Chapter 126

7. (Chem.) To cause to combine with oxygen or other active agent, with evolution of heat; to consume; to oxidize; as, a man burns a certain amount of carbon at each respiration; to burn iron in oxygen.

To burn, To burn together, as two surfaces of metal (Engin.), to fuse and unite them by pouring over them a quantity of the same metal in a liquid state. -- To burn a bowl (Game of Bowls), to displace it accidentally, the bowl so displaced being said to be burned. -- To burn daylight, to light candles before it is dark; to waste time; to perform superfluous actions. Shak. -- To burn one's fingers, to get one's self into unexpected trouble, as by interfering the concerns of others, speculation, etc. -- To burn out, to destroy or obliterate by burning. "Must you with hot irons burn out mine eyes?" Shak. -- To be burned out, to suffer loss by fire, as the burning of one's house, store, or shop, with the contents. -- To burn up, To burn down, to burn entirely.

Burn, v. i. 1. To be of fire; to flame. "The mount burned with fire." Deut. ix. 15.

2. To suffer from, or be scorched by, an excess of heat.

Your meat doth burn, quoth I. Shak.

3. To have a condition, quality, appearance, sensation, or emotion, as if on fire or excessively heated; to act or rage with destructive violence; to be in a state of lively emotion or strong desire; as, the face burns; to burn with fever.

Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way? Luke xxiv. 32.

The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne, Burned on the water. Shak.

Burning with high hope. Byron.

The groan still deepens, and the combat burns. Pope.

The parching air Burns frore, and cold performs the effect of fire. Milton.

4. (Chem.) To combine energetically, with evolution of heat; as, copper burns in chlorine.

5. In certain games, to approach near to a concealed object which is sought. [Colloq.]

To burn out, to burn till the fuel is exhausted. -- To burn up, To burn down, to be entirely consumed.

Burn, n. 1. A hurt, injury, or effect caused by fire or excessive or intense heat.

2. The operation or result of burning or baking, as in brickmaking; as, they have a good burn.

3. A disease in vegetables. See Brand, n., 6.

Burn, n. [See 1st Bourn.] A small stream. [Scot.]

Burn"a*ble (&?;), a. Combustible. Cotgrave.

Burned (&?;), p. p. & a. See Burnt.

Burned (&?;), p. p. Burnished. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Burn"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, burns or sets fire to anything.

2. The part of a lamp, gas fixture, etc., where the flame is produced.

Bunsen's burner (Chem.), a kind of burner, invented by Professor Bunsen of Heidelberg, consisting of a straight tube, four or five inches in length, having small holes for the entrance of air at the bottom. Illuminating gas being also admitted at the bottom, a mixture of gas and air is formed which burns at the top with a feebly luminous but intensely hot flame. -- Argand burner, Rose burner, etc. See under Argand, Rose, etc.

Bur"net (&?;), n. [OE. burnet burnet; also, brownish (the plant perh. being named from its color), fr. F. brunet, dim. of brun brown; cf. OF. brunete a sort of flower. See Brunette.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs (Poterium); especially, P.Sanguisorba, the common, or garden, burnet.

Burnet moth (Zoöl.), in England, a handsome moth (Zygæna filipendula), with crimson spots on the wings. -- Burnet saxifrage. (Bot.) See Saxifrage. -- Canadian burnet, a marsh plant (Poterium Canadensis). -- Great burnet, Wild burnet, Poterium (or Sanguisorba) oficinalis.

Bur"nett*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnettized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burnettizing.] (Manuf.) To subject (wood, fabrics, etc.) to a process of saturation in a solution of chloride of zinc, to prevent decay; -- a process invented by Sir William Burnett.

Burn"ie (&?;), n. [See 4th Burn.] A small brook. [Scot.] Burns.

Bur"nie*bee` (&?;), n. The ladybird. [Prov. Eng.]

Burn"ing, a. 1. That burns; being on fire; excessively hot; fiery.

2. Consuming; intense; inflaming; exciting; vehement; powerful; as, burning zeal.

Like a young hound upon a burning scent. Dryden.

Burning bush (Bot.), an ornamental shrub (Euonymus atropurpureus), bearing a crimson berry.

Burn"ing, n. The act of consuming by fire or heat, or of subjecting to the effect of fire or heat; the state of being on fire or excessively heated.

Burning fluid, any volatile illuminating oil, as the lighter petroleums (naphtha, benzine), or oil of turpentine (camphine), but esp. a mixture of the latter with alcohol. -- Burning glass, a convex lens of considerable size, used for producing an intense heat by converging the sun's rays to a focus. -- Burning house (Metal.), the furnace in which tin ores are calcined, to sublime the sulphur and arsenic from the pyrites. Weale. -- Burning mirror, a concave mirror, or a combination of plane mirrors, used for the same purpose as a burning glass.

Syn. -- Combustion; fire; conflagration; flame; blaze.

Bur"nish (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnished (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burnishing.] [OE. burnischen, burnissen, burnen, OF. burnir, brunir, to make brown, polish, F. brunir, fr. F. brun brown, fr. OHG. br&?;n; cf. MHG. briunen to make brown, polish. See Brown, a.] To cause to shine; to make smooth and bright; to polish; specifically, to polish by rubbing with something hard and smooth; as, to burnish brass or paper.

The frame of burnished steel, that east a glare From far, and seemed to thaw the freezing air. Dryden.

Now the village windows blaze, Burnished by the setting sun. Cunningham.

Burnishing machine, a machine for smoothing and polishing by compression, as in making paper collars.

Bur"nish, v. i. To shine forth; to brighten; to become smooth and glossy, as from swelling or filling out; hence, to grow large.

A slender poet must have time to grow, And spread and burnish as his brothers do. Dryden.

My thoughts began to burnish, sprout, and swell. Herbert.

Bur"nish, n. The effect of burnishing; gloss; brightness; luster. Crashaw.

Bur"nish*er (&?;), n. 1. One who burnishes.

2. A tool with a hard, smooth, rounded end or surface, as of steel, ivory, or agate, used in smoothing or polishing by rubbing. It has a variety of forms adapted to special uses.

{ Bur"noose, Bur"nous } (&?;), n. [Ar. burnus a kind of high-crowned cap: cf. F. bournous, burnous, Sp. al-bornoz, a sort of upper garment, with a hood attached.] 1. A cloaklike garment and hood woven in one piece, worn by Arabs.

2. A combination cloak and hood worn by women. [Variously written bournous, bernouse, bornous, etc.]

Burn"stic`kle (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).

Burnt (&?;), p. p. & a. Consumed with, or as with, fire; scorched or dried, as with fire or heat; baked or hardened in the fire or the sun.

Burnt ear, a black, powdery fungus which destroys grain. See Smut. -- Burnt offering, something offered and burnt on an altar, as an atonement for sin; a sacrifice. The offerings of the Jews were a clean animal, as an ox, a calf, a goat, or a sheep; or some vegetable substance, as bread, or ears of wheat or barley. Called also burnt sacrifice. [2 Sam. xxiv. 22.]

Burr (&?;), n. [See Bur.] (Bot.) 1. A prickly seed vessel. See Bur, 1.

2. The thin edge or ridge left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal, as in turning, engraving, pressing, etc.; also, the rough neck left on a bullet in casting.

The graver, in plowing furrows in the surface of the copper, raises corresponding ridges or burrs. Tomlinson.

3. A thin flat piece of metal, formed from a sheet by punching; a small washer put on the end of a rivet before it is swaged down.

4. A broad iron ring on a tilting lance just below the gripe, to prevent the hand from slipping.

5. The lobe or lap of the ear.

6. [Probably of imitative origin.] A guttural pronounciation of the letter r, produced by trilling the extremity of the soft palate against the back part of the tongue; rotacism; -- often called the Newcastle, Northumberland, or Tweedside, burr.

7. The knot at the bottom of an antler. See Bur, n., 8.

Burr (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burring.] To speak with burr; to make a hoarse or guttural murmur. Mrs. Browning.

Bur"rel (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. burel reddish (cf. Borel, n.), or F. beurré butter pear, fr. beurre butter. Cf. Butter.] A sort of pear, called also the red butter pear, from its smooth, delicious, soft pulp.

Bur"rel, n. Same as Borrel.

Bur"rel fly` (&?;). [From its reddish color. See 1st Burrel.] (Zoöl.) The botfly or gadfly of cattle (Hypoderma bovis). See Gadfly.

Bur"rel shot` (&?;). [Either from annoying the enemy like a burrel fly, or, less probably, fr. F. bourreler to sting, torture.] (Gun.) A mixture of shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, etc., fired from a cannon at short range, in an emergency. [R.]

Burr"ing ma*chine" (&?;). A machine for cleansing wool of burs, seeds, and other substances.

Burr" mill"stone` (&?;). See Buhrstone.

Bur"ro (&?;), n. [Sp., an ass.] (Zoöl.) A donkey. [Southern U.S.]

Bur"rock (&?;), n. [Perh. from AS. burg, burh, hill + -ock.] A small weir or dam in a river to direct the stream to gaps where fish traps are placed. Knight.

Bur"row (&?;), n. [See 1st Borough.] 1. An incorporated town. See 1st Borough.

2. A shelter; esp. a hole in the ground made by certain animals, as rabbits, for shelter and habitation.

3. (Mining) A heap or heaps of rubbish or refuse.

4. A mound. See 3d Barrow, and Camp, n., 5.

Bur"row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burrowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burrowing.] 1. To excavate a hole to lodge in, as in the earth; to lodge in a hole excavated in the earth, as conies or rabbits.

2. To lodge, or take refuge, in any deep or concealed place; to hide.

Sir, this vermin of court reporters, when they are forced into day upon one point, are sure to burrow in another. Burke.

Burrowing owl (Zoöl.), a small owl of the western part of North America (Speotyto cunicularia), which lives in holes, often in company with the prairie dog.

Bur"row*er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, burrows; an animal that makes a hole under ground and lives in it.

Burr"stone`, n. See Buhrstone.

Burr"y (&?;), a. Abounding in burs, or containing burs; resembling burs; as, burry wool.

||Bur"sa (&?;), n.; pl. Bursæ (&?;). [L. See Burse.] (Anat.) Any sac or saclike cavity; especially, one of the synovial sacs, or small spaces, often lined with synovial membrane, interposed between tendons and bony prominences.

Bur"sal (&?;), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a bursa or to bursæ.

Bur"sar (&?;), n. [LL. bursarius, fr. bursa purse. See Burse, and cf. Purser.] 1. A treasurer, or cash keeper; a purser; as, the bursar of a college, or of a monastery.

2. A student to whom a stipend or bursary is paid for his complete or partial support.

Bur"sar*ship, n. The office of a bursar.

Bur"sa*ry (&?;), n.; pl. - ries (&?;). [LL. bursaria. See Bursar.] 1. The treasury of a college or monastery.

2. A scholarship or charitable foundation in a university, as in Scotland; a sum given to enable a student to pursue his studies. "No woman of rank or fortune but would have a bursary in her gift." Southey.

||Bursch (&?;), n.; pl. Burschen (&?;). [G., ultimately fr. LL. bursa. See Burse.] A youth; especially, a student in a german university.

Burse (&?;), n. [LL. bursa, or F. bourse. See Bourse, and cf. Bursch, Purse.] 1. A purse; also, a vesicle; a pod; a hull. [Obs.] Holland.

2. A fund or foundation for the maintenance of needy scholars in their studies; also, the sum given to the beneficiaries. [Scot.]

3. (Eccl.) An ornamental case of hold the corporal when not in use. Shipley.

4. An exchange, for merchants and bankers, in the cities of continental Europe. Same as Bourse.

5. A kind of bazaar. [Obs.]

She says she went to the burse for patterns. Old Play.

Bur*sic"u*late (&?;), a. [See Burse.] (Bot.) Bursiform.

Bur"si*form (&?;), a. [LL. bursa purse + -form.] Shaped like a purse.

||Bur*si"tis (&?;), n. [NL., fr. E. bursa + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of a bursa.

Burst (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burst; p. pr. & vb. n. Bursting. The past participle bursten is obsolete.] [OE. bersten, bresten, AS. berstan (pers. sing. berste, imp. sing. bærst, imp. pl. burston, p. p. borsten); akin to D. bersten, G. bersten, OHG. brestan, OS. brestan, Icel. bresta, Sw. brista, Dan. briste. Cf. Brast, Break.] 1. To fly apart or in pieces; of break open; to yield to force or pressure, especially to a sudden and violent exertion of force, or to pressure from within; to explode; as, the boiler had burst; the buds will burst in spring.

From the egg that soon Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed Their callow young. Milton.

Often used figuratively, as of the heart, in reference to a surcharge of passion, grief, desire, etc.

No, no, my heart will burst, an if I speak: And I will speak, that so my heart may burst. Shak.

2. To exert force or pressure by which something is made suddenly to give way; to break through obstacles or limitations; hence, to appear suddenly and unexpectedly or unaccountably, or to depart in such manner; -- usually with some qualifying adverb or preposition, as forth, out, away, into, upon, through, etc.

Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth. Milton.

And now you burst (ah cruel!) from my arms. Pope.

A resolved villain Whose bowels suddenly burst out. Shak.

We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. Coleridge.

To burst upon him like an earthquake. Goldsmith.

<! p. 195 !>

Burst (bûrst), v. t. 1. To break or rend by violence, as by an overcharge or by strain or pressure, esp. from within; to force open suddenly; as, to burst a cannon; to burst a blood vessel; to burst open the doors.

My breast I'll burst with straining of my courage. Shak.

2. To break. [Obs.]

You will not pay for the glasses you have burst? Shak.

He burst his lance against the sand below. Fairfax (Tasso).

3. To produce as an effect of bursting; as, to burst a hole through the wall.

Bursting charge. See under Charge.

Burst, n. 1. A sudden breaking forth; a violent rending; an explosion; as, a burst of thunder; a burst of applause; a burst of passion; a burst of inspiration.

Bursts of fox-hunting melody. W. Irving.

2. Any brief, violent exertion or effort; a spurt; as, a burst of speed.

3. A sudden opening, as of landscape; a stretch; an expanse. [R.] "A fine burst of country." Jane Austen.

4. A rupture or hernia; a breach.

Burst"en (&?;), p. p. of Burst, v. i. [Obs.]

Burst"er (bûrst"r), n. One that bursts.

Burst"wort` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant (Herniaria glabra) supposed to be valuable for the cure of hernia or rupture.

Burt (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Birt. [Prov. Eng.]

Bur"then (&?;), n. & v. t. See Burden. [Archaic]

Bur"ton (&?;), n. [Cf. OE. & Prov. E. bort to press or indent anything.] (Naut.) A peculiar tackle, formed of two or more blocks, or pulleys, the weight being suspended to a hook block in the bight of the running part.

Bur"y (br"r), n. [See 1st Borough.] 1. A borough; a manor; as, the Bury of St. Edmond's; -- used as a termination of names of places; as, Canterbury, Shrewsbury.

2. A manor house; a castle. [Prov. Eng.]

To this very day, the chief house of a manor, or the lord's seat, is called bury, in some parts of England. Miege.

Bur"y (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buried (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burying (&?;).] [OE. burien, birien, berien, AS. byrgan; akin to beorgan to protect, OHG. bergan, G. bergen, Icel. bjarga, Sw. berga, Dan. bierge, Goth. baírgan. &radic;95. Cf. Burrow.] 1. To cover out of sight, either by heaping something over, or by placing within something, as earth, etc.; to conceal by covering; to hide; as, to bury coals in ashes; to bury the face in the hands.

And all their confidence Under the weight of mountains buried deep. Milton.

2. Specifically: To cover out of sight, as the body of a deceased person, in a grave, a tomb, or the ocean; to deposit (a corpse) in its resting place, with funeral ceremonies; to inter; to inhume.

Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father. Matt. viii. 21.

I'll bury thee in a triumphant grave. Shak.

3. To hide in oblivion; to put away finally; to abandon; as, to bury strife.

Give me a bowl of wine In this I bury all unkindness, Cassius. Shak.

Burying beetle (Zoöl.), the general name of many species of beetles, of the tribe Necrophaga; the sexton beetle; -- so called from their habit of burying small dead animals by digging away the earth beneath them. The larvæ feed upon decaying flesh, and are useful scavengers. -- To bury the hatchet, to lay aside the instruments of war, and make peace; -- a phrase used in allusion to the custom observed by the North American Indians, of burying a tomahawk when they conclude a peace.

Syn. -- To intomb; inter; inhume; inurn; hide; cover; conceal; overwhelm; repress.

{ Bur"y*ing ground`, Bur"y*ing place }. The ground or place for burying the dead; burial place.

Bus (&?;), n. [Abbreviated from omnibus.] An omnibus. [Colloq.]

Bus"by (bz"b), n.; pl. Busbies (bz). (Mil.) A military headdress or cap, used in the British army. It is of fur, with a bag, of the same color as the facings of the regiment, hanging from the top over the right shoulder.

||Bus"con (&?;), n. [Sp., a searcher, fr. buscar to search.] One who searches for ores; a prospector. [U.S.]

Bush (&?;), n. [OE. bosch, busch, buysch, bosk, busk; akin to D. bosch, OHG. busc, G. busch, Icel. bskr, bski, Dan. busk, Sw. buske, and also to LL. boscus, buscus, Pr. bosc, It. bosco, Sp. & Pg. bosque, F. bois, OF. bos. Whether the LL. or G. form is the original is uncertain; if the LL., it is perh. from the same source as E. box a case. Cf. Ambush, Boscage, Bouquet, Box a case.] 1. A thicket, or place abounding in trees or shrubs; a wild forest.

This was the original sense of the word, as in the Dutch bosch, a wood, and was so used by Chaucer. In this sense it is extensively used in the British colonies, especially at the Cape of Good Hope, and also in Australia and Canada; as, to live or settle in the bush.

2. A shrub; esp., a shrub with branches rising from or near the root; a thick shrub or a cluster of shrubs.

To bind a bush of thorns among sweet-smelling flowers. Gascoigne.

3. A shrub cut off, or a shrublike branch of a tree; as, bushes to support pea vines.

4. A shrub or branch, properly, a branch of ivy (as sacred to Bacchus), hung out at vintners' doors, or as a tavern sign; hence, a tavern sign, and symbolically, the tavern itself.

If it be true that good wine needs no bush, 't is true that a good play needs no epilogue. Shak.

5. (Hunting) The tail, or brush, of a fox.

To beat about the bush, to approach anything in a round-about manner, instead of coming directly to it; -- a metaphor taken from hunting. -- Bush bean (Bot.), a variety of bean which is low and requires no support (Phaseolus vulgaris, variety nanus). See Bean, 1. -- Bush buck, or Bush goat (Zoöl.), a beautiful South African antelope (Tragelaphus sylvaticus); -- so called because found mainly in wooden localities. The name is also applied to other species. -- Bush cat (Zoöl.), the serval. See Serval. -- Bush chat (Zoöl.), a bird of the genus Pratincola, of the Thrush family. -- Bush dog. (Zoöl.) See Potto. -- Bush hammer. See Bushhammer in the Vocabulary. -- Bush harrow (Agric.) See under Harrow. -- Bush hog (Zoöl.), a South African wild hog (Potamochœrus Africanus); -- called also bush pig, and water hog. -- Bush master (Zoöl.), a venomous snake (Lachesis mutus) of Guinea; -- called also surucucu. -- Bush pea (Bot.), a variety of pea that needs to be bushed. -- Bush shrike (Zoöl.), a bird of the genus Thamnophilus, and allied genera; -- called also batarg. Many species inhabit tropical America. -- Bush tit (Zoöl.), a small bird of the genus Psaltriparus, allied to the titmouse. P. minimus inhabits California.

Bush (&?;), v. i. To branch thickly in the manner of a bush. "The bushing alders." Pope.

Bush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bushed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bushing.] 1. To set bushes for; to support with bushes; as, to bush peas.

2. To use a bush harrow on (land), for covering seeds sown; to harrow with a bush; as, to bush a piece of land; to bush seeds into the ground.

Bush, n. [D. bus a box, akin to E. box; or F. boucher to plug.] 1. (Mech.) A lining for a hole to make it smaller; a thimble or ring of metal or wood inserted in a plate or other part of machinery to receive the wear of a pivot or arbor. Knight.

In the larger machines, such a piece is called a box, particularly in the United States.

2. (Gun.) A piece of copper, screwed into a gun, through which the venthole is bored. Farrow.

Bush, v. t. To furnish with a bush, or lining; as, to bush a pivot hole.

Bush"boy (&?;), n. See Bushman.

Bush"el (&?;), n. [OE. buschel, boischel, OF. boissel, bussel, boistel, F. boisseau, LL. bustellus; dim. of bustia, buxida (OF. boiste), fr. pyxida, acc. of L. pyxis box, Gr. &?;. Cf. Box.] 1. A dry measure, containing four pecks, eight gallons, or thirty-two quarts.

The Winchester bushel, formerly used in England, contained 2150.42 cubic inches, being the volume of a cylinder 18½ inches in internal diameter and eight inches in depth. The standard bushel measures, prepared by the United States Government and distributed to the States, hold each 77.6274 pounds of distilled water, at 39.8° Fahr. and 30 inches atmospheric pressure, being the equivalent of the Winchester bushel. The imperial bushel now in use in England is larger than the Winchester bushel, containing 2218.2 cubic inches, or 80 pounds of water at 62° Fahr.

2. A vessel of the capacity of a bushel, used in measuring; a bushel measure.

Is a candle brought to be put under a bushel, or under a bed, and not to be set on a candlestick? Mark iv. 21.

3. A quantity that fills a bushel measure; as, a heap containing ten bushels of apples.

In the United States a large number of articles, bought and sold by the bushel, are measured by weighing, the number of pounds that make a bushel being determined by State law or by local custom. For some articles, as apples, potatoes, etc., heaped measure is required in measuring a bushel.

4. A large indefinite quantity. [Colloq.]

The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest pictures with bushels of gold, without counting the weight or the number of the pieces. Dryden.

5. The iron lining in the nave of a wheel. [Eng.] In the United States it is called a box. See 4th Bush.

Bush"el*age (&?;), n. A duty payable on commodities by the bushel. [Eng.]

Bush"el*man (&?;), n. A tailor's assistant for repairing garments; -- called also busheler. [Local, U.S.]

Bush"et (&?;), n. [See Bosket.] A small bush.

Bush"fight`er (&?;), n. One accustomed to bushfighting. Parkman.

Bush"fight`ing (&?;), n. Fighting in the bush, or from behind bushes, trees, or thickets.

Bush"ham`mer (&?;), n. A hammer with a head formed of a bundle of square bars, with pyramidal points, arranged in rows, or a solid head with a face cut into a number of rows of such points; -- used for dressing stone.

Bush"ham`mer, v. t. To dress with bushhammer; as, to bushhammer a block of granite.

Bush"i*ness (&?;), n. The condition or quality of being bushy.

Bush"ing, n. [See 4th Bush.] 1. The operation of fitting bushes, or linings, into holes or places where wear is to be received, or friction diminished, as pivot holes, etc.

2. (Mech.) A bush or lining; -- sometimes called a thimble. See 4th Bush.

Bush"less (&?;), a. Free from bushes; bare.

O'er the long backs of the bushless downs. Tennyson.

Bush"man (&?;), n.; pl. Bushmen (&?;). [Cf. D. boschman, boschjesman. See 1st Bush.] 1. A woodsman; a settler in the bush.

2. (Ethnol.) One of a race of South African nomads, living principally in the deserts, and not classified as allied in race or language to any other people.