Chapter 17

Ca`se*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. casÚation. See Casein.] (Med.) A degeneration of animal tissue into a cheesy or curdy mass.

Case"-bay` (?), n. (Arch.) (a) The space between two principals or girders. (b) One of the joists framed between a pair of girders in naked flooring.

Case"hard`en (?), v. t. 1. To subject to a process which converts the surface of iron into steel.

2. To render insensible to good influences.

Case"hard`ened (?), a. 1. Having the surface hardened, as iron tools.

2. Hardened against, or insusceptible to, good influences; rendered callous by persistence in wrongdoing or resistance of good influences; -- said of persons.

Case"hard`en*ing, n. The act or process of converting the surface of iron into steel. Ure.

&fist; Casehardening is now commonly effected by cementation with charcoal or other carbonizing material, the depth and degree of hardening (carbonization) depending on the time during which the iron is exposed to the heat. See Cementation.

Ca"se*ic (?), a. [Cf. F. casÚique, fr. L. caseus cheese.] Of or pertaining to cheese; as, caseic acid.

Ca"se*in (?), n. [Cf. F. casÚine, fr. L. caseur cheese. Cf. Cheese.] (Physiol. Chem.) A proteid substance present in both the animal and the vegetable kingdom. In the animal kingdom it is chiefly found in milk, and constitutes the main part of the curd separated by rennet; in the vegetable kingdom it is found more or less abundantly in the seeds of leguminous plants. Its reactions resemble those of alkali albumin. [Written also caseine.]

Case" knife` (?). 1. A knife carried in a sheath or case. Addison.

2. A large table knife; -- so called from being formerly kept in a case.

Case"mate (?), n. [F. casemate, fr. It. casamatta, prob. from casa house + matto, f. matta, mad, weak, feeble, dim. from the same source as E. -mate in checkmate.]

1. (Fort.) A bombproof chamber, usually of masonry, in which cannon may be placed, to be fired through embrasures; or one capable of being used as a magazine, or for quartering troops.

2. (Arch.) A hollow molding, chiefly in cornices.

Case"ma`ted (?), a. Furnished with, protected by, or built like, a casemate. Campbell.

Case"ment (?), n. [Shortened fr. encasement. See Incase 1st Case, and cf. Incasement.] (Arch.) A window sash opening on hinges affixed to the upright side of the frame into which it is fitted. (Poetically) A window.

A casement of the great chamber window. Shak.

Case"ment*ed, a. Having a casement or casements.

Ca"se*ous (?), a. [L. caseus. Cf. Casein.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, cheese; having the qualities of cheese; cheesy.

Caseous degeneration, a morbid process, in scrofulous or consumptive persons, in which the products of inflammation are converted into a cheesy substance which is neither absorbed nor organized.

Ca"sern (?), n. [F. caserne.] A lodging for soldiers in garrison towns, usually near the rampart; barracks. Bescherelle.

Case" shot` (?). (Mil.) A collection of small projectiles, inclosed in a case or canister.

&fist; In the United States a case shot is a thin spherical or oblong cast-iron shell containing musket balls and a bursting charge, with a time fuse; -- called in Europe shrapnel. In Europe the term case shot is applied to what in the United States is called canister. Wilhelm.

||Ca"se*um (?), n. [L. caseus cheese.] Same as Casein.

Case"worm` (?), n. (Zo÷l.) A worm or grub that makes for itself a case. See Caddice.

Cash (?), n. [F. caisse case, box, cash box, cash. See Case a box.] A place where money is kept, or where it is deposited and paid out; a money box. [Obs.]

This bank is properly a general cash, where every man lodges his money. Sir W. Temple.

ú20,000 are known to be in her cash. Sir R. Winwood.

2. (Com.) (a) Ready money; especially, coin or specie; but also applied to bank notes, drafts, bonds, or any paper easily convertible into money. (b) Immediate or prompt payment in current funds; as, to sell goods for cash; to make a reduction in price for cash.

Cash account (Bookkeeping), an account of money received, disbursed, and on hand. -- Cash boy, in large retail stores, a messenger who carries the money received by the salesman from customers to a cashier, and returns the proper change. [Colloq.] -- Cash credit, an account with a bank by which a person or house, having given security for repayment, draws at pleasure upon the bank to the extent of an amount agreed upon; -- called also bank credit and cash account. -- Cash sales, sales made for ready, money, in distinction from those on which credit is given; stocks sold, to be delivered on the day of transaction.

Syn. -- Money; coin; specie; currency; capital.

Cash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Casing.] To pay, or to receive, cash for; to exchange for money; as, cash a note or an order.

Cash, v. t. [See Cashier.] To disband. [Obs.] Garges.

Cash, n.sing & pl. A Chinese coin.

&fist; The cash (Chinese tsien) is the only current coin made by the chinese government. It is a thin circular disk of a very base alloy of copper, with a square hole in the center. 1,000 to 1,400 cash are equivalent to a dollar.

Cash"book (kăsh"b&oocr;k), n. (Bookkeeping) A book in which is kept a register of money received or paid out.

Ca*shew" (k&adot;*sh&oomac;"), n. [F. acajou, for cajou, prob. from Malay kāyu tree; cf. Pg. acaju, cf. Acajou.] (Bot.) A tree (Anacardium occidentale) of the same family which the sumac. It is native in tropical America, but is now naturalized in all tropical countries. Its fruit, a kidney-shaped nut, grows at the extremity of an edible, pear- shaped hypocarp, about three inches long.

Cashew nut, the large, kidney-shaped fruit of the cashew, which is edible after the caustic oil has been expelled from the shell by roasting the nut.

Cash*ier" (kăsh*ēr"), n. [F. caissier, fr. caisse. See Cash.] One who has charge of money; a cash keeper; the officer who has charge of the payments and receipts (moneys, checks, notes), of a bank or a mercantile company.

Cash*ier", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cahiered (?); p. pr. &vb. n. Cashiering.] [Earlier cash, fr. F. casser to break, annul, cashier, fr. L. cassare, equiv. to cassum reddere, to annul; cf. G. cassiren. Cf. Quash to annul, Cass.] 1. To dismiss or discard; to discharge; to dismiss with ignominy from military service or from an office or place of trust.

They have cashiered several of their followers. Addison.

He had insolence to cashier the captain of the lord lieutenant's own body guard. Macaulay.

2. To put away or reject; to disregard. [R.]

Connections formed for interest, and endeared

By selfish views, [are] censured and cashiered. Cowper.

They absolutely cashier the literal express sense of the words. Sowth.

Cash*ier"er (?), n. One who rejects, discards, or dismisses; as, a cashierer of monarchs. [R.] Burke.

Cash"mere (?), n. 1. A rich stuff for shawls, scarfs, etc., originally made in Cashmere from the soft wool found beneath the hair of the goats of Cashmere, Thibet, and the Himalayas. Some cashmere, of fine quality, is richly embroidered for sale to Europeans.

2. A dress fabric made of fine wool, or of fine wool and cotton, in imitation of the original cashmere.

Cashmere shawl, a rich and costly shawl made of cashmere; -- often called camel's-hair shawl.

Cash`me*rette" (?), n. A kind of dress goods, made with a soft and glossy surface like cashmere.

Ca*shoo" (?), n. [F. cachou, NL. catechu, Cochin-Chin. cay cau from the tree called mimosa, or areca catechu. Cf. Catechu.] See Catechu.

Cas"ing (?), n. 1. The act or process of inclosing in, or covering with, a case or thin substance, as plaster, boards, etc.

2. An outside covering, for protection or ornament, or to precent the radiation of heat.

3. An inclosing frame; esp. the framework around a door or a window. See Case, n., 4.

Ca"sings (?), n. pl. Dried dung of cattle used as fuel. [Prov. Eng.] Waterland.

||Ca*si"no (?), n.; pl. E. Casinos (#), It. Casini (#). [It. casino, dim. of casa house, fr. L. casa cottage. Cf. Cassing.] 1. A small country house.

2. A building or room used for meetings, or public amusements, for dancing, gaming, etc.

3. A game at cards. See Cassino.

Cask (?), n. [Sp. casco potsherd, skull, helmet, prob. fr. cascar to break, fr. L. Quassure to break. Cf. Casque, Cass.] 1. Same as Casque. [Obs.]

2. A barrel-shaped vessel made of staves headings, and hoops, usually fitted together so as to hold liquids. It may be larger or smaller than a barrel.

3. The quantity contained in a cask.

4. A casket; a small box for jewels. [Obs.] Shak.

Cask, v. t. To put into a cask.

Cas"ket (?), n. [Cf. F. casquet, dim. of casque belmet, fr. Sp. casco.] 1. A small chest or box, esp. of rich material or ornamental character, as for jewels, etc.

The little casket bring me hither. Shak.

2. A kind of burial case. [U. S.]

3. Anything containing or intended to contain something highly esteemed; as: (a) The body. (Shak.) (b) The tomb. (Milton). (c) A book of selections. [poetic]

They found him dead . . . an empty casket. Shak.

Cas"ket, n. (Naut.) A gasket. See Gasket.

Cas"ket, v. t. To put into, or preserve in, a casket. [Poetic] "I have casketed my treasure." Shak.

Casque (?), n. [F. casque, fr. Sp. casco See Cask.] A piece of defensive or ornamental armor (with or without a vizor) for the head and neck; a helmet.

His casque overshadowed with brilliant plumes. Prescott.

Cass (kăs), v. t. [F. casser, LL. cassare, fr. L. cassus empty, hollow, and perhaps influenced by L. quassare to shake, shatter, v. intens. of quatere to shake. Cf. Cashier, v. t., Quash, Cask.] To render useless or void; to quash; to annul; to reject; to send away. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Cas"sa*da (kăs"s&adot;*d&adot;; 277), n. See Cassava.

Cas"sa*reep (-rēp), n. A condiment made from the sap of the bitter cassava (Manihot utilissima) deprived of its poisonous qualities, concentrated by boiling, and flavored with aromatics. See Pepper pot.

Cas"sate (?), v. t. [LL. cassare. See Cass.] To render void or useless; to vacate or annul. [Obs.]

Cas*sa"tion (?), n. [F. cassation. See Cass.] The act of annulling.

A general cassation of their constitutions. Motley.

Court of cassation, the highest court of appeal in France, which has power to quash (Casser) or reverse the decisions of the inferior courts.

Cas"sa*va (kăs"s&adot;*v&adot;), n. [F. cassave, Sp. cazabe, fr. kasabi, in the language of Haiti.] 1. (Bot.) A shrubby euphorbiaceous plant of the genus Manihot, with fleshy rootstocks yielding an edible starch; -- called also manioc.

&fist; There are two species, bitter and sweet, from which the cassava of commerce is prepared in the West Indies, tropical America, and Africa. The bitter (Manihot utilissima) is the more important; this has a poisonous sap, but by grating, pressing, and baking the root the poisonous qualities are removed. The sweet (M. Aipi) is used as a table vegetable.

2. A nutritious starch obtained from the rootstocks of the cassava plant, used as food and in making tapioca.

Cas"se Pa"per (?). [F. papier cassÚ. See Cass.] Broken paper; the outside quires of a ream.

Cas"se*role (#) n. [F. a saucepan, dim. from casse a basin.] 1. (Chem.) A small round dish with a handle, usually of porcelain.

2. (Cookery) A mold (in the shape of a hollow vessel or incasement) of boiled rice, mashed potato or paste, baked, and afterwards filled with vegetables or meat.

Cas"sia (kăsh"&adot;), n. [L. cassia and casia, Gr. kassi`a and kasi`a; of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. qetsīāh, fr. qātsa' to cut off, to peel off.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants (herbs, shrubs, or trees) of many species, most of which have purgative qualities. The leaves of several species furnish the senna used in medicine.

2. The bark of several species of Cinnamomum grown in China, etc.; Chinese cinnamon. It is imported as cassia, but commonly sold as cinnamon, from which it differs more or less in strength and flavor, and the amount of outer bark attached.

&fist; The medicinal "cassia" (Cassia pulp) is the laxative pulp of the pods of a leguminous tree (Cassia fistula or Pudding-pipe tree), native in the East Indies but naturalized in various tropical countries.

Cassia bark, the bark of Cinnamomum cassia, etc. The coarser kinds are called Cassia lignea, and are often used to adulterate true cinnamon. -- Cassia buds, the dried flower buds of several species of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia, atc..). -- Cassia oil, oil extracted from cassia bark and cassia buds; -- called also oil of cinnamon.

Cas"si*can (?), n. [NL. cassicus helmeted, fr. L. cassis a belmet.] (Zo÷l.) An American bird of the genus Cassicus, allied to the starlings and orioles, remarkable for its skillfully constructed and suspended nest; the crested oriole. The name is also sometimes given to the piping crow, an Australian bird.

Cas*sid"e*ous (?), a. [L. Cassis helmet.] (Bot.) Helmet-shaped; -- applied to a corolla having a broad, helmet-shaped upper petal, as in aconite.

Cas"si*do*ny (?), n. [Cf. LL. cassidonium, F. cassidoine. See Chalcedony.] (Bot.) (a) The French lavender (Lavandula Stťchas). (b) The goldilocks (Chrysocoma Linosyris) and perhaps other plants related to the genus Gnaphalium or cudweed.

Cas"si*mere (?), n. [Cf. F. casimir, prob. of the same origin as E. cashmere. Cf. Kerseymere.] A thin, twilled, woolen cloth, used for men's garments. [Written also kerseymere.]

Cas`si*nette" (?), n. [Cf. Sp. casinete, G. cassinet.] A cloth with a cotton warp, and a woof of very fine wool, or wool and silk.

Cas*sin"i*an o"vals (?). (Math.) See under Oval.

Cas*si"no (?), n. [It. casino a small house, a gaming house. See casino.] A game at cards, played by two or more persons, usually for twenty-one points.

Great cassino, the ten of diamonds. -- Little cassino, the two of spades.

Cas"si*o*ber`ry (?), n. [NL. cassine, from the language of the Florida Indians.] The fruit of the Viburnum obovatum, a shrub which grows from Virginia to Florida.

Cas`si*o*pe"ia (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Astron.) A constellation of the northern hemisphere, situated between Cepheus and Perseus; -- so called in honor of the wife of Cepheus, a fabulous king of Ethiopia.

Cassiopeia's Chair, a group of six stars, in Cassiopeia, somewhat resembling a chair.

Cas*sit"er*ite (?), n. [Gr. &?; tin.] (Min.) Native tin dioxide; tin stone; a mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals of reddish brown color, and brilliant adamantine luster; also massive, sometimes in compact forms with concentric fibrous structure resembling wood (wood tin), also in rolled fragments or pebbly (Stream tin). It is the chief source of metallic tin. See Black tin, under Black.

Cas"sius (?), n. [From the name of the discoverer, A. Cassius, a German physician of the 17th centry.] A brownish purple pigment, obtained by the action of some compounds of tin upon certain salts of gold. It is used in painting and staining porcelain and glass to give a beautiful purple color. Commonly called Purple of Cassius.

Cas"sock (?), n. [F. casaque, fr. It. casacca, perh. fr. L. casa cottage, in It., house; or of Slavic origin.]

1. A long outer garment formerly worn by men and women, as well as by soldiers as part of their uniform.

2. (Eccl.) A garment resembling a long frock coat worn by the clergy of certain churches when officiating, and by others as the usually outer garment.

Cas"socked (?), a. Clothed with a cassock.

||Cas`so*lette" (?), n. [F.] a box, or vase, with a perforated cover to emit perfumes.

Cas`son*ade" (?), n. [F., fr. casson, for caisson a large chest. This sugar comes from Brazil in large chests.] Raw sugar; sugar not refined. Mc Elrath.

Cas"so*wa*ry (?), n.; pl. Cassowaries (#). [Malay kasuāri.] (Zo÷l.) A large bird, of the genus Casuarius, found in the east Indies. It is smaller and stouter than the ostrich. Its head is armed with a kind of helmet of horny substance, consisting of plates overlapping each other, and it has a group of long sharp spines on each wing which are used as defensive organs. It is a shy bird, and runs with great rapidity. Other species inhabit New Guinea, Australia, etc.

{ Cas`su*mu"nar (?), Cas`su*mu"ni*ar (?), } n. [Hind.] (Med.) A pungent, bitter, aromatic, gingerlike root, obtained from the East Indies.

Cast (k&adot;st), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Cast; p. pr. & vb. n. Casting.] [Cf. Dan. kaste, Icel. & Sw. kasta; perh. akin to L. gerere to bear, carry. E. jest.] 1. To send or drive by force; to throw; to fling; to hurl; to impel.

Uzziah prepared . . . slings to cast stones. 2 Chron. xxvi. 14.

Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me. Acts. xii. 8.

We must be cast upon a certain island. Acts. xxvii. 26.

2. To direct or turn, as the eyes.

How earnestly he cast his eyes upon me! Shak.

3. To drop; to deposit; as, to cast a ballot.

4. To throw down, as in wrestling. Shak.

5. To throw up, as a mound, or rampart.

Thine enemies shall cast a trench [bank] about thee. Luke xix. 48.

6. To throw off; to eject; to shed; to lose.

His filth within being cast. Shak.

Neither shall your vine cast her fruit. Mal. iii. 11

The creatures that cast the skin are the snake, the viper, etc. Bacon.

7. To bring forth prematurely; to slink.

Thy she-goats have not cast their young. Gen. xxi. 38.

8. To throw out or emit; to exhale. [Obs.]

This . . . casts a sulphureous smell. Woodward.

9. To cause to fall; to shed; to reflect; to throw; as, to cast a ray upon a screen; to cast light upon a subject.

10. To impose; to bestow; to rest.

The government I cast upon my brother. Shak.

Cast thy burden upon the Lord. Ps. iv. 22.

11. To dismiss; to discard; to cashier. [Obs.]

The state can not with safety cast him.

12. To compute; to reckon; to calculate; as, to cast a horoscope. "Let it be cast and paid." Shak.

You cast the event of war, my noble lord. Shak.

13. To contrive; to plan. [Archaic]

The cloister . . . had, I doubt not, been cast for [an orange-house]. Sir W. Temple.

14. To defeat in a lawsuit; to decide against; to convict; as, to be cast in damages.

She was cast to be hanged. Jeffrey.

Were the case referred to any competent judge, they would inevitably be cast. Dr. H. More.

15. To turn (the balance or scale); to overbalance; hence, to make preponderate; to decide; as, a casting voice.

How much interest casts the balance in cases dubious! South.

16. To form into a particular shape, by pouring liquid metal or other material into a mold; to fashion; to found; as, to cast bells, stoves, bullets.

17. (Print.) To stereotype or electrotype.

18. To fix, distribute, or allot, as the parts of a play among actors; also to assign (an actor) for a part.

Our parts in the other world will be new cast. Addison.

To cast anchor (Naut.) See under Anchor. -- To cast a horoscope, to calculate it. -- To cast a horse, sheep, or other animal, to throw with the feet upwards, in such a manner as to prevent its rising again. -- To cast a shoe, to throw off or lose a shoe, said of a horse or ox. -- To cast aside, to throw or push aside; to neglect; to reject as useless or inconvenient. -- To cast away. (a) To throw away; to lavish; to waste. "Cast away a life" Addison. (b) To reject; to let perish. "Cast away his people." Rom. xi. 1. "Cast one away." Shak. (c) To wreck. "Cast away and sunk." Shak. -- To cast by, to reject; to dismiss or discard; to throw away. -- To cast down, to throw down; to destroy; to deject or depress, as the mind. "Why art thou cast down. O my soul?" Ps. xiii. 5. -- To cast forth, to throw out, or eject, as from an inclosed place; to emit; to send out. -- To cast in one's lot with, to share the fortunes of. -- To cast in one's teeth, to upbraid or abuse one for; to twin. -- To cast lots. See under Lot. -- To cast off. (a) To discard or reject; to drive away; to put off; to free one's self from. (b) (Hunting) To leave behind, as dogs; also, to set loose, or free, as dogs. Crabb. (c) (Naut.) To untie, throw off, or let go, as a rope. -- To cast off copy, (Print.), to estimate how much printed matter a given amount of copy will make, or how large the page must be in order that the copy may make a given number of pages. -- To cast one's self on or upon to yield or submit one's self unreservedly to, as to the mercy of another. -- To cast out, to throw out; to eject, as from a house; to cast forth; to expel; to utter. -- To cast the lead (Naut.), to sound by dropping the lead to the bottom. -- To cast the water (Med.), to examine the urine for signs of disease. [Obs.]. -- To cast up. (a) To throw up; to raise. (b) To compute; to reckon, as the cost. (c) To vomit. (d) To twit with; to throw in one's teeth.

Cast (?), v. i. 1. To throw, as a line in angling, esp, with a fly hook.

2. (Naut.) To turn the head of a vessel around from the wind in getting under weigh.

Weigh anchor, cast to starboard. Totten.

3. To consider; to turn or revolve in the mind; to plan; as, to cast about for reasons.

She . . . cast in her mind what manner of salution this should be. Luke. i. 29.

4. To calculate; to compute. [R.]

Who would cast and balance at a desk. Tennyson.

5. To receive form or shape in a mold.

It will not run thin, so as to cast and mold. Woodward.

6. To warp; to become twisted out of shape.

Stuff is said to cast or warp when . . . it alters its flatness or straightness. Moxon.

7. To vomit.

These verses . . . make me ready to cast. B. Jonson.

Cast, 3d pres. of Cast, for Casteth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Cast, n. [Cf. Icel., Dan., & Sw. kast.] 1. The act of casting or throwing; a throw.

2. The thing thrown.

A cast of dreadful dust. Dryden.

3. The distance to which a thing is or can be thrown. "About a stone's cast." Luke xxii. 41.

4. A throw of dice; hence, a chance or venture.

An even cast whether the army should march this way or that way. Sowth.

I have set my life upon a cast, And I will stand the hazard of the die. Shak.

5. That which is throw out or off, shed, or ejected; as, the skin of an insect, the refuse from a hawk's stomach, the excrement of a earthworm.

6. The act of casting in a mold.

And why such daily cast of brazen cannon. Shak.

7. An impression or mold, taken from a thing or person; amold; a pattern.

8. That which is formed in a mild; esp. a reproduction or copy, as of a work of art, in bronze or plaster, etc.; a casting.

9. Form; appearence; mien; air; style; as, a peculiar cast of countenance. "A neat cast of verse." Pope.

An heroic poem, but in another cast and figure. Prior.

And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought. Shak.

10. A tendency to any color; a tinge; a shade.

Gray with a cast of green. Woodward.

11. A chance, opportunity, privilege, or advantage; specifically, an opportunity of riding; a lift. [Scotch]

We bargained with the driver to give us a cast to the next stage. Smollett.

If we had the cast o' a cart to bring it. Sir W. Scott.

12. The assignment of parts in a play to the actors.

13. (Falconary) A flight or a couple or set of hawks let go at one time from the hand. Grabb.

As when a cast of falcons make their flight. Spenser.

14. A stoke, touch, or trick. [Obs.]

This was a cast of Wood's politics; for his information was wholly false. Swift.

15. A motion or turn, as of the eye; direction; look; glance; squint.

The cast of the eye is a gesture of aversion. Bacon.

And let you see with one cast of an eye. Addison.

This freakish, elvish cast came into the child's eye. Hawthorne.

16. A tube or funnel for conveying metal into a mold.

17. Four; that is, as many as are thrown into a vessel at once in counting herrings, etc; a warp.

18. Contrivance; plot, design. [Obs.] Chaucer.