Chapter 19

2. (Old Law) To assess or reduce, as an arbitrary penalty or amercement, to a certain and reasonable sum.

Amercements . . . were affeered by the judges. Blackstone.

{ Af*feer"er (&?;), Af*feer"or (&?;), } n. [OF. aforeur, LL. afforator.] (Old Law) One who affeers. Cowell.

Af*feer"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. aforement.] (Old Law) The act of affeering. Blackstone.

Af"fer*ent (&?;), a. [L. afferens, p. pr. of afferre; ad + ferre to bear.] (Physiol.) Bearing or conducting inwards to a part or organ; -- opposed to efferent; as, afferent vessels; afferent nerves, which convey sensations from the external organs to the brain.

||Af*fet`tu*o"so (&?;), adv. [It.] (Mus.) With feeling.

Af*fi"ance (&?;), n. [OE. afiaunce trust, confidence, OF. afiance, fr. afier to trust, fr. LL. affidare to trust; ad + fidare to trust, fr. L. fides faith. See Faith, and cf. Affidavit, Affy, Confidence.] 1. Plighted faith; marriage contract or promise.

2. Trust; reliance; faith; confidence.

Such feelings promptly yielded to his habitual affiance in the divine love. Sir J. Stephen.

Lancelot, my Lancelot, thou in whom I have Most joy and most affiance. Tennyson.

Af*fi"ance, v. t. [imp. &?; p. p. Affianced (&?;); p. pr. &?; vb. n. Affiancing (&?;).] [Cf. OF. afiancier, fr. afiance.] 1. To betroth; to pledge one's faith to for marriage, or solemnly promise (one's self or another) in marriage.

To me, sad maid, he was affianced. Spenser.

2. To assure by promise. [Obs.] Pope.

Af*fi"an*cer (&?;), n. One who makes a contract of marriage between two persons.

Af*fi"ant (&?;), n. [From p. pr. of OF. afier, LL. affidare. See Affidavit.] (Law) One who makes an affidavit. [U. S.] Burrill.

Syn. -- Deponent. See Deponent.

Af`fi*da"vit (&?;), n. [LL. affidavit he has made oath, perfect tense of affidare. See Affiance, Affy.] (Law) A sworn statement in writing; a declaration in writing, signed and made upon oath before an authorized magistrate. Bouvier. Burrill.

It is always made ex parte, and without cross-examination, and in this differs from a deposition. It is also applied to written statements made on affirmation.

Syn. -- Deposition. See Deposition.

Af*file" (&?;), v. t. [OF. afiler, F. affiler, to sharpen; a (L. ad) + fil thread, edge.] To polish. [Obs.]

Af*fil"i*a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being affiliated to or on, or connected with in origin.

Af*fil"i*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affiliated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Affiliating (&?;).] [LL. adfiliare, affiliare, to adopt as son; ad + filius son: cf. F. affilier.] 1. To adopt; to receive into a family as a son; hence, to bring or receive into close connection; to ally.

Is the soul affiliated to God, or is it estranged and in rebellion? I. Taylor.

2. To fix the paternity of; -- said of an illegitimate child; as, to affiliate the child to (or on or upon) one man rather than another.

3. To connect in the way of descent; to trace origin to.

How do these facts tend to affiliate the faculty of hearing upon the aboriginal vegetative processes? H. Spencer.

4. To attach (to) or unite (with); to receive into a society as a member, and initiate into its mysteries, plans, etc.; -- followed by to or with.

Affiliated societies, societies connected with a central society, or with each other.

Af*fil"i*ate, v. i. To connect or associate one's self; -- followed by with; as, they affiliate with no party.

Af*fil`i*a"tion (&?;), n. [F. affiliation, LL. affiliatio.] 1. Adoption; association or reception as a member in or of the same family or society.

2. (Law) The establishment or ascertaining of parentage; the assignment of a child, as a bastard, to its father; filiation.

3. Connection in the way of descent. H. Spencer.

Af*fi"nal (&?;), a. [L. affinis.] Related by marriage; from the same source.

Af*fine" (&?;), v. t. [F. affiner to refine; &?; (L. ad) + fin fine. See Fine.] To refine. [Obs.] Holland.

Af*fined" (&?;), a. [OF. afiné related, p. p., fr. LL. affinare to join, fr. L. affinis neighboring, related to; ad + finis boundary, limit.] Joined in affinity or by any tie. [Obs.] "All affined and kin." Shak.

Af*fin"i*ta*tive (&?;), a. Of the nature of affinity. -- Af*fin"i*ta*tive*ly, adv.

Af*fin"i*tive, a. Closely connected, as by affinity.

Af*fin"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Affinities(&?;). [OF. afinité, F. affinité, L. affinites, fr. affinis. See Affined.]

1. Relationship by marriage (as between a husband and his wife's blood relations, or between a wife and her husband's blood relations); -- in contradistinction to consanguinity, or relationship by blood; -- followed by with, to, or between.

Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh. 1 Kings iii. 1.

2. Kinship generally; close agreement; relation; conformity; resemblance; connection; as, the affinity of sounds, of colors, or of languages.

There is a close affinity between imposture and credulity. Sir G. C. Lewis.

2. Companionship; acquaintance. [Obs.]

About forty years past, I began a happy affinity with William Cranmer. Burton.

4. (Chem.) That attraction which takes place, at an insensible distance, between the heterogeneous particles of bodies, and unites them to form chemical compounds; chemism; chemical or elective affinity or attraction.

5. (Nat. Hist.) A relation between species or highe&?; groups dependent on resemblance in the whole plan of structure, and indicating community of origin.

6. (Spiritualism) A superior spiritual relationship or attraction held to exist sometimes between persons, esp. persons of the opposite sex; also, the man or woman who exerts such psychical or spiritual attraction.

Af*firm" (f*frm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affirmed (-frmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Affirming.] [OE. affermen, OF. afermer, F. affirmer, affermir, fr. L. affirmare; ad + firmare to make firm, firmus firm. See Firm.] 1. To make firm; to confirm, or ratify; esp. (Law), to assert or confirm, as a judgment, decree, or order, brought before an appellate court for review.

2. To assert positively; to tell with confidence; to aver; to maintain as true; -- opposed to deny.

Jesus, . . . whom Paul affirmed to be alive. Acts xxv. 19.

3. (Law) To declare, as a fact, solemnly, under judicial sanction. See Affirmation, 4.

Syn. -- To assert; aver; declare; asseverate; assure; pronounce; protest; avouch; confirm; establish; ratify. -- To Affirm, Asseverate, Aver, Protest. We affirm when we declare a thing as a fact or a proposition. We asseverate it in a peculiarly earnest manner, or with increased positiveness as what can not be disputed. We aver it, or formally declare it to be true, when we have positive knowledge of it. We protest in a more public manner and with the energy of perfect sincerity. People asseverate in order to produce a conviction of their veracity; they aver when they are peculiarly desirous to be believed; they protest when they wish to free themselves from imputations, or to produce a conviction of their innocence.

Af*firm", v. i. 1. To declare or assert positively.

Not that I so affirm, though so it seem To thee, who hast thy dwelling here on earth. Milton.

2. (Law) To make a solemn declaration, before an authorized magistrate or tribunal, under the penalties of perjury; to testify by affirmation.

Af*firm"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being affirmed, asserted, or declared; -- followed by of; as, an attribute affirmable of every just man.

Af*firm"ance (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. afermance.] 1. Confirmation; ratification; confirmation of a voidable act.

This statute . . . in affirmance of the common law. Bacon.

2. A strong declaration; affirmation. Cowper.

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Af*firm"ant (f*frm"ant), n. [L. affirmans, -antis, p. pr. See Affirm.] 1. One who affirms or asserts.

2. (Law) One who affirms, instead of taking an oath.

Af`fir*ma"tion (&?;), n. [L. affirmatio: cf. F. affirmation.] 1. Confirmation of anything established; ratification; as, the affirmation of a law. Hooker.

2. The act of affirming or asserting as true; assertion; -- opposed to negation or denial.

3. That which is asserted; an assertion; a positive statement; an averment; as, an affirmation, by the vender, of title to property sold, or of its quality.

4. (Law) A solemn declaration made under the penalties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously decline taking an oath, which declaration is in law equivalent to an oath. Bouvier.

Af*firm"a*tive (&?;), a. [L. affirmativus: cf. F. affirmatif.] 1. Confirmative; ratifying; as, an act affirmative of common law.

2. That affirms; asserting that the fact is so; declaratory of what exists; answering "yes" to a question; -- opposed to negative; as, an affirmative answer; an affirmative vote.

3. Positive; dogmatic. [Obs.] J. Taylor.

Lysicles was a little by the affirmative air of Crito. Berkeley.

4. (logic) Expressing the agreement of the two terms of a proposition.

5. (Alg.) Positive; -- a term applied to quantities which are to be added, and opposed to negative, or such as are to be subtracted.

Af*firm"a*tive, n. 1. That which affirms as opposed to that which denies; an affirmative proposition; that side of question which affirms or maintains the proposition stated; -- opposed to negative; as, there were forty votes in the affirmative, and ten in the negative.

Whether there are such beings or not, 't is sufficient for my purpose that many have believed the affirmative. Dryden.

2. A word or phrase expressing affirmation or assent; as, yes, that is so, etc.

Af*firm"a*tive*ly, adv. In an affirmative manner; on the affirmative side of a question; in the affirmative; -- opposed to negatively.

Af*firm"a*to*ry (&?;), a. Giving affirmation; assertive; affirmative. Massey.

Af*firm"er (&?;), n. One who affirms.

Af*fix" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affixed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Affixing.] [LL. affixare, L. affixus, p. p. of affigere to fasten to; ad + figere to fasten: cf. OE. affichen, F. afficher, ultimately fr. L. affigere. See Fix.] 1. To subjoin, annex, or add at the close or end; to append to; to fix to any part of; as, to affix a syllable to a word; to affix a seal to an instrument; to affix one's name to a writing.

2. To fix or fasten in any way; to attach physically.

Should they [caterpillars] affix them to the leaves of a plant improper for their food. Ray.

3. To attach, unite, or connect with; as, names affixed to ideas, or ideas affixed to things; to affix a stigma to a person; to affix ridicule or blame to any one.

4. To fix or fasten figuratively; -- with on or upon; as, eyes affixed upon the ground. [Obs.] Spenser.

Syn. -- To attach; subjoin; connect; annex; unite.

Af"fix (&?;), n.; pl. Affixes (#). [L. affixus, p. p. of affigere: cf. F. affixe.] That which is affixed; an appendage; esp. one or more letters or syllables added at the end of a word; a suffix; a postfix.

Af*fix"ion (&?;), n. [L. affixio, fr. affigere.] Affixture. [Obs.] T. Adams.

Af*fix"ture (?; 135), n. The act of affixing, or the state of being affixed; attachment.

Af*fla"tion (&?;), n. [L. afflatus, p. p. of afflare to blow or breathe on; ad + flare to blow.] A blowing or breathing on; inspiration.

Af*fla"tus (&?;), n. [L., fr. afflare. See Afflation.] 1. A breath or blast of wind.

2. A divine impartation of knowledge; supernatural impulse; inspiration.

A poet writing against his genius will be like a prophet without his afflatus. Spence.

Af*flict" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Afflicting.] [L. afflictus, p. p. of affigere to cast down, deject; ad + fligere to strike: cf. OF. aflit, afflict, p. p. Cf. Flagellate.] 1. To strike or cast down; to overthrow. [Obs.] "Reassembling our afflicted powers." Milton.

2. To inflict some great injury or hurt upon, causing continued pain or mental distress; to trouble grievously; to torment.

They did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens. Exod. i. 11.

That which was the worst now least afflicts me. Milton.

3. To make low or humble. [Obs.] Spenser.

Men are apt to prefer a prosperous error before an afflicted truth. Jer. Taylor.

Syn. -- To trouble; grieve; pain; distress; harass; torment; wound; hurt.

Af*flict", p. p. & a. [L. afflictus, p. p.] Afflicted. [Obs.] Becon.

Af*flict"ed*ness, n. The state of being afflicted; affliction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Af*flict"er (&?;), n. One who afflicts.

Af*flict"ing, a. Grievously painful; distressing; afflictive; as, an afflicting event. -- Af*flict"ing*ly, adv.

Af*flic"tion (&?;), n. [F. affliction, L. afflictio, fr. affligere.] 1. The cause of continued pain of body or mind, as sickness, losses, etc.; an instance of grievous distress; a pain or grief.

To repay that money will be a biting affliction. Shak.

2. The state of being afflicted; a state of pain, distress, or grief.

Some virtues are seen only in affliction. Addison.

Syn. -- Calamity; sorrow; distress; grief; pain; adversity; misery; wretchedness; misfortune; trouble; hardship. -- Affliction, Sorrow, Grief, Distress. Affliction and sorrow are terms of wide and general application; grief and distress have reference to particular cases. Affliction is the stronger term. The suffering lies deeper in the soul, and usually arises from some powerful cause, such as the loss of what is most dear -- friends, health, etc. We do not speak of mere sickness or pain as "an affliction," though one who suffers from either is said to be afflicted; but deprivations of every kind, such as deafness, blindness, loss of limbs, etc., are called afflictions, showing that term applies particularly to prolonged sources of suffering. Sorrow and grief are much alike in meaning, but grief is the stronger term of the two, usually denoting poignant mental suffering for some definite cause, as, grief for the death of a dear friend; sorrow is more reflective, and is tinged with regret, as, the misconduct of a child is looked upon with sorrow. Grief is often violent and demonstrative; sorrow deep and brooding. Distress implies extreme suffering, either bodily or mental. In its higher stages, it denotes pain of a restless, agitating kind, and almost always supposes some struggle of mind or body. Affliction is allayed, grief subsides, sorrow is soothed, distress is mitigated.

Af*flic"tion*less (&?;), a. Free from affliction.

Af*flic"tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. afflictif.] Giving pain; causing continued or repeated pain or grief; distressing. "Jove's afflictive hand." Pope.

Spreads slow disease, and darts afflictive pain. Prior.

Af*flic"tive*ly, adv. In an afflictive manner.

Af"flu*ence (&?;), n. [F. affluence, L. affluentia, fr. affluens, p. pr. of affluere to flow to; ad + fluere to flow. See Flux.] 1. A flowing to or towards; a concourse; an influx.

The affluence of young nobles from hence into Spain. Wotton.

There is an unusual affluence of strangers this year. Carlyle.

2. An abundant supply, as of thought, words, feelings, etc.; profusion; also, abundance of property; wealth.

And old age of elegance, affluence, and ease. Coldsmith.

Syn. -- Abundance; riches; profusion; exuberance; plenty; wealth; opulence.

Af"flu*en*cy (&?;), n. Affluence. [Obs.] Addison.

Af"flu*ent (&?;), a. [Cf. F. affluent, L. affluens, -entis, p. pr. See Affluence.] 1. Flowing to; flowing abundantly. "Affluent blood." Harvey.

2. Abundant; copious; plenteous; hence, wealthy; abounding in goods or riches.

Language . . . affluent in expression. H. Reed.

Loaded and blest with all the affluent store, Which human vows at smoking shrines implore. Prior.

Af"flu*ent, n. A stream or river flowing into a larger river or into a lake; a tributary stream.

Af"flu*ent*ly, adv. Abundantly; copiously.

Af*flu*ent*ness, n. Great plenty. [R.]

Af"flux` (&?;), n. [L. affluxum, p. p. of affluere: cf. F. afflux. See Affluence.] A flowing towards; that which flows to; as, an afflux of blood to the head.

Af*flux"ion (&?;), n. The act of flowing towards; afflux. Sir T. Browne.

Af"fo*dill (&?;), n. Asphodel. [Obs.]

Af*force" (&?;), v. t. [OF. afforcier, LL. affortiare; ad + fortiare, fr. L. fortis strong.] To reënforce; to strengthen. Hallam.

Af*force"ment (&?;), n. [OF.] 1. A fortress; a fortification for defense. [Obs.] Bailey.

2. A reënforcement; a strengthening. Hallam.

Af*for"ci*a*ment (&?;), n. See Afforcement. [Obs.]

Af*ford" (f*frd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afforded; p. pr. & vb. n. Affording.] [OE. aforthen, AS. geforðian, forðian, to further, accomplish, afford, fr. forð forth, forward. The prefix ge- has no well defined sense. See Forth.] 1. To give forth; to supply, yield, or produce as the natural result, fruit, or issue; as, grapes afford wine; olives afford oil; the earth affords fruit; the sea affords an abundant supply of fish.

2. To give, grant, or confer, with a remoter reference to its being the natural result; to provide; to furnish; as, a good life affords consolation in old age.

His tuneful Muse affords the sweetest numbers. Addison.

The quiet lanes . . . afford calmer retreats. Gilpin.

3. To offer, provide, or supply, as in selling, granting, expending, with profit, or without loss or too great injury; as, A affords his goods cheaper than B; a man can afford a sum yearly in charity.

4. To incur, stand, or bear without serious detriment, as an act which might under other circumstances be injurious; -- with an auxiliary, as can, could, might, etc.; to be able or rich enough.

The merchant can afford to trade for smaller profits. Hamilton.

He could afford to suffer With those whom he saw suffer. Wordsworth.

Af*ford"a*ble (&?;), a. That may be afforded.

Af*ford"ment (&?;), n. Anything given as a help; bestowal. [Obs.]

Af*for"est (&?;), v. t. [LL. afforestare; ad + forestare. See Forest.] To convert into a forest; as, to afforest a tract of country.

Af*for`es*ta"tion (&?;), n. The act of converting into forest or woodland. Blackstone.

Af*form"a*tive (&?;), n. An affix.

Af*fran"chise (&?;), v. t. [F. affranchir; &?; (L. ad) + franc free. See Franchise and Frank.] To make free; to enfranchise. Johnson.

Af*fran"chise*ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. affranchissement.] The act of making free; enfranchisement. [R.]

Af*frap" (&?;), v. t. & i. [Cf. It. affrappare, frappare, to cut, mince, F. frapper to strike. See Frap.] To strike, or strike down. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af*fray" (&?;), v. t. [p. p. Affrayed.] [OE. afraien, affraien, OF. effreer, esfreer, F. effrayer, orig. to disquiet, put out of peace, fr. L. ex + OHG. fridu peace (akin to E. free). Cf. Afraid, Fray, Frith inclosure.] [Archaic] 1. To startle from quiet; to alarm.

Smale foules a great heap That had afrayed [affrayed] me out of my sleep. Chaucer.

2. To frighten; to scare; to frighten away.

That voice doth us affray. Shak.

Af*fray" (&?;), n. [OE. afrai, affrai, OF. esfrei, F. effroi, fr. OF. esfreer. See Affray, v. t.] 1. The act of suddenly disturbing any one; an assault or attack. [Obs.]

2. Alarm; terror; fright. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. A tumultuous assault or quarrel; a brawl; a fray. "In the very midst of the affray." Motley.

4. (Law) The fighting of two or more persons, in a public place, to the terror of others. Blackstone.

A fighting in private is not, in a legal sense, an affray.

Syn. -- Quarrel; brawl; scuffle; encounter; fight; contest; feud; tumult; disturbance.

Af*fray"er (&?;), n. One engaged in an affray.

Af*fray"ment (&?;), n. Affray. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af*freight" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. ad- + freight: cf. F. affréter. See Freight.] To hire, as a ship, for the transportation of goods or freight.

Af*freight"er (&?;), n. One who hires or charters a ship to convey goods.

Af*freight"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. affrétement.] The act of hiring, or the contract for the use of, a vessel, or some part of it, to convey cargo.

Af*fret" (&?;), n. [Cf. It. affrettare to hasten, fretta haste.] A furious onset or attack. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af*fric"tion (&?;), n. [L. affricare to rub on. See Friction.] The act of rubbing against. [Obs.]

Af*friend"ed (&?;), p. p. Made friends; reconciled. [Obs.] "Deadly foes . . . affriended." Spenser.

Af*fright" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affrighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Affrighting.] [Orig. p. p.; OE. afright, AS. fyrhtan to terrify; - (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + fyrhto fright. See Fright.] To impress with sudden fear; to frighten; to alarm.

Dreams affright our souls. Shak.

A drear and dying sound Affrights the flamens at their service quaint. Milton.

Syn. -- To terrify; frighten; alarm; dismay; appall; scare; startle; daunt; intimidate.

Af*fright", p. a. Affrighted. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Af*fright", n. 1. Sudden and great fear; terror. It expresses a stronger impression than fear, or apprehension, perhaps less than terror.

He looks behind him with affright, and forward with despair. Goldsmith.

2. The act of frightening; also, a cause of terror; an object of dread. B. Jonson.

Af*fright"ed*ly, adv. With fright. Drayton.

Af*fright"en (&?;), v. t. To frighten. [Archaic] "Fit tales . . . to affrighten babes." Southey.

Af*fright"er (&?;), n. One who frightens. [Archaic]

Af*fright"ful (&?;), a. Terrifying; frightful. -- Af*fright"ful*ly, adv. [Archaic]

Bugbears or affrightful apparitions. Cudworth.

Af*fright"ment (&?;), n. Affright; the state of being frightened; sudden fear or alarm. [Archaic]

Passionate words or blows . . . fill the child's mind with terror and affrightment. Locke.

Af*front" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Affronting.] [OF. afronter, F. affronter, to confront, LL. affrontare to strike against, fr. L. ad + frons forehead, front. See Front.] 1. To front; to face in position; to meet or encounter face to face. [Obs.]

All the sea-coasts do affront the Levant. Holland.

That he, as 't were by accident, may here Affront Ophelia. Shak.

2. To face in defiance; to confront; as, to affront death; hence, to meet in hostile encounter. [Archaic]

3. To offend by some manifestation of disrespect; to insult to the face by demeanor or language; to treat with marked incivility.

How can any one imagine that the fathers would have dared to affront the wife of Aurelius? Addison.

Syn. -- To insult; abuse; outrage; wound; illtreat; slight; defy; offend; provoke; pique; nettle.

Af*front", n. [Cf. F. affront, fr. affronter.] 1. An encounter either friendly or hostile. [Obs.]

I walked about, admired of all, and dreaded On hostile ground, none daring my affront. Milton.

2. Contemptuous or rude treatment which excites or justifies resentment; marked disrespect; a purposed indignity; insult.

Offering an affront to our understanding. Addison.

3. An offense to one's self-respect; shame. Arbuthnot.

Syn. -- Affront, Insult, Outrage. An affront is a designed mark of disrespect, usually in the presence of others. An insult is a personal attack either by words or actions, designed to humiliate or degrade. An outrage is an act of extreme and violent insult or abuse. An affront piques and mortifies; an insult irritates and provokes; an outrage wounds and injures.

Captious persons construe every innocent freedom into an affront. When people are in a state of animosity, they seek opportunities of offering each other insults. Intoxication or violent passion impels men to the commission of outrages. Crabb.

Af*fron*té" (&?;), a. [F. affronté, p. p.] (Her.) Face to face, or front to front; facing.

Af*front"ed*ly (&?;), adv. Shamelessly. [Obs.] Bacon.

Af*fron*tee", n. One who receives an affront. Lytton.

Af*front"er (&?;), n. One who affronts, or insults to the face.

Af*front"ing*ly, adv. In an affronting manner.

Af*front"ive (&?;), a. Tending to affront or offend; offensive; abusive.

How affrontive it is to despise mercy. South.

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Af*front"ive*ness (f*frnt"v*ns), n. The quality that gives an affront or offense. [R.] Bailey.