Chapter 13

Car"bide (?), n. [Carbon + -ide.] (Chem.) A binary compound of carbon with some other element or radical, in which the carbon plays the part of a negative; -- formerly termed carburet.

Car"bi*mide (?), n. [Carbon + imide] (Chem.) The technical name for isocyanic acid. See under Isocyanic.

Car"bine (?), n. [F. carbine, OF. calabrin carabineer (cf. Ot. calabrina a policeman), fr. OF & Pr. calabre, OF. cable, chable, an engine of war used in besieging, fr. LL. chadabula, cabulus, a kind of projectile machine, fr. Gr. &?; a throwing down, fr. &?; to throw; &?; down + &?; to throw. Cf. Parable.] (Mil.) A short, light musket or rifle, esp. one used by mounted soldiers or cavalry.

Car`bi*neer" (?), n. [F. carabinier.] (Mil.) A soldier armed with a carbine.

Car"bi*nol (?), n. [Carbin (Kolbe's name for the radical) + -ol.] (Chem.) Methyl alcohol, CH3OH; -- also, by extension, any one in the homologous series of paraffine alcohols of which methyl alcohol is the type.

Car`bo*hy"drate (?), n. [Carbon + hydrate.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of a group of compounds including the sugars, starches, and gums, which contain six (or some multiple of six) carbon atoms, united with a variable number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, but with the two latter always in proportion as to form water; as dextrose, C6H12O6.

Car`bo*hy"dride (?), n. [Carbon + hydrogen.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon.

Car*bol"ic (kńr*b&obreve;l"&ibreve;k), a. [L. carbo coal + oleum oil.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid derived from coal tar and other sources; as, carbolic acid (called also phenic acid, and phenol). See Phenol.

Car"bo*lize (kńr"b&osl;*līz), v. t. (Med.) To apply carbolic acid to; to wash or treat with carbolic acid.

Car"bon (kńr"b&obreve;n), n. [F. carbone, fr. L. carbo coal; cf. Skr. šrā to cook.] (Chem.) An elementary substance, not metallic in its nature, which is present in all organic compounds. Atomic weight 11.97. Symbol C. it is combustible, and forms the base of lampblack and charcoal, and enters largely into mineral coals. In its pure crystallized state it constitutes the diamond, the hardest of known substances, occuring in monometric crystals like the octahedron, etc. Another modification is graphite, or blacklead, and in this it is soft, and occurs in hexagonal prisms or tables. When united with oxygen it forms carbon dioxide, commonly called carbonic acid, or carbonic oxide, according to the proportions of the oxygen; when united with hydrogen, it forms various compounds called hydrocarbons. Compare Diamond, and Graphite.

Carbon compounds, Compounds of carbon (Chem.), those compounds consisting largely of carbon, commonly produced by animals and plants, and hence called organic compounds, though their synthesis may be effected in many cases in the laboratory.

The formation of the compounds of carbon is not dependent upon the life process. I. Remsen

-- Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide. (Chem.) See under Carbonic. -- Carbon light (Elec.), an extremely brilliant electric light produced by passing a galvanic current through two carbon points kept constantly with their apexes neary in contact. -- Carbon point (Elec.), a small cylinder or bit of gas carbon moved forward by clockwork so that, as it is burned away by the electric current, it shall constantly maintain its proper relation to the opposing point. -- Carbon tissue, paper coated with gelatine and pigment, used in the autotype process of photography. Abney. -- Gas carbon, a compact variety of carbon obtained as an incrustation on the interior of gas retorts, and used for the manufacture of the carbon rods of pencils for the voltaic, arc, and for the plates of voltaic batteries, etc.

Car"bo*na`ceous (?), a. Pertaining to, containing, or composed of, carbon.

{ Car"bo*nade (?), Car`bo*na"do (?), } n. [Cf. F. carbonnade, It. carbonata, Sp. carbonada, from L. carbo coal.] (Cookery) Flesh, fowl, etc., cut across, seasoned, and broiled on coals; a chop. [Obs.]

{ Car`bo*na"do (?), Car"bo*nade (?), } v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonadoed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonadoing.] 1. To cut (meat) across for frying or broiling; to cut or slice and broil. [Obs.]

A short-legged hen daintily carbonadoed. Bean. & Fl.

2. To cut or hack, as in fighting. [Obs.]

I'll so carbonado your shanks. Shak.

Car`bo*na"do (?), n.; pl. Carbonadoes (#). [Pg., carbonated.] (Min.) A black variety of diamond, found in Brazil, and used for diamond drills. It occurs in irregular or rounded fragments, rarely distinctly crystallized, with a texture varying from compact to porous.

Car`bo*na"rism (?), n. The principles, practices, or organization of the Carbonari.

||Car`bo*na"ro (?), n.; pl. Carbonari (#). [It., a coal man.] A member of a secret political association in Italy, organized in the early part of the nineteenth centry for the purpose of changing the government into a republic.

&fist; The origin of the Carbonari is uncertain, but the society is said to have first met, in 1808, among the charcoal burners of the mountains, whose phraseology they adopted.

Car`bon*a*ta"tion (?), n. [From Carbonate.] (Sugar Making) The saturation of defecated beet juice with carbonic acid gas. Knight.

Car"bon*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. carbonate.] (Chem.) A salt or carbonic acid, as in limestone, some forms of lead ore, etc.

Car"bon*a`ted (?), a. Combined or impregnated with carbonic acid.

Car"bone (?), v. t. [See Carbonado.] To broil. [Obs.] "We had a calf's head carboned". Pepys.

Car*bon"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. carbonique. See Carbon.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, carbon; as, carbonic oxide.

Carbonic acid (Chem.), an acid H2CO3, not existing separately, which, combined with positive or basic atoms or radicals, forms carbonates. In common language the term is very generally applied to a compound of carbon and oxygen, CO2, more correctly called carbon dioxide. It is a colorless, heavy, irrespirable gas, extinguishing flame, and when breathed destroys life. It can be reduced to a liquid and solid form by intense pressure. It is produced in the fermentation of liquors, and by the combustion and decomposition of organic substances, or other substances containing carbon. It is formed in the explosion of fire damp in mines, and is hence called after damp; it is also know as choke damp, and mephitic air. Water will absorb its own volume of it, and more than this under pressure, and in this state becomes the common soda water of the shops, and the carbonated water of natural springs. Combined with lime it constitutes limestone, or common marble and chalk. Plants imbibe it for their nutrition and growth, the carbon being retained and the oxygen given out. -- Carbonic oxide (Chem.), a colorless gas, CO, of a light odor, called more correctly carbon monoxide. It is almost the only definitely known compound in which carbon seems to be divalent. It is a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon, and is an abundant constituent of water gas. It is fatal to animal life, extinguishes combustion, and burns with a pale blue flame, forming carbon dioxide.

Car"bon*ide (kńr"b&obreve;n*&ibreve;d or -īd), n. A carbide. [R.]

Car`bon*if"er*ous (kńr`b&obreve;n*&ibreve;f"&etilde;r*ŭs), a. [Carbon + -ferous.] Producing or containing carbon or coal.

Carboniferous age (Geol.), the age immediately following the Devonian, or Age of fishes, and characterized by the vegetation which formed the coal beds. This age embraces three periods, the Subcarboniferous, the Carboniferous, and Permian. See Age of acrogens, under Acrogen. -- Carboniferous formation (Geol.), the series of rocks (including sandstones, shales, limestones, and conglomerates, with beds of coal) which make up the strata of the Carboniferous age or period. See the Diagram under Geology.

Car`bon*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. carbonisation.] The act or process of carbonizing.

Car"bon*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonizing.] [Cf. F. carboniser.] 1. To convert (an animal or vegetable substance) into a residue of carbon by the action of fire or some corrosive agent; to char.

2. To impregnate or combine with carbon, as in making steel by cementation.

Car`bon*om"e*ter (?), n. [Carbon + -meter.] An instrument for detecting and measuring the amount of carbon which is present, or more esp. the amount of carbon dioxide, by its action on limewater or by other means.

Car"bon*yl (?), n. [Carbon + -yl.] (Chem.) The radical (CO)\'b7\'b7, occuring, always combined, in many compounds, as the aldehydes, the ketones, urea, carbonyl chloride, etc.

&fist; Though denoted by a formula identical with that of carbon monoxide, it is chemically distinct, as carbon seems to be divalent in carbon monoxide, but tetravalent in carbonyl compounds.

Carbonyl chloride (Chem.), a colorless gas, COCl2, of offensive odor, and easily condensable to liquid. It is formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence of light, and hence has been called phosgene gas; -- called also carbon oxychloride.

Car`bo*sty"ril (?), n. [Carbon + styrene.] A white crystalline substance, C9H6N.OH, of acid properties derived from one of the amido cinnamic acids.

Car*box"ide (?), n. [Carbon + oxide.] (Chem.) A compound of carbon and oxygen, as carbonyl, with some element or radical; as, potassium carboxide.

Potassium carboxide, a grayish explosive crystalline compound, C6O6K, obtained by passing carbon monoxide over heated potassium.

Car*box"yl (?), n. [Carbon + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) The complex radical, CO.OH, regarded as the essential and characteristic constituent which all oxygen acids of carbon (as formic, acetic, benzoic acids, etc.) have in common; -- called also oxatyl.

Car"boy (?), n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael carb basket; or Pers qurābah a sort of bottle.] A large, globular glass bottle, esp. one of green glass, inclosed in basket work or in a box, for protection; -- used commonly for carrying corrosive liquids; as sulphuric acid, etc.

Car"bun*cle (?), n. [L. carbunculus a little coal, a bright kind of precious stone, a kind of tumor, dim. of carbo coal: cf. F. carboncle. See Carbon.]

1. (Min.) A beautiful gem of a deep red color (with a mixture of scarlet) called by the Greeks anthrax; found in the East Indies. When held up to the sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes of the color of burning coal. The name belongs for the most part to ruby sapphire, though it has been also given to red spinel and garnet.

2. (Med.) A very painful acute local inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, esp. of the trunk or back of the neck, characterized by brawny hardness of the affected parts, sloughing of the skin and deeper tissues, and marked constitutional depression. It differs from a boil in size, tendency to spread, and the absence of a central core, and is frequently fatal. It is also called anthrax.

3. (Her.) A charge or bearing supposed to represent the precious stone. It has eight scepters or staves radiating from a common center. Called also escarbuncle.

Car"bun*cled (?), a. 1. Set with carbuncles.

He has deserves it [armor], were it carbuncled Like holy Phabus' car. Shak.

2. Affected with a carbuncle or carbuncles; marked with red sores; pimpled and blotched. "A carbuncled face." Brome.

Car*bun"cu*lar (?), a. Belonging to a carbuncle; resembling a carbuncle; red; inflamed.

Car*bun`cu*la"tion (?), n. [L. carbunculatio.] The blasting of the young buds of trees or plants, by excessive heat or cold. Harris.

Car"bu*ret (?), n. [From Carbon.] (Chem.) A carbide. See Carbide [Archaic]

Car"bu*ret, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbureted or Carburetted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Carbureting or Carburetting.] To combine or to impregnate with carbon, as by passing through or over a liquid hydrocarbon; to carbonize or carburize.

By carbureting the gas you may use poorer coal. Knight.

Car"bu*ret`ant (?), n. Any volatile liquid used in charging illuminating gases.

Car"bu*ret`ed (?), a. 1. (Chem.) Combined with carbon in the manner of a carburet or carbide.

2. Saturated or impregnated with some volatile carbon compound; as, water gas is carbureted to increase its illuminating power.

[Written also carburetted.]

Carbureted hydrogen gas, any one of several gaseous compounds of carbon and hydrogen, some of with make up illuminating gas. -- Light carbureted hydrogen, marsh gas, CH4; fire damp.

Car"bu*ret`or (?), n. (Chem.) An apparatus in which coal gas, hydrogen, or air is passed through or over a volatile hydrocarbon, in order to confer or increase illuminating power. [Written also carburettor.]

Car"bu*ri*za`tion (?), n. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of carburizing.

Car"bu*rize (kńr"b&usl;*rīz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carburized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carburizing.] (Chem.) To combine with carbon or a carbon compound; -- said esp. of a process for conferring a higher degree of illuminating power on combustible gases by mingling them with a vapor of volatile hydrocarbons.

Car"ca*jou (kńr"k&adot;*j&oomac;), n. [Probably a Canadian French corruption of an Indian name of the wolverene.] (Zo÷l.) The wolverene; -- also applied, but erroneously, to the Canada lynx, and sometimes to the American badger. See Wolverene.

Car"ca*net (kńr"k&adot;*n&ebreve;t), n. [Dim. fr. F. carcan the iron collar or chain of a criminal, a chain of precious stones, LL. carcannum, fr. Armor. kerchen bosom, neck, kelchen collar, fr. kelch circle; or Icel. kverk troat, OHG. querca throat.] A jeweled chain, necklace, or collar. [Also written carkanet and carcant.] Shak.

Car"case (kńr"kas), n. See Carcass.

Car"cass (kńr"kas), n.; pl. Carcasses (#). [Written also carcase.] [F. carcasse, fr. It. carcassa, fr. L. caro flesh + capsa chest, box, case. Cf. Carnal, Case a sheath.] 1. A dead body, whether of man or beast; a corpse; now commonly the dead body of a beast.

He turned to see the carcass of the lion. Judges xiv. 8.

This kept thousands in the town whose carcasses went into the great pits by cartloads. De Foe.

2. The living body; -- now commonly used in contempt or ridicule. "To pamper his own carcass." South.

Lovely her face; was ne'er so fair a creature. For earthly carcass had a heavenly feature. Oldham.

3. The abandoned and decaying remains of some bulky and once comely thing, as a ship; the skeleton, or the uncovered or unfinished frame, of a thing.

A rotten carcass of a boat. Shak.

4. (Mil.) A hollow case or shell, filled with combustibles, to be thrown from a mortar or howitzer, to set fire to buldings, ships, etc.

A discharge of carcasses and bombshells. W. Iving.

||Car`ca*vel"hos (?), n. A sweet wine. See Calcavella.

Car"ce*lage (?), n. [LL. carcelladium, carceragium, fr. L. carcer prison.] Prison fees. [Obs.]

Car"cel lamp` (?). [Named after Carcel, the inventor.] A French mechanical lamp, for lighthouses, in which a superabundance of oil is pumped to the wick tube by clockwork.

Car"cer*al (?), a. [L. carceralis, fr. carcer prison.] Belonging to a prison. [R.] Foxe.

Car`ci*no*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to carcinology.

Car`ci*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a crab + -logy.] (Zo÷l.) The department of zo÷logy which treats of the Crustacea (lobsters, crabs, etc.); -- called also malacostracology and crustaceology.

||Car`ci*no"ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; crab, cancer. See -oma.] (Med.) A cancer. By some medical writers, the term is applied to an indolent tumor. See Cancer. Dunglison.

Car`ci*nom"a*tous (?), a. Of or pertaining to carcinoma.

||Car`ci*no"sys (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cancer.] The affection of the system with cancer.

Card (?), n. [F. carte, fr. L. charta paper, Gr. &?; a leaf of paper. Cf. Chart.] 1. A piece of pasteboard, or thick paper, blank or prepared for various uses; as, a playing card; a visiting card; a card of invitation; pl. a game played with cards.

Our first cards were to Carabas House. Thackeray.

2. A published note, containing a brief statement, explanation, request, expression of thanks, or the like; as, to put a card in the newspapers. Also, a printed programme, and (fig.), an attraction or inducement; as, this will be a good card for the last day of the fair.

3. A paper on which the points of the compass are marked; the dial or face of the mariner's compass.

All the quartere that they know I' the shipman's card. Shak.

4. (Weaving) A perforated pasteboard or sheet-metal plate for warp threads, making part of the Jacquard apparatus of a loom. See Jacquard.

5. An indicator card. See under Indicator.

Business card, a card on which is printed an advertisement or business address. -- Card basket (a) A basket to hold visiting cards left by callers. (b) A basket made of cardboard. -- Card catalogue. See Catalogue. -- Card rack, a rack or frame for holding and displaying business or visiting card. -- Card table, a table for use inplaying cards, esp. one having a leaf which folds over. -- On the cards, likely to happen; foretold and expected but not yet brought to pass; -- a phrase of fortune tellers that has come into common use; also, according to the programme. -- Playing card, cards used in playing games; specifically, the cards cards used playing which and other games of chance, and having each pack divided onto four kinds or suits called hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades. The full or whist pack contains fifty-two cards. -- To have the cards in one's own hands, to have the winning cards; to have the means of success in an undertaking. -- To play one's cards well, to make no errors; to act shrewdly. -- To play snow one's cards, to expose one's plants to rivals or foes. -- To speak by the card, to speak from information and definitely, not by guess as in telling a ship's bearing by the compass card. -- Visiting card, a small card bearing the name, and sometimes the address, of the person presenting it.

Card, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carded; p. pr. & vb. n. Carding.] To play at cards; to game. Johnson.

Card, n. [F. carde teasel, the head of a thistle, card, from L. carduus, cardus, thistle, fr. carere to card.]

1. An instrument for disentangling and arranging the fibers of cotton, wool, flax, etc.; or for cleaning and smoothing the hair of animals; -- usually consisting of bent wire teeth set closely in rows in a thick piece of leather fastened to a back.

2. A roll or sliver of fiber (as of wool) delivered from a carding machine.

Card clothing, strips of wire-toothed card used for covering the cylinders of carding machines.

Card (?), v. t. 1. To comb with a card; to cleanse or disentangle by carding; as, to card wool; to card a horse.

These card the short comb the longer flakes. Dyer.

2. To clean or clear, as if by using a card. [Obs.]

This book [must] be carded and purged. T. Shelton.

3. To mix or mingle, as with an inferior or weaker article. [Obs.]

You card your beer, if you guests being to be drunk. -- half small, half strong. Greene.

&fist; In the manufacture of wool, cotton, etc., the process of carding disentangles and collects together all the fibers, of whatever length, and thus differs from combing, in which the longer fibers only are collected, while the short straple is combed away. See Combing.

Car"da*mine (?), n. [L. cardamina, Gr. &?;: cf. F. cardamine.] (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants, containing the lady's-smock, cuckooflower, bitter cress, meadow cress, etc.

Car"da*mom (kńr"d&adot;*mŭm), n. [L. cardamomun, Gr. karda`mwmon] 1. The aromatic fruit, or capsule with its seeds, of several plants of the Ginger family growing in the East Indies and elsewhere, and much used as a condiment, and in medicine.

2. (Bot.) A plant which produces cardamoms, esp. Elettaria Cardamomum and several species of Amomum.

Card"board` (kńrd"bōrd`), n. A stiff compact pasteboard of various qualities, for making cards, etc., often having a polished surface.

Card"case` (kńrd"kās`), n. A case for visiting cards.

Car"de*cu (kńr"d&esl;*k&usl;), n. [Corrupt, from F. quart d'Úcu.] A quarter of a crown. [Obs.]

The bunch of them were not worth a cardecu. Sir W. Scott.

Card"er (?), n. One who, or that which cards wool flax, etc. Shak.

Car"di*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; heart, or upper orifice of the stomach.] (Anat.) (a) The heart. (b) The anterior or cardiac orifice of the stomach, where the esophagus enters it.

Car"di*ac (?), a. [L. cardiacus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; heart: cf. F. cardiaque.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, resembling, or hear the heart; as, the cardiac arteries; the cardiac, or left, end of the stomach.

2. (Med.) Exciting action in the heart, through the medium of the stomach; cordial; stimulant.

Cardiac passion (Med.) cardialgia; heartburn. [Archaic] -- Cardiac wheel. (Mach.) See Heart wheel.

Car"di*ac n. (Med.) A medicine which excites action in the stomach; a cardial.

Car*di"a*cal (?), a. Cardiac.

Car"di*a*cle (?), n. A pain about the heart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Car"di*a*graph (?), n. See Cardiograph.

{ ||Car`di*al"gl*a (?), Car"di*al`gy (?), } n. [NL. cardialgia, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; heart + &?; pain: cf. F. cardialgie.] (Med.) A burning or gnawing pain, or feeling of distress, referred to the region of the heart, accompanied with cardiac palpitation; heartburn. It is usually a symptom of indigestion.

Car"di*gan jack`et (#). [From the Earl of Cardigan, who was famous in the Crimean campaign of 1854- 55.] A warm jacket of knit worsted with or without sleeves.

Car"di*nal (?), a. [L. cardinalis, fr. cardo the hinge of a door, that on which a thing turns or depends: cf. F. cardinal.] Of fundamental importance; preŰminent; superior; chief; principal.

The cardinal intersections of the zodiac. Sir T. Browne.

Impudence is now a cardinal virtue. Drayton.

But cardinal sins, and hollow hearts, I fear ye. Shak.

Cardinal numbers, the numbers one, two, three, etc., in distinction from first, second, third, etc., which are called ordinal numbers. -- Cardinal points (a) (Geol.) The four principal points of the compass, or intersections of the horizon with the meridian and the prime vertical circle, north, south east, and west. (b) (Astrol.) The rising and setting of the sun, the zenith and nadir. -- Cardinal signs (Astron.) Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. -- Cardinal teeth (Zo÷l.), the central teeth of bivalve shell. See Bivalve. -- Cardinal veins (Anat.), the veins in vertebrate embryos, which run each side of the vertebral column and returm the blood to the heart. They remain through life in some fishes. -- Cardinal virtues, preŰminent virtues; among the ancients, prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. -- Cardinal winds, winds which blow from the cardinal points due north, south, east, or west.

Car"di*nal, n. [F. carinal, It. cardinale, LL. cardinalis (ecclesiŠ RomanŠ). See Cardinal, a.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) One of the ecclesiastical princes who constitute the pope's council, or the sacred college.

The clerics of the supreme Chair are called Cardinals, as undoubtedly adhering more nearly to the hinge by which all things are moved. Pope Leo IX.

&fist; The cardinals are appointed by the pope. Since the time of Sixtus V., their number can never exceed seventy (six of episcopal rank, fifty priests, fourteen deacons), and the number of cardinal priests and deacons is seldom full. When the papel chair is vacant a pope is elected by the college of cardinals from among themselves. The cardinals take precedence of all dignitaries except the pope. The principal parts of a cardinal's costume are a red cassock, a rochet, a short purple mantle, and a red hat with a small crown and broad brim, with cords and tessels of a special pattern hanging from it.

2. A woman's short cloak with a hood.

Where's your cardinal! Make haste. Lloyd.

3. Mulled red wine. Hotten.