Chapter 35

||A*nal"o*gon (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;.] Analogue.

A*nal"o*gous (&?;), a. [L. analogous, Gr. &?; according to a due ratio, proportionate; &?; + &?; ratio, proportion. See Logic.] Having analogy; corresponding to something else; bearing some resemblance or proportion; -- often followed by to.

Analogous tendencies in arts and manners. De Quincey.

Decay of public spirit, which may be considered analogous to natural death. J. H. Newman.

nalogous pole (Pyroelect.), that pole of a crystal which becomes positively electrified when heated.

Syn. -- Correspondent; similar; like.

-- A*nal"o gous*ly, adv. -- A*nal"o*gous*ness, n.

An"a*logue (?; 115), n. [F. &?;, fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. That which is analogous to, or corresponds with, some other thing.

The vexatious tyranny of the individual despot meets its analogue in the insolent tyranny of the many. I. Taylor.

2. (Philol.) A word in one language corresponding with one in another; an analogous term; as, the Latin "pater" is the analogue of the English "father."

3. (Nat. Hist.) (a) An organ which is equivalent in its functions to a different organ in another species or group, or even in the same group; as, the gill of a fish is the analogue of a lung in a quadruped, although the two are not of like structural relations. (b) A species in one genus or group having its characters parallel, one by one, with those of another group. (c) A species or genus in one country closely related to a species of the same genus, or a genus of the same group, in another: such species are often called representative species, and such genera, representative genera. Dana.

A*nal"o*gy (&?;), n.; pl. Analogies (&?;). [L. analogia, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;: cf. F. analogie. See Analogous.] 1. A resemblance of relations; an agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects, when the things are otherwise entirely different. Thus, learning enlightens the mind, because it is to the mind what light is to the eye, enabling it to discover things before hidden.

Followed by between, to, or with; as, there is an analogy between these objects, or one thing has an analogy to or with another.

Analogy is very commonly used to denote similarity or essential resemblance; but its specific meaning is a similarity of relations, and in this consists the difference between the argument from example and that from analogy. In the former, we argue from the mere similarity of two things; in the latter, from the similarity of their relations. Karslake.

2. (Biol.) A relation or correspondence in function, between organs or parts which are decidedly different.

3. (Geom.) Proportion; equality of ratios.

4. (Gram.) Conformity of words to the genius, structure, or general rules of a language; similarity of origin, inflection, or principle of pronunciation, and the like, as opposed to anomaly. Johnson.

An"a*lyse (&?;), v., An"a*ly`ser (&?;), n., etc. Same as Analyze, Analyzer, etc.

A*nal"y*sis (&?;), n.; pl. Analyses (&?;). [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to unloose, to dissolve, to resolve into its elements; &?; up + &?; to loose. See Loose.] 1. A resolution of anything, whether an object of the senses or of the intellect, into its constituent or original elements; an examination of the component parts of a subject, each separately, as the words which compose a sentence, the tones of a tune, or the simple propositions which enter into an argument. It is opposed to synthesis.

2. (Chem.) The separation of a compound substance, by chemical processes, into its constituents, with a view to ascertain either (a) what elements it contains, or (b) how much of each element is present. The former is called qualitative, and the latter quantitative analysis.

3. (Logic) The tracing of things to their source, and the resolving of knowledge into its original principles.

4. (Math.) The resolving of problems by reducing the conditions that are in them to equations.

5. (a) A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a discourse, disposed in their natural order. (b) A brief, methodical illustration of the principles of a science. In this sense it is nearly synonymous with synopsis.

6. (Nat. Hist.) The process of ascertaining the name of a species, or its place in a system of classification, by means of an analytical table or key.

Ultimate, Proximate, Qualitative, Quantitative, and Volumetric analysis. (Chem.) See under Ultimate, Proximate, Qualitative, etc.

An"a*lyst (&?;), n. [F. analyste. See Analysis.] One who analyzes; formerly, one skilled in algebraical geometry; now commonly, one skilled in chemical analysis.

{ An`a*lyt"ic (&?;), An`a*lyt"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. analytique. See Analysis.] Of or pertaining to analysis; resolving into elements or constituent parts; as, an analytical experiment; analytic reasoning; -- opposed to synthetic.

Analytical or coördinate geometry. See under Geometry. -- Analytic language, a noninflectional language or one not characterized by grammatical endings. -- Analytical table (Nat. Hist.), a table in which the characteristics of the species or other groups are arranged so as to facilitate the determination of their names.

An`a*lyt"ic*al*ly, adv. In an analytical manner.

An`a*lyt"ics (&?;), n. The science of analysis.

An"a*ly`za*ble (&?;), a. That may be analyzed.

An`a*ly*za"tion (&?;), n. The act of analyzing, or separating into constituent parts; analysis.

An"a*lyze (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Analyzed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Analyzing.] [Cf. F. analyser. See Analysis.] To subject to analysis; to resolve (anything complex) into its elements; to separate into the constituent parts, for the purpose of an examination of each separately; to examine in such a manner as to ascertain the elements or nature of the thing examined; as, to analyze a fossil substance; to analyze a sentence or a word; to analyze an action to ascertain its morality.

No one, I presume, can analyze the sensations of pleasure or pain. Darwin.

An"a*ly`zer (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, analyzes.

2. (Opt.) The part of a polariscope which receives the light after polarization, and exhibits its properties.

An`a*mese" (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Anam, to southeastern Asia. -- n. A native of Anam.

||An`am*ne"sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to remind, recall to memory; &?; + &?; to put in mind.] (Rhet.) A recalling to mind; recollection.

An`am*nes"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Aiding the memory; as, anamnestic remedies.

An*am`ni*ot"ic (&?;), a. (Anat.) Without, or not developing, an amnion.

An`a*mor"phism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; again + &?; form.] 1. A distorted image.

2. (Biol.) A gradual progression from one type to another, generally ascending. Huxley.

An`a*mor"pho*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to form anew; &?; again + &?; to form; &?; form.] 1. (Persp.) A distorted or monstrous projection or representation of an image on a plane or curved surface, which, when viewed from a certain point, or as reflected from a curved mirror or through a polyhedron, appears regular and in proportion; a deformation of an image.

2. (Biol.) Same as Anamorphism, 2.

3. (Bot.) A morbid or monstrous development, or change of form, or degeneration.

An`a*mor"pho*sy (&?;), n. Same as Anamorphosis.

A*nan" (&?;), interj. [See Anon.] An expression equivalent to What did you say? Sir? Eh? [Obs.] Shak.

||A*na"nas (&?;), n. [Sp. ananas, from the native American name.] (Bot.) The pineapple (Ananassa sativa).

An*an"drous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + 'andh`r a man.] (Bot.) Destitute of stamens, as certain female flowers.

An*an"gu*lar (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + E. angular.] Containing no angle. [R.]

An*an"ther*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + E. anther.] (Bot.) Destitute of anthers. Gray.

An*an"thous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + 'a`nqos a flower.] (Bot.) Destitute of flowers; flowerless.

An`a*pæst (&?;), An`a*pæs"tic (&?;). Same as Anapest, Anapestic.

An"a*pest (&?;), n. [L. anapaestus, Gr. &?; an anapest, i.e., a dactyl reserved, or, as it were, struck back; fr. &?;; &?; back + &?; to strike.] 1. (Pros.) A metrical foot consisting of three syllables, the first two short, or unaccented, the last long, or accented ( -); the reverse of the dactyl. In Latin d- -ts, and in English in-ter-vene\'b6, are examples of anapests.

2. A verse composed of such feet.

An`a*pes"tic (&?;), a. [L. anapaesticus, Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to an anapest; consisting of an anapests; as, an anapestic meter, foot, verse. -- n. Anapestic measure or verse.

An`a*pes"tic*al (&?;), a. Anapestic.

||A*naph"o*ra (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to carry up or back; &?; + &?; to carry.] (Rhet.) A repetition of a word or of words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses.

||An*aph`ro*dis"i*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'an priv. + &?; sexual pleasure, &?; the goddess of love.] (Med.) Absence of sexual appetite.

An*aph`ro*dis"i*ac (&?;), a. & n. [Gr. 'an priv. + &?; pertaining to venery.] (Med.) Same as Antaphrodisiac. Dunglison.

An*aph`ro*dit"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; without love.] (Biol.) Produced without concourse of sexes.

An`a*plas"tic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to anaplasty.

An`a*plas`ty (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; again + &?; to form: cf. F. anaplastie.] (Surg.) The art of operation of restoring lost parts or the normal shape by the use of healthy tissue.

An`a*ple*rot"ic (&?;), a. [L. anapleroticus, fr. Gr. &?; to fill up; &?; + &?; to fill.] (Med.) Filling up; promoting granulation of wounds or ulcers. -- n. A remedy which promotes such granulation.

A*nap"no*graph (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; respiration + -graph.] A form of spirometer.

An`ap*no"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; respiration.] (Med.) Relating to respiration.

An*ap`o*deic"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'an priv. + &?;. See Apodeictic.] Not apodeictic; undemonstrable. [R.]

||An`a*poph"y*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; back + &?; offshoot.] (Anat.) An accessory process in many lumbar vertebræ.

An`ap*tot"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; back + &?; belonging to case.] Having lost, or tending to lose, inflections by phonetic decay; as, anaptotic languages.

||An*ap"ty*chus (&?;), n.; pl. Anaptichi (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; unfolding; &?; back + &?; to fold.] (Paleon.) One of a pair of shelly plates found in some cephalopods, as the ammonites.

An"arch (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; without head or chief; 'an priv. + &?; beginning, the first place, magistracy, government.] The author of anarchy; one who excites revolt. Milton.

Imperial anarchs doubling human woes. Byron.

A*nar"chal (&?;), a. Lawless; anarchical. [R.]

We are in the habit of calling those bodies of men anarchal which are in a state of effervescence. Landor.

{ A*nar"chic (&?;), A*nar"chic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. anarchique.] Pertaining to anarchy; without rule or government; in political confusion; tending to produce anarchy; as, anarchic despotism; anarchical opinions.

An"arch*ism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anarchisme.] The doctrine or practice of anarchists.

An"arch*ist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anarchiste.] An anarch; one who advocates anarchy of aims at the overthrow of civil government.

An"arch*ize (&?;), v. t. To reduce to anarchy.

An"arch*y (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. anarchie. See Anarch.] 1. Absence of government; the state of society where there is no law or supreme power; a state of lawlessness; political confusion.

Spread anarchy and terror all around. Cowper.

2. Hence, confusion or disorder, in general.

There being then . . . an anarchy, as I may term it, in authors and their re&?;koning of years. Fuller.

||An`ar*throp"o*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; without joints + -poda. See Anarthrous.] (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of Articulata in which there are no jointed legs, as the annelids; -- opposed to Arthropoda.

An`ar*throp"o*dous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Having no jointed legs; pertaining to Anarthropoda.

An*ar"throus (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a`narqros without joints, without the article; 'an priv. + 'a`rqron joint, the article.] 1. (Gr. Gram.) Used without the article; as, an anarthrous substantive.

2. (Zoöl.) Without joints, or having the joints indistinct, as some insects.

||A"nas (&?;), n. [L., duck.] (Zoöl.) A genus of water fowls, of the order Anseres, including certain species of fresh-water ducks.

||An`a*sar"ca (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; throughout + &?;, &?;, flesh.] (Med.) Dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue; an effusion of serum into the cellular substance, occasioning a soft, pale, inelastic swelling of the skin.

An`a*sar"cous (&?;), a. Belonging, or affected by, anasarca, or dropsy; dropsical. Wiseman.

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An`a*stal"tic (-stl"tk), a. & n. [Gr. 'anastaltiko`s fitted for checking, fr. 'ana` + ste`llein to send.] (Med.) Styptic. [Obs.] Coxe.

An"a*state (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; up + &?; to make to stand.] (Physiol.) One of a series of substances formed, in secreting cells, by constructive or anabolic processes, in the production of protoplasm; -- opposed to katastate. Foster.

An`a*stat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; up + &?; to make to stand: cf. &?; causing to stand.] Pertaining to a process or a style of printing from characters in relief on zinc plates.

In this process the letterpress, engraving, or design of any kind is transferred to a zinc plate; the parts not covered with ink are eaten out, leaving a facsimile in relief to be printed from.

A*nas"to*mose (&?;), v. i. [imp. p. p. Anastomozed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anastomosing.] [Cf. F. anastomoser, fr. anastomose. See Anastomosis.] (Anat. & Bot.) To inosculate; to intercommunicate by anastomosis, as the arteries and veins.

The ribbing of the leaf, and the anastomosing network of its vessels. I. Taylor.

||A*nas`to*mo"sis (&?;), n.; pl. Anastomoses (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; opening, fr. &?; to furnish with a mouth or opening, to open; &?; + sto`ma mouth: cf. F. anastomose.] (Anat. & Bot.) The inosculation of vessels, or intercommunication between two or more vessels or nerves, as the cross communication between arteries or veins.

A*nas`to*mot"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to anastomosis.

||A*nas"tro*phe (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to turn up or back; &?; + &?; to turn.] (Rhet. & Gram.) An inversion of the natural order of words; as, echoed the hills, for, the hills echoed.

A*nath"e*ma (&?;), n.; pl. Anathemas (&?;). [L. anath&?;ma, fr. Gr. &?; anything devoted, esp. to evil, a curse; also L. anath&?;ma, fr. Gr. &?; a votive offering; all fr. &?; to set up as a votive gift, dedicate; &?; up + &?; to set. See Thesis.] 1. A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excommunication. Hence: Denunciation of anything as accursed.

[They] denounce anathemas against unbelievers. Priestley.

2. An imprecation; a curse; a malediction.

Finally she fled to London followed by the anathemas of both [families]. Thackeray.

3. Any person or thing anathematized, or cursed by ecclesiastical authority.

The Jewish nation were an anathema destined to destruction. St. Paul . . . says he could wish, to save them from it, to become an anathema, and be destroyed himself. Locke.

Anathema Maranatha (&?;) (see 1 Cor. xvi. 22), an expression commonly considered as a highly intensified form of anathema. Maran atha is now considered as a separate sentence, meaning, "Our Lord cometh."

A*nath`e*mat"ic (&?;), A*nath`e*mat"ic*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an anathema. -- A*nath`e*mat"ic*al*ly, adv.

A*nath"e*ma*tism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a cursing; cf. F. anathématisme.] Anathematization. [Obs.]

We find a law of Justinian forbidding anathematisms to be pronounced against the Jewish Hellenists. J. Taylor.

A*nath`e*ma*ti*za"tion (&?;), n. [LL. anathematisatio.] The act of anathematizing, or denouncing as accursed; imprecation. Barrow.

A*nath"e*ma*tize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anathematized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anathematizing.] [L. anathematizare, Gr. &?; to devote, make accursed: cf. F. anathématiser.] To pronounce an anathema against; to curse. Hence: To condemn publicly as something accursed. Milton.

A*nath"e*ma*ti`zer (&?;), n. One who pronounces an anathema. Hammond.

||A*nat"i*fa (&?;), n.; pl. Anatifæ (&?;). [NL., contr. fr. anatifera. See Anatiferous.] (Zoöl.) An animal of the barnacle tribe, of the genus Lepas, having a fleshy stem or peduncle; a goose barnacle. See Cirripedia.

The term Anatifæ, in the plural, is often used for the whole group of pedunculated cirripeds.

A*nat"i*fer, (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Anatifa.

An`a*tif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. anas, anatis, a duck + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Producing ducks; -- applied to Anatifæ, under the absurd notion of their turning into ducks or geese. See Barnacle.

An"a*tine (&?;), a. [L. anatinus, fr. anas, anatis, a duck.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the ducks; ducklike.

A*nat"o*cism (&?;), n. [L. anatocismus, Gr. &?;; &?; again + &?; to lend on interest.] (Law) Compound interest. [R.] Bouvier.

{ An`a*tom"ic (&?;), An`a*tom"ic*al (&?;), } a. [L. anatomicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. anatomique. See Anatomy.] Of or relating to anatomy or dissection; as, the anatomic art; anatomical observations. Hume.

An`a*tom"ic*al*ly, adv. In an anatomical manner; by means of dissection.

A*nat"o*mism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anatomisme.] 1. The application of the principles of anatomy, as in art.

The stretched and vivid anatomism of their [i. e., the French] great figure painters. The London Spectator.

2. The doctrine that the anatomical structure explains all the phenomena of the organism or of animal life.

A*nat"o*mist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anatomiste.] One who is skilled in the art of anatomy, or dissection.

A*nat`o*mi*za"tion (&?;), n. The act of anatomizing.

A*nat"o*mize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anatomized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anatomizing.] [Cf. F. anatomiser.] 1. To dissect; to cut in pieces, as an animal vegetable body, for the purpose of displaying or examining the structure and use of the several parts.

2. To discriminate minutely or carefully; to analyze.

If we anatomize all other reasonings of this nature, we shall find that they are founded on the relation of cause and effect. Hume.

A*nat"o*mi`zer (&?;), n. A dissector.

A*nat"o*my (&?;), n.; pl. Anatomies (&?;). [F. anatomie, L. anatomia, Gr. &?; dissection, fr. &?; to cut up; &?; + &?; to cut.] 1. The art of dissecting, or artificially separating the different parts of any organized body, to discover their situation, structure, and economy; dissection.

2. The science which treats of the structure of organic bodies; anatomical structure or organization.

Let the muscles be well inserted and bound together, according to the knowledge of them which is given us by anatomy. Dryden.

"Animal anatomy" is sometimes called zomy; "vegetable anatomy," phytotomy; "human anatomy," anthropotomy.

Comparative anatomy compares the structure of different kinds and classes of animals.

3. A treatise or book on anatomy.

4. The act of dividing anything, corporeal or intellectual, for the purpose of examining its parts; analysis; as, the anatomy of a discourse.

5. A skeleton; anything anatomized or dissected, or which has the appearance of being so.

The anatomy of a little child, representing all parts thereof, is accounted a greater rarity than the skeleton of a man in full stature. Fuller.

They brought one Pinch, a hungry, lean-faced villain, A mere anatomy. Shak.

An`a*trep"tic (&?;), a. [overturning, fr. &?; to turn up or over; &?; + &?; too turn.] Overthrowing; defeating; -- applied to Plato's refutative dialogues. Enfield.

||An"a*tron (&?;), n. [F. anatron, natron, Sp. anatron, natron, fr. Ar. al- natrn. See Natron, Niter.] [Obs.] 1. Native carbonate of soda; natron.

2. Glass gall or sandiver.

3. Saltpeter. Coxe. Johnson.

{ A*nat"ro*pal (&?;), A*nat"ro*pous (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; up + &?; to turn.] (Bot.) Having the ovule inverted at an early period in its development, so that the chalaza is as the apparent apex; -- opposed to orthotropous. Gray.

A*nat"to (&?;), n. Same as Annotto.

An"bur*y (&?;), Am"bur*y (&?;), n. [AS. ampre, ompre, a crooked swelling vein: cf. Prov. E. amper a tumor with inflammation. Cf. the first syllable in agnail, and berry a fruit.] 1. (Far.) A soft tumor or bloody wart on horses or oxen.

2. A disease of the roots of turnips, etc.; -- called also fingers and toes.

-ance. [F. -ance, fr. L. -antia and also fr. - entia.] A suffix signifying action; also, quality or state; as, assistance, resistance, appearance, elegance. See -ancy.

All recently adopted words of this class take either -ance or -ence, according to the Latin spelling.

An"ces*tor (&?;), n. [OE. ancestre, auncestre, also ancessour; the first forms fr. OF. ancestre, F. ancêtre, fr. the L. nom. antessor one who goes before; the last form fr. OF. ancessor, fr. L. acc. antecessorem, fr. antecedere to go before; ante before + cedere to go. See Cede, and cf. Antecessor.] 1. One from whom a person is descended, whether on the father's or mother's side, at any distance of time; a progenitor; a fore father.

2. (Biol.) An earlier type; a progenitor; as, this fossil animal is regarded as the ancestor of the horse.

3. (Law) One from whom an estate has descended; -- the correlative of heir.

An`ces*to"ri*al (&?;), a. Ancestral. Grote.

An`ces*to"ri*al*ly, adv. With regard to ancestors.

An*ces"tral (?; 277), a. Of, pertaining to, derived from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors; as, an ancestral estate. "Ancestral trees." Hemans.

An"ces*tress (&?;), n. A female ancestor.

An"ces*try (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. ancesserie. See Ancestor.] 1. Condition as to ancestors; ancestral lineage; hence, birth or honorable descent.

Title and ancestry render a good man more illustrious, but an ill one more contemptible. Addison.

2. A series of ancestors or progenitors; lineage, or those who compose the line of natural descent.

An"chor ("kr), n. [OE. anker, AS. ancor, oncer, L. ancora, sometimes spelt anchora, fr. Gr. 'a`gkyra, akin to E. angle: cf. F. ancre. See Angle, n.] 1. A iron instrument which is attached to a ship by a cable (rope or chain), and which, being cast overboard, lays hold of the earth by a fluke or hook and thus retains the ship in a particular station.

The common anchor consists of a straight bar called a shank, having at one end a transverse bar called a stock, above which is a ring for the cable, and at the other end the crown, from which branch out two or more arms with flukes, forming with the shank a suitable angle to enter the ground.

Formerly the largest and strongest anchor was the sheet anchor (hence, Fig., best hope or last refuge), called also waist anchor. Now the bower and the sheet anchor are usually alike. Then came the best bower and the small bower (so called from being carried on the bows). The stream anchor is one fourth the weight of the bower anchor. Kedges or kedge anchors are light anchors used in warping.

2. Any instrument or contrivance serving a purpose like that of a ship's anchor, as an arrangement of timber to hold a dam fast; a contrivance to hold the end of a bridge cable, or other similar part; a contrivance used by founders to hold the core of a mold in place.

3. Fig.: That which gives stability or security; that on which we place dependence for safety.

Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul. Heb. vi. 19.

4. (Her.) An emblem of hope.

5. (Arch.) (a) A metal tie holding adjoining parts of a building together. (b) Carved work, somewhat resembling an anchor or arrowhead; -- a part of the ornaments of certain moldings. It is seen in the echinus, or egg-and- anchor (called also egg-and-dart, egg-and-tongue) ornament.

6. (Zoöl.) One of the anchor-shaped spicules of certain sponges; also, one of the calcareous spinules of certain Holothurians, as in species of Synapta.