Chapter 76

6. The stone bench on which masons cut or square their work. Weale.

Bank"er*ess (&?;), n. A female banker. Thackeray.

Bank"ing, n. The business of a bank or of a banker.

Banking house, an establishment or office in which, or a firm by whom, banking is done.

Bank" note` (&?;). 1. A promissory note issued by a bank or banking company, payable to bearer on demand.

In the United States popularly called a bank bill.

2. Formerly, a promissory note made by a banker, or banking company, payable to a specified person at a fixed date; a bank bill. See Bank bill, 2. [Obs.]

3. A promissory note payable at a bank.

Bank"rupt (&?;), n. [F. banqueroute, fr. It. bancarotta bankruptcy; banca bank (fr. OHG. banch, G. bank, bench) + rotta broken, fr. L. ruptus, p. p. of rumpere to break. At Florence, it is said, the bankrupt had his bench ( i.e., money table) broken. See 1st Bank, and Rupture, n.] 1. (Old Eng. Low) A trader who secretes himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditors. Blackstone.

2. A trader who becomes unable to pay his debts; an insolvent trader; popularly, any person who is unable to pay his debts; an insolvent person. M&?;Culloch.

3. (Law) A person who, in accordance with the terms of a law relating to bankruptcy, has been judicially declared to be unable to meet his liabilities.

In England, until the year 1861 none but a "trader" could be made a bankrupt; a non-trader failing to meet his liabilities being an "insolvent". But this distinction was abolished by the Bankruptcy Act of 1861. The laws of 1841 and 1867 of the United States relating to bankruptcy applied this designation bankrupt to others besides those engaged in trade.

Bank"rupt, a. 1. Being a bankrupt or in a condition of bankruptcy; unable to pay, or legally discharged from paying, one's debts; as, a bankrupt merchant.

2. Depleted of money; not having the means of meeting pecuniary liabilities; as, a bankrupt treasury.

3. Relating to bankrupts and bankruptcy.

4. Destitute of, or wholly wanting (something once possessed, or something one should possess). "Bankrupt in gratitude." Sheridan.

Bankrupt law, a law by which the property of a person who is unable or unwilling to pay his debts may be taken and distributed to his creditors, and by which a person who has made a full surrender of his property, and is free from fraud, may be discharged from the legal obligation of his debts. See Insolvent, a.

Bank"rupt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bankrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bankrupting.] To make bankrupt; to bring financial ruin upon; to impoverish.

Bank"rupt*cy (&?;), n.; pl. Bankruptcies(&?;). 1. The state of being actually or legally bankrupt.

2. The act or process of becoming a bankrupt.

3. Complete loss; -- followed by of.

Bank"side` (&?;), n. The slope of a bank, especially of the bank of a steam.

Bank"-sid`ed (&?;), a. (Naut.) Having sides inclining inwards, as a ship; -- opposed to wall- sided.

Bank" swal"low (&?;). See under 1st Bank, n.

||Ban"li*eue` (&?;), n. [F., fr. LL. bannum leucae, banleuca; bannum jurisdiction + leuca league.] The territory without the walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or city. Brande & C.

Ban"ner (&?;), n. [OE. banere, OF. baniere, F. bannière, bandière, fr. LL. baniera, banderia, fr. bandum banner, fr. OHG. bant band, strip of cloth; cf. bindan to bind, Goth. bandwa, bandwo, a sign. See Band, n.] 1. A kind of flag attached to a spear or pike by a crosspiece, and used by a chief as his standard in battle.

Hang out our banners on the outward walls. Shak.

2. A large piece of silk or other cloth, with a device or motto, extended on a crosspiece, and borne in a procession, or suspended in some conspicuous place.

3. Any flag or standard; as, the star-spangled banner.

Banner fish (Zoöl.), a large fish of the genus Histiophorus, of the Swordfish family, having a broad bannerlike dorsal fin; the sailfish. One species (H. Americanus) inhabits the North Atlantic.

Ban"nered (&?;), a. Furnished with, or bearing, banners. "A bannered host." Milton.

Ban"ner*et (&?;), n. [OE. baneret, OF. baneret, F. banneret; properly a dim. of OF. baniere. See Banner.]

1. Originally, a knight who led his vassals into the field under his own banner; -- commonly used as a title of rank.

2. A title of rank, conferred for heroic deeds, and hence, an order of knighthood; also, the person bearing such title or rank.

The usual mode of conferring the rank on the field of battle was by cutting or tearing off the point of the pennon or pointed flag on the spear of the candidate, thereby making it a banner.

3. A civil officer in some Swiss cantons.

4. A small banner. Shak.

Ban"ner*ol (&?;), n. A banderole; esp. a banner displayed at a funeral procession and set over the tomb. See Banderole.

Ban*ni"tion (&?;), n. [LL. bannitio. See Banish.] The act of expulsion. [Obs.] Abp. Laud.

Ban"nock (&?;), n. [Gael. bonnach.] A kind of cake or bread, in shape flat and roundish, commonly made of oatmeal or barley meal and baked on an iron plate, or griddle; -- used in Scotland and the northern counties of England. Jamieson.

Bannock fluke, the turbot. [Scot.]

Banns (&?;), n. pl. [See Ban.] Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in a church, or other place prescribed by law, in order that any person may object, if he knows of just cause why the marriage should not take place.

Ban"quet (b"kwt), n. [F., a feast, prop. a dim. of banc bench; cf. It. banchetto, dim. of banco a bench, counter. See Bank a bench, and cf. Banquette.] 1. A feast; a sumptuous entertainment of eating and drinking; often, a complimentary or ceremonious feast, followed by speeches.

2. A dessert; a course of sweetmeats; a sweetmeat or sweetmeats. [Obs.]

We'll dine in the great room, but let the music And banquet be prepared here. Massinger.

Ban"quet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banqueted; p. pr. & vb. n. Banqueting.] To treat with a banquet or sumptuous entertainment of food; to feast.

Just in time to banquet The illustrious company assembled there. Coleridge.

Ban"quet, v. i. 1. To regale one's self with good eating and drinking; to feast.

Were it a draught for Juno when she banquets, I would not taste thy treasonous offer. Milton.

2. To partake of a dessert after a feast. [Obs.]

Where they did both sup and banquet. Cavendish.

Ban"quet*er (b"kwt*r), n. One who banquets; one who feasts or makes feasts.

Ban*quette" (b*kt"), n. [F. See Banquet, n.] 1. (Fort.) A raised way or foot bank, running along the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers stand to fire upon the enemy.

2. (Arch.) A narrow window seat; a raised shelf at the back or the top of a buffet or dresser.

{ Ban"shee, Ban"shie } (&?;), n. [Gael. bean-shith fairy; Gael. & Ir. bean woman + Gael. sith fairy.] A supernatural being supposed by the Irish and Scotch peasantry to warn a family of the speedy death of one of its members, by wailing or singing in a mournful voice under the windows of the house.

Ban"stic`kle (&?;), n. [OE. ban, bon, bone + stickle prickle, sting. See Bone, n., Stickleback.] (Zoöl.) A small fish, the three-spined stickleback.

Ban"tam (&?;), n. A variety of small barnyard fowl, with feathered legs, probably brought from Bantam, a district of Java.

Ban"tam work`. Carved and painted work in imitation of Japan ware.

||Ban"teng (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The wild ox of Java (Bibos Banteng).

Ban"ter (&?;), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Bantered(&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bantering.] [Prob. corrupted fr. F. badiner to joke, or perh. fr. E. bandy to beat to and fro. See Badinage, and cf. Barter fr. OF. barater.]

1. To address playful good-natured ridicule to, -- the person addressed, or something pertaining to him, being the subject of the jesting; to rally; as, he bantered me about my credulity.

Hag-ridden by my own fancy all night, and then bantered on my haggard looks the next day. W. Irving.

2. To jest about; to ridicule in speaking of, as some trait, habit, characteristic, and the like. [Archaic]

If they banter your regularity, order, and love of study, banter in return their neglect of them. Chatham.

3. To delude or trick, -- esp. by way of jest. [Obs.]

We diverted ourselves with bantering several poor scholars with hopes of being at least his lordship's chaplain. De Foe.

4. To challenge or defy to a match. [Colloq. Southern and Western U.S.]

Ban"ter, n. The act of bantering; joking or jesting; humorous or good-humored raillery; pleasantry.

Part banter, part affection. Tennyson.

Ban"ter*er (&?;), n. One who banters or rallies.

Ban"ting*ism (&?;), n. A method of reducing corpulence by avoiding food containing much farinaceous, saccharine, or oily matter; -- so called from William Banting of London.

Bant"ling (&?;), n. [Prob. for bandling, from band, and meaning a child wrapped in swaddling bands; or cf. G. bäntling a bastard, fr. bank bench. Cf. Bastard, n.] A young or small child; an infant. [Slightly contemptuous or depreciatory.]

In what out of the way corners genius produces her bantlings. W. Irving.

Banx"ring (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An East Indian insectivorous mammal of the genus Tupaia.

Ban"yan (&?;), n. [See Banian.] (Bot.) A tree of the same genus as the common fig, and called the Indian fig (Ficus Indica), whose branches send shoots to the ground, which take root and become additional trunks, until it may be the tree covers some acres of ground and is able to shelter thousands of men.

Ba"o*bab (&?;), n. [The native name.] (Bot.) A gigantic African tree (Adansonia digitata), also naturalized in India. See Adansonia.

Baph"o*met (&?;), n. [A corruption of Mahomet or Mohammed, the Arabian prophet: cf. Pr. Bafomet, OSp. Mafomat, OPg. Mafameda.] An idol or symbolical figure which the Templars were accused of using in their mysterious rites.

Bap"tism (&?;), n. [OE. baptim, baptem, OE. baptesme, batisme, F. baptême, L. baptisma, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to baptize, fr. &?; to dip in water, akin to &?; deep, Skr. gh to dip, bathe, v. i.] The act of baptizing; the application of water to a person, as a sacrament or religious ceremony, by which he is initiated into the visible church of Christ. This is performed by immersion, sprinkling, or pouring.

Bap*tis"mal (&?;), a. [Cf. F. baptismal.] Pertaining to baptism; as, baptismal vows.

Baptismal name, the Christian name, which is given at baptism.

Bap*tis"mal*ly, adv. In a baptismal manner.

Bap"tist (&?;), n. [L. baptista, G. &?;]

1. One who administers baptism; -- specifically applied to John, the forerunner of Christ. Milton.

2. One of a denomination of Christians who deny the validity of infant baptism and of sprinkling, and maintain that baptism should be administered to believers alone, and should be by immersion. See Anabaptist.

In doctrine the Baptists of this country [the United States] are Calvinistic, but with much freedom and moderation. Amer. Cyc.

Freewill Baptists, a sect of Baptists who are Arminian in doctrine, and practice open communion. -- Seventh- day Baptists, a sect of Baptists who keep the seventh day of the week, or Saturday, as the Sabbath. See Sabbatarian. The Dunkers and Campbellites are also Baptists.

{ Bap"tis*ter*y (&?;), Bap"tis*try } (&?;), n.; pl. Baptisteries (&?;), -tries (&?;). [L. baptisterium, Gr. &?;: cf. F. baptistère.] (Arch.) (a) In early times, a separate building, usually polygonal, used for baptismal services. Small churches were often changed into baptisteries when larger churches were built near. (b) A part of a church containing a font and used for baptismal services.

Bap*tis"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;] Of or for baptism; baptismal.

Bap*tis"tic*al (&?;), a. Baptistic. [R.]

Bap*tiz"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being baptized; fit to be baptized. Baxter.

Bap`ti*za"tion (&?;), n. Baptism. [Obs.]

Their baptizations were null. Jer. Taylor.

Bap*tize" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baptized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Baptizing.] [F. baptiser, L. baptizare, fr.Gr. &?;. See Baptism.] 1. To administer the sacrament of baptism to.

2. To christen ( because a name is given to infants at their baptism); to give a name to; to name.

I'll be new baptized; Henceforth I never will be Romeo. Shak.

3. To sanctify; to consecrate.

Bap*tize"ment (&?;), n. The act of baptizing. [R.]

Bap*tiz"er (&?;), n. One who baptizes.

Bar (bär), n. [OE. barre, F. barre, fr. LL. barra, W. bar the branch of a tree, bar, baren branch, Gael. & Ir. barra bar. √91.] 1. A piece of wood, metal, or other material, long in proportion to its breadth or thickness, used as a lever and for various other purposes, but especially for a hindrance, obstruction, or fastening; as, the bars of a fence or gate; the bar of a door.

Thou shalt make bars of shittim wood. Ex. xxvi. 26.

2. An indefinite quantity of some substance, so shaped as to be long in proportion to its breadth and thickness; as, a bar of gold or of lead; a bar of soap.

3. Anything which obstructs, hinders, or prevents; an obstruction; a barrier.

Must I new bars to my own joy create? Dryden.

<! p. 118 pr=SA !>

4. A bank of sand, gravel, or other matter, esp. at the mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing navigation.

5. Any railing that divides a room, or office, or hall of assembly, in order to reserve a space for those having special privileges; as, the bar of the House of Commons.

6. (Law) (a) The railing that incloses the place which counsel occupy in courts of justice. Hence, the phrase at the bar of the court signifies in open court. (b) The place in court where prisoners are stationed for arraignment, trial, or sentence. (c) The whole body of lawyers licensed in a court or district; the legal profession. (d) A special plea constituting a sufficient answer to plaintiff's action.

7. Any tribunal; as, the bar of public opinion; the bar of God.

8. A barrier or counter, over which liquors and food are passed to customers; hence, the portion of the room behind the counter where liquors for sale are kept.

9. (Her.) An ordinary, like a fess but narrower, occupying only one fifth part of the field.

10. A broad shaft, or band, or stripe; as, a bar of light; a bar of color.

11. (Mus.) A vertical line across the staff. Bars divide the staff into spaces which represent measures, and are themselves called measures.

A double bar marks the end of a strain or main division of a movement, or of a whole piece of music; in psalmody, it marks the end of a line of poetry. The term bar is very often loosely used for measure, i.e., for such length of music, or of silence, as is included between one bar and the next; as, a passage of eight bars; two bars' rest.

12. (Far.) pl. (a) The space between the tusks and grinders in the upper jaw of a horse, in which the bit is placed. (b) The part of the crust of a horse's hoof which is bent inwards towards the frog at the heel on each side, and extends into the center of the sole.

13. (Mining) (a) A drilling or tamping rod. (b) A vein or dike crossing a lode.

14. (Arch.) (a) A gatehouse of a castle or fortified town. (b) A slender strip of wood which divides and supports the glass of a window; a sash bar.

Bar shoe (Far.), a kind of horseshoe having a bar across the usual opening at the heel, to protect a tender frog from injury. -- Bar shot, a double headed shot, consisting of a bar, with a ball or half ball at each end; -- formerly used for destroying the masts or rigging in naval combat. -- Bar sinister (Her.), a term popularly but erroneously used for baton, a mark of illegitimacy. See Baton. -- Bar tracery (Arch.), ornamental stonework resembling bars of iron twisted into the forms required. -- Blank bar (Law). See Blank. -- Case at bar (Law), a case presently before the court; a case under argument. -- In bar of, as a sufficient reason against; to prevent. -- Matter in bar, or Defence in bar, any matter which is a final defense in an action. -- Plea in bar, a plea which goes to bar or defeat the plaintiff's action absolutely and entirely. -- Trial at bar (Eng. Law), a trial before all the judges of one the superior courts of Westminster, or before a quorum representing the full court.

Bar (bär), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barred (bärd); p. pr. & vb. n. Barring.] [ F. barrer. See Bar, n.] 1. To fasten with a bar; as, to bar a door or gate.

2. To restrict or confine, as if by a bar; to hinder; to obstruct; to prevent; to prohibit; as, to bar the entrance of evil; distance bars our intercourse; the statute bars my right; the right is barred by time; a release bars the plaintiff's recovery; -- sometimes with up.

He barely looked the idea in the face, and hastened to bar it in its dungeon. Hawthorne.

3. To except; to exclude by exception.

Nay, but I bar to-night: you shall not gauge me By what we do to-night. Shak.

4. To cross with one or more stripes or lines.

For the sake of distinguishing the feet more clearly, I have barred them singly. Burney.

Barb (&?;), n. [F. barbe, fr. L. barba beard. See Beard, n.] 1. Beard, or that which resembles it, or grows in the place of it.

The barbel, so called by reason of his barbs, or wattles in his mouth. Walton.

2. A muffler, worn by nuns and mourners. [Obs.]

3. pl. Paps, or little projections, of the mucous membrane, which mark the opening of the submaxillary glands under the tongue in horses and cattle. The name is mostly applied when the barbs are inflamed and swollen. [Written also barbel and barble.]

4. The point that stands backward in an arrow, fishhook, etc., to prevent it from being easily extracted. Hence: Anything which stands out with a sharp point obliquely or crosswise to something else. "Having two barbs or points." Ascham.

5. A bit for a horse. [Obs.] Spenser.

6. (Zoöl.) One of the side branches of a feather, which collectively constitute the vane. See Feather.

7. (Zoöl.) A southern name for the kingfishes of the eastern and southeastern coasts of the United States; -- also improperly called whiting.

8. (Bot.) A hair or bristle ending in a double hook.

Barb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Barbing.] 1. To shave or dress the beard of. [Obs.]

2. To clip; to mow. [Obs.] Marston.

3. To furnish with barbs, or with that which will hold or hurt like barbs, as an arrow, fishhook, spear, etc.

But rattling storm of arrows barbed with fire. Milton.

Barb, n. [F. barbe, fr. Barbarie.] 1. The Barbary horse, a superior breed introduced from Barbary into Spain by the Moors.

2. (Zoöl.) A blackish or dun variety of the pigeon, originally brought from Barbary.

Barb, n. [Corrupted fr. bard.] Armor for a horse. Same as 2d Bard, n., 1.

Bar"ba*can (&?;), n. See Barbican.

Bar"ba*can*age (&?;), n. See Barbicanage.

Bar*ba"di*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Barbados. -- n. A native of Barbados.

{ Bar*ba"dos or Bar*ba"does } (&?;), n. A West Indian island, giving its name to a disease, to a cherry, etc.

Barbados cherry (Bot.), a genus of trees of the West Indies (Malpighia) with an agreeably acid fruit resembling a cherry. -- Barbados leg (Med.), a species of elephantiasis incident to hot climates. -- Barbados nuts, the seeds of the Jatropha curcas, a plant growing in South America and elsewhere. The seeds and their acrid oil are used in medicine as a purgative. See Physic nut.

||Bar"ba*ra (&?;), n. [Coined by logicians.] (Logic) The first word in certain mnemonic lines which represent the various forms of the syllogism. It indicates a syllogism whose three propositions are universal affirmatives. Whately.

Bar`ba*resque" (&?;), a. Barbaric in form or style; as, barbaresque architecture. De Quincey.

Bar*ba"ri*an (&?;), n. [See Barbarous.] 1. A foreigner. [Historical]

Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me. 1 Cor. xiv. 11.

2. A man in a rude, savage, or uncivilized state.

3. A person destitute of culture. M. Arnold.

4. A cruel, savage, brutal man; one destitute of pity or humanity. "Thou fell barbarian." Philips.

Bar*ba"ri*an, a. Of, or pertaining to, or resembling, barbarians; rude; uncivilized; barbarous; as, barbarian governments or nations.

Bar*bar"ic (bär*br"k), a. [L. barbaricus foreign, barbaric, Gr. barbariko`s.] 1. Of, or from, barbarian nations; foreign; -- often with reference to barbarous nations of the east. "Barbaric pearl and gold." Milton.

2. Of or pertaining to, or resembling, an uncivilized person or people; barbarous; barbarian; destitute of refinement. "Wild, barbaric music." Sir W. Scott.

Bar"ba*rism (bär"b*rz'm), n. [L. barbarismus, Gr. barbarismo`s; cf. F. barbarisme.] 1. An uncivilized state or condition; rudeness of manners; ignorance of arts, learning, and literature; barbarousness. Prescott.

2. A barbarous, cruel, or brutal action; an outrage.

A heinous barbarism . . . against the honor of marriage. Milton.

3. An offense against purity of style or language; any form of speech contrary to the pure idioms of a particular language. See Solecism.

The Greeks were the first that branded a foreign term in any of their writers with the odious name of barbarism. G. Campbell.

Bar*bar"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Barbarities (&?;). [From Barbarous.] 1. The state or manner of a barbarian; lack of civilization.

2. Cruelty; ferociousness; inhumanity.

Treating Christians with a barbarity which would have shocked the very Moslem.

Macaulay.

3. A barbarous or cruel act.

4. Barbarism; impurity of speech. [Obs.] Swift.

Bar"ba*rize (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Barbarized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Barbarizing (&?;).]

1. To become barbarous.

The Roman empire was barbarizing rapidly from the time of Trajan.

De Quincey.

2. To adopt a foreign or barbarous mode of speech.

The ill habit . . . of wretched barbarizing against the Latin and Greek idiom, with their untutored Anglicisms.

Milton.

Bar"ba*rize (&?;), v. t. [Cf. F. barbariser, LL. barbarizare.] To make barbarous.

The hideous changes which have barbarized France. Burke.

Bar"ba*rous (&?;), a. [L. barbarus, Gr. ba`rbaros, strange, foreign; later, slavish, rude, ignorant; akin to L. balbus stammering, Skr. barbara stammering, outlandish. Cf. Brave, a.] 1. Being in the state of a barbarian; uncivilized; rude; peopled with barbarians; as, a barbarous people; a barbarous country.

2. Foreign; adapted to a barbaric taste. [Obs.]

Barbarous gold. Dryden.

3. Cruel; ferocious; inhuman; merciless.

By their barbarous usage he died within a few days, to the grief of all that knew him. Clarendon.

4. Contrary to the pure idioms of a language.

A barbarous expression G. Campbell.

Syn. -- Uncivilized; unlettered; uncultivated; untutored; ignorant; merciless; brutal. See Ferocious.

Bar"ba*rous*ly, adv. In a barbarous manner.

Bar"ba*rous*ness, n. The quality or state of being barbarous; barbarity; barbarism.

Bar"ba*ry (&?;), n. [Fr. Ar. Barbar the people of Barbary.] The countries on the north coast of Africa from Egypt to the Atlantic. Hence: A Barbary horse; a barb. [Obs.] Also, a kind of pigeon.

Barbary ape (Zoöl.), an ape (Macacus innuus) of north Africa and Gibraltar Rock, being the only monkey inhabiting Europe. It is very commonly trained by showmen.

Bar"ba*stel` (&?;), n. [F. barbastelle.] (Zoöl.) A European bat (Barbastellus communis), with hairy lips.

Bar"bate (&?;), a. [L. barbatus, fr. barba beard. See Barb beard.] (Bot.) Bearded; beset with long and weak hairs. Gray.

Bar"ba*ted (&?;), a. Having barbed points.

A dart uncommonly barbated. T. Warton.

Bar"be*cue (bä"b*k), n. [In the language of Indians of Guiana, a frame on which all kinds of flesh and fish are roasted or smoke-dried.] 1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted or broiled whole for a feast.

2. A social entertainment, where many people assemble, usually in the open air, at which one or more large animals are roasted or broiled whole.

3. A floor, on which coffee beans are sun- dried.