, OF. calendier) fr. L. calendue, kalendae, calends. See Calends.] 1. An orderly arrangement of the division of time, adapted to the purposes of civil life, as years, months, weeks, and days; also, a register of the year with its divisions; an almanac.

2. (Eccl.) A tabular statement of the dates of feasts, offices, saints' days, etc., esp. of those which are liable to change yearly according to the varying date of Easter.

3. An orderly list or enumeration of persons, things, or events; a schedule; as, a calendar of state papers; a calendar of bills presented in a legislative assembly; a calendar of causes arranged for trial in court; a calendar of a college or an academy.

Shepherds of people had need know the calendars of tempests of state. Bacon.

Calendar clock, one that shows the days of the week and month. -- Calendar month. See under Month. -- French Republican calendar. See under VendÚmiaire. -- Gregorian calendar, Julian calendar, Perpetual calendar. See under Gregorian, Julian, and Perpetual.

Cal"en*dar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Calendared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calendaring.] To enter or write in a calendar; to register. Waterhouse.

Cal`en*da"ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the calendar or a calendar.

Cal"en*da*ry (?), a. Calendarial. [Obs.]

Cal"en*der (?), n. [F. calandre, LL. calendra, corrupted fr. L. cylindrus a cylinder, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?;. See Cylinider.] 1. A machine, used for the purpose of giving cloth, paper, etc., a smooth, even, and glossy or glazed surface, by cold or hot pressure, or for watering them and giving them a wavy appearance. It consists of two or more cylinders revolving nearly in contact, with the necessary apparatus for moving and regulating.

2. One who pursues the business of calendering.

My good friend the calender. Cawper.

Cal"en*der (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Calendered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Calendering.] [Cf. F. calandrer. See Calender, n.] To press between rollers for the purpose of making smooth and glossy, or wavy, as woolen and silk stuffs, linens, paper, etc. Ure.