Chapter 109

It is as great a bore as to hear a poet read his own verses. Hawthorne.

Bore, n. [Icel. bra wave: cf. G. empor upwards, OHG. bor height, burren to lift, perh. allied to AS. beran, E. 1st bear. √92.] (Physical Geog.) (a) A tidal flood which regularly or occasionally rushes into certain rivers of peculiar configuration or location, in one or more waves which present a very abrupt front of considerable height, dangerous to shipping, as at the mouth of the Amazon, in South America, the Hoogly and Indus, in India, and the Tsien- tang, in China. (b) Less properly, a very high and rapid tidal flow, when not so abrupt, such as occurs at the Bay of Fundy and in the British Channel.

Bore, imp. of 1st & 2d Bear.

Bo"re*al (&?;), a. [L. borealis: cf. F. boréal. See Boreas.] Northern; pertaining to the north, or to the north wind; as, a boreal bird; a boreal blast.

So from their own clear north in radiant streams, Bright over Europe bursts the boreal morn. Thomson.

||Bo"re*as (&?;), n. [L. boreas, Gr. &?;.] The north wind; -- usually a personification.

Bore"cole` (&?;), n. [Cf. D. boerenkool (lit.) husbandman's cabbage.] A brassicaceous plant of many varieties, cultivated for its leaves, which are not formed into a compact head like the cabbage, but are loose, and are generally curled or wrinkled; kale.

Bore"dom (&?;), n. 1. The state of being bored, or pestered; a state of ennui. Dickens.

2. The realm of bores; bores, collectively.

Bo*ree" (&?;), n. Same as BourrÉé. [Obs.] Swift.

Bor"el (&?;), n. See Borrel.

Bor"e*le (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The smaller two-horned rhinoceros of South Africa (Atelodus bicornis).

Bor"er (&?;), n. 1. One that bores; an instrument for boring.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine, bivalve mollusk, of the genus Teredo and allies, which burrows in wood. See Teredo. (b) Any bivalve mollusk (Saxicava, Lithodomus, etc.) which bores into limestone and similar substances. (c) One of the larvæ of many species of insects, which penetrate trees, as the apple, peach, pine, etc. See Apple borer, under Apple. (d) The hagfish (Myxine).

Bo"ric (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, boron.

Boric acid, a white crystalline substance B(OH)3, easily obtained from its salts, and occurring in solution in the hot lagoons of Tuscany.

Bo"ride (&?;), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of boron with a more positive or basic element or radical; -- formerly called boruret.

Bor"ing (&?;), n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, bores; as, the boring of cannon; the boring of piles and ship timbers by certain marine mollusks.

One of the most important applications of boring is in the formation of artesian wells. Tomlinson.

2. A hole made by boring.

3. pl. The chips or fragments made by boring.

Boring bar, a revolving or stationary bar, carrying one or more cutting tools for dressing round holes. -- Boring tool (Metal Working), a cutting tool placed in a cutter head to dress round holes. Knight.

Born (bôrn), p. p. & a. [See Bear, v. t.] 1. Brought forth, as an animal; brought into life; introduced by birth.

No one could be born into slavery in Mexico. Prescott.

2. Having from birth a certain character; by or from birth; by nature; innate; as, a born liar. "A born matchmaker." W. D. Howells.

Born again (Theol.), regenerated; renewed; having received spiritual life. "Except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of God." John iii. 3. -- Born days, days since one was born; lifetime. [Colloq.]

Borne (brn), p. p. of Bear. Carried; conveyed; supported; defrayed. See Bear, v. t.

Bor"ne*ol (&?;), n. [Borneo + - ol.] (Chem.) A rare variety of camphor, C10H17.OH, resembling ordinary camphor, from which it can be produced by reduction. It is said to occur in the camphor tree of Borneo and Sumatra (Dryobalanops camphora), but the natural borneol is rarely found in European or American commerce, being in great request by the Chinese. Called also Borneo camphor, Malay camphor, and camphol.

Bor"nite (&?;), n. [Named after Von Born, a mineralogist.] (Min.) A valuable ore of copper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur; -- also called purple copper ore (or erubescite), in allusion to the colors shown upon the slightly tarnished surface.

Bo`ro*flu"or*ide (&?;), n. [Boron + fluoride.] (Chem.) A double fluoride of boron and hydrogen, or some other positive element, or radical; -- called also fluoboride, and formerly fluoborate.

Bo"ro*glyc"er*ide (&?;), n. [Boron + glyceride.] (Chem.) A compound of boric acid and glycerin, used as an antiseptic.

Bo"ron (b"rn), n. [See Borax.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element occurring abundantly in borax. It is reduced with difficulty to the free state, when it can be obtained in several different forms; viz., as a substance of a deep olive color, in a semimetallic form, and in colorless quadratic crystals similar to the diamond in hardness and other properties. It occurs in nature also in boracite, datolite, tourmaline, and some other minerals. Atomic weight 10.9. Symbol B.

Bo"ro*sil"i*cate (&?;), n. [Boron + silicate.] (Chem.) A double salt of boric and silicic acids, as in the natural minerals tourmaline, datolite, etc.

Bor"ough (&?;), n. [OE. burgh, burw, boru, port, town, burrow, AS. burh, burg; akin to Icel., Sw., & Dan. borg, OS. & D. burg, OHG. puruc, purc, MHG. burc, G. burg, Goth. baúrgs; and from the root of AS. beorgan to hide, save, defend, G. bergen; or perh. from that of AS. beorg hill, mountain. √95. See Bury, v. t., and cf. Burrow, Burg, Bury, n., Burgess, Iceberg, Borrow, Harbor, Hauberk.] 1. In England, an incorporated town that is not a city; also, a town that sends members to parliament; in Scotland, a body corporate, consisting of the inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction; in America, an incorporated town or village, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Burrill. Erskine.

2. The collective body of citizens or inhabitants of a borough; as, the borough voted to lay a tax.

Close borough, or Pocket borough, a borough having the right of sending a member to Parliament, whose nomination is in the hands of a single person. -- Rotten borough, a name given to any borough which, at the time of the passage of the Reform Bill of 1832, contained but few voters, yet retained the privilege of sending a member to Parliament.

Bor"ough, n. [See Borrow.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behavior of each other. (b) The pledge or surety thus given. Blackstone. Tomlins.

Bor"ough-Eng"lish (&?;), n. (Eng. Law) A custom, as in some ancient boroughs, by which lands and tenements descend to the youngest son, instead of the eldest; or, if the owner have no issue, to the youngest brother. Blackstone.

Bor"ough*head` (&?;), n. See Headborough. [Obs.]

Bor"ough*hold"er (&?;), n. A headborough; a borsholder.

Bor"ough*mas"ter (&?;), n. [Cf. Burgomaster.] The mayor, governor, or bailiff of a borough.

Bor"ough*mon"ger (&?;), n. One who buys or sells the parliamentary seats of boroughs.

{ Bor"ough*mon"ger*ing, Bor"ough*mon"ger*y } (&?;), n. The practices of a boroughmonger.

Bor*rach"o (&?;), n. See Borachio. [Obs.]

Bor"rage (&?;), n., Bor*rag`i*na"ceous (&?;), a., etc. See Borage, n., etc.

Bor"rel (&?;), n. [OF. burel a kind of coarse woolen cloth, fr. F. bure drugget. See Bureau. Rustic and common people dressed in this cloth, which was prob. so called from its color.] 1. Coarse woolen cloth; hence, coarse clothing; a garment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A kind of light stuff, of silk and wool.

Bor"rel, a. [Prob. from Borrel, n.] Ignorant, unlearned; belonging to the laity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bor"row (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Borrowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Borrowing.] [OE. borwen, AS. borgian, fr. borg, borh, pledge; akin to D. borg, G. borg; prob. fr. root of AS. beorgan to protect. &?;95. See 1st Borough.] 1. To receive from another as a loan, with the implied or expressed intention of returning the identical article or its equivalent in kind; -- the opposite of lend.

2. (Arith.) To take (one or more) from the next higher denomination in order to add it to the next lower; -- a term of subtraction when the figure of the subtrahend is larger than the corresponding one of the minuend.

3. To copy or imitate; to adopt; as, to borrow the style, manner, or opinions of another.

Rites borrowed from the ancients. Macaulay.

It is not hard for any man, who hath a Bible in his hands, to borrow good words and holy sayings in abundance; but to make them his own is a work of grace only from above. Milton.

4. To feign or counterfeit. "Borrowed hair." Spenser.

The borrowed majesty of England. Shak.

5. To receive; to take; to derive.

Any drop thou borrowedst from thy mother. Shak.

To borrow trouble, to be needlessly troubled; to be overapprehensive.

Bor"row, n. 1. Something deposited as security; a pledge; a surety; a hostage. [Obs.]

Ye may retain as borrows my two priests. Sir W. Scott.

2. The act of borrowing. [Obs.]

Of your royal presence I'll adventure The borrow of a week. Shak.

Bor"row*er (&?;), n. One who borrows.

Neither a borrower nor a lender be. Shak.

Bors"hold`er (&?;), n. [OE. borsolder; prob. fr. AS. borg, gen. borges, pledge + ealdor elder. See Borrow, and Elder, a.] (Eng. Law) The head or chief of a tithing, or borough (see 2d Borough); the headborough; a parish constable. Spelman.

Bort (&?;), n. Imperfectly crystallized or coarse diamonds, or fragments made in cutting good diamonds which are reduced to powder and used in lapidary work.

Bo"ru*ret (&?;), n. (Chem.) A boride. [Obs.]

Bor"we (&?;), n. Pledge; borrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Bos (&?;), n. [L., ox, cow.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ruminant quadrupeds, including the wild and domestic cattle, distinguished by a stout body, hollow horns, and a large fold of skin hanging from the neck.

||Bo"sa (&?;), n. [Ar. b&?;za, Pers. b&?;zah: cf. F. bosan.] A drink, used in the East. See Boza.

Bos"cage (&?;), n. [OF. boscage grove, F. bocage, fr. LL. boscus, buscus, thicket, wood. See 1st Bush.] 1. A growth of trees or shrubs; underwood; a thicket; thick foliage; a wooded landscape.

2. (O. Eng. Law) Food or sustenance for cattle, obtained from bushes and trees; also, a tax on wood.

Bosh (&?;), n. [Cf. G. posse joke, trifle; It. bozzo a rough stone, bozzetto a rough sketch, s-bozzo a rough draught, sketch.] Figure; outline; show. [Obs.]

Bosh, n. [Turk.] Empty talk; contemptible nonsense; trash; humbug. [Colloq.]

Bosh, n.; pl. Boshes (&?;). [Cf. G. böschung a slope.]

1. One of the sloping sides of the lower part of a blast furnace; also, one of the hollow iron or brick sides of the bed of a puddling or boiling furnace.

2. pl. The lower part of a blast furnace, which slopes inward, or the widest space at the top of this part.

3. In forging and smelting, a trough in which tools and ingots are cooled.

||Bosh"bok (&?;), n. [D. bosch wood + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) A kind of antelope. See Bush buck.

||Bosh"vark (&?;), n. [D. bosch wood + varken pig.] (Zoöl.) The bush hog. See under Bush, a thicket.

||Bos"jes*man (&?;), n.; pl. Bosjesmans. [D. boschjesman.] See Bushman.

Bosk (&?;), n. [See Bosket.] A thicket; a small wood. "Through bosk and dell." Sir W. Scott.

Bos"kage (&?;), n. Same as Boscage.

Thridding the somber boskage of the wood. Tennyson.

{ Bos"ket, Bos"quet } (&?;), n. [F. bosquet a little wood, dim. fr. LL. boscus. See Boscage, and cf. Bouquet.] (Gardening) A grove; a thicket; shrubbery; an inclosure formed by branches of trees, regularly or irregularly disposed.

Bosk"i*ness (&?;), n. Boscage; also, the state or quality of being bosky.

Bosk"y (&?;), a. [Cf. Bushy.] 1. Woody or bushy; covered with boscage or thickets. Milton.

2. Caused by boscage.

Darkened over by long bosky shadows. H. James.

Bos"om (bz"m), n. [AS. b&?;sm; akin to D. bozem, Fries. b&?;sm, OHG. puosum, G. busen, and prob. E. bough.] 1. The breast of a human being; the part, between the arms, to which anything is pressed when embraced by them.

You must prepare your bosom for his knife. Shak.

2. The breast, considered as the seat of the passions, affections, and operations of the mind; consciousness; secret thoughts.

Tut, I am in their bosoms, and I know Wherefore they do it. Shak.

If I covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding my iniquity in my bosom. Job xxxi. 33.

3. Embrace; loving or affectionate inclosure; fold.

Within the bosom of that church. Hooker.

4. Any thing or place resembling the breast; a supporting surface; an inner recess; the interior; as, the bosom of the earth. "The bosom of the ocean." Addison.

5. The part of the dress worn upon the breast; an article, or a portion of an article, of dress to be worn upon the breast; as, the bosom of a shirt; a linen bosom.

He put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow. Ex. iv. 6.

6. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] Shak.

7. A depression round the eye of a millstone. Knight.

Bos"om, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the bosom.

2. Intimate; confidential; familiar; trusted; cherished; beloved; as, a bosom friend.

Bos"om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bosomed (-md); p. pr. & vb. n. Bosoming.] 1. To inclose or carry in the bosom; to keep with care; to take to heart; to cherish.

Bosom up my counsel, You'll find it wholesome. Shak.

2. To conceal; to hide from view; to embosom.

To happy convents bosomed deep in vines. Pope.

Bos"omed (bz"md), a. Having, or resembling, bosom; kept in the bosom; hidden.

Bos"om*y (-), a. Characterized by recesses or sheltered hollows.

Bo"son (b"s'n), n. See Boatswain. [Obs.] Dryden.

Bos*po"ri*an (&?;), a. [L. Bosporus, G. Bo`sporos, lit., ox-ford, the ox's or heifer's ford, on account of Io's passage here as a heifer; fr. boy^s ox, heifer + po`ros ford.] Of or pertaining to the Thracian or the Cimmerian Bosporus.

The Alans forced the Bosporian kings to pay them tribute and exterminated the Taurians. Tooke.

Bos"po*rus (bs"p*rs), n. [L.] A strait or narrow sea between two seas, or a lake and a seas; as, the Bosporus (formerly the Thracian Bosporus) or Strait of Constantinople, between the Black Sea and Sea of Marmora; the Cimmerian Bosporus, between the Black Sea and Sea of Azof. [Written also Bosphorus.]

Bos"quet (&?;), n. See Bosket.

Boss (bs; 115), n.; pl. Bosses (-z). [OE. boce, bose, boche, OF. boce, boche, bosse, F. bosse, of G. origin; cf. OHG. bzo tuft, bunch, OHG. bzan, MHG. bôzen, to beat. See Beat, and cf. Botch a swelling.] 1. Any protuberant part; a round, swelling part or body; a knoblike process; as, a boss of wood.

2. A protuberant ornament on any work, either of different material from that of the work or of the same, as upon a buckler or bridle; a stud; a knob; the central projection of a shield. See Umbilicus.

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3. (Arch.) A projecting ornament placed at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether vaulted or flat, and in other situations.

4. [Cf. D. bus box, Dan. bösse.] A wooden vessel for the mortar used in tiling or masonry, hung by a hook from the laths, or from the rounds of a ladder. Gwilt.

5. (Mech.) (a) The enlarged part of a shaft, on which a wheel is keyed, or at the end, where it is coupled to another. (b) A swage or die used for shaping metals.

6. A head or reservoir of water. [Obs.]

Boss (bs), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bossed (bst); p. pr. & vb. n. Bossing.] [OE. bocen, fr. OF. bocier. See the preceding word.] To ornament with bosses; to stud.

Boss, n. [D. baas master.] A master workman or superintendent; a director or manager; a political dictator. [Slang, U. S.]

Boss"age (&?;), n. [F. bossage, fr. bosse. See Boss a stud.] 1. (Arch.) A stone in a building, left rough and projecting, to be afterward carved into shape. Gwilt.

2. (Arch.) Rustic work, consisting of stones which seem to advance beyond the level of the building, by reason of indentures or channels left in the joinings. Gwilt.

Bossed (&?;), a. Embossed; also, bossy.

Bos"set (&?;), n. [Cf. Boss a stud.] (Zoöl.) A rudimental antler of a young male of the red deer.

Boss"ism (&?;), n. The rule or practices of bosses, esp. political bosses. [Slang, U. S.]

Boss"y (&?;), a. Ornamented with bosses; studded.

Bos"sy, n. [Dim. fr. Prov. E. boss in boss-calf, buss-calf, for boose-calf, prop., a calf kept in the stall. See 1st Boose.] A cow or calf; -- familiarly so called. [U. S.]

Bos"ton (&?;), n. A game at cards, played by four persons, with two packs of fifty-two cards each; -- said to be so called from Boston, Massachusetts, and to have been invented by officers of the French army in America during the Revolutionary war.

Bos*well"i*an (&?;), a. Relating to, or characteristic of, Boswell, the biographer of Dr. Johnson.

Bos"well*ism (&?;), n. The style of Boswell.

Bot (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Bots.

{ Bo*tan"ic (&?;), Bo*tan"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. botanique. See Botany.] Of or pertaining to botany; relating to the study of plants; as, a botanical system, arrangement, textbook, expedition. -- Botan"ic*al*ly, adv.

Botanic garden, a garden devoted to the culture of plants collected for the purpose of illustrating the science of botany. -- Botanic physician, a physician whose medicines consist chiefly of herbs and roots.

Bot"a*nist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. botaniste.] One skilled in botany; one versed in the knowledge of plants.

Bot"a*nize (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Botanized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Botanizing (&?;).] [Cf. F. botaniser.] To seek after plants for botanical investigation; to study plants.

Bot"a*nize, v. t. To explore for botanical purposes.

Bot"a*ni`zer (&?;), n. One who botanizes.

Bot`a*nol"o*ger (&?;), n. A botanist. [Obs.]

Bot`a*nol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Botany + -logy: cf. F. botanologie.] The science of botany. [Obs.] Bailey.

Bot"a*no*man`cy (&?;), n. [Botany + -mancy: cf. F. botanomantie.] An ancient species of divination by means of plants, esp. sage and fig leaves.

Bot"a*ny (&?;), n.; pl. Botanies (&?;). [F. botanique, a. & n., fr. Gr. &?; botanic, fr. &?; herb, plant, fr. &?; to feed, graze.] 1. The science which treats of the structure of plants, the functions of their parts, their places of growth, their classification, and the terms which are employed in their description and denomination. See Plant.

2. A book which treats of the science of botany.

Botany is divided into various departments; as, Structural Botany, which investigates the structure and organic composition of plants; Physiological Botany, the study of their functions and life; and Systematic Botany, which has to do with their classification, description, nomenclature, etc.

Bot"a*ny Bay" (&?;). A harbor on the east coast of Australia, and an English convict settlement there; -- so called from the number of new plants found on its shore at its discovery by Cook in 1770.

Hence, any place to which desperadoes resort.

Botany Bay kino (Med.), an astringent, reddish substance consisting of the inspissated juice of several Australian species of Eucalyptus. -- Botany Bay resin (Med.), a resin of reddish yellow color, resembling gamboge, the product of different Australian species of Xanthorrhæa, esp. the grass tree (X. hastilis).

Bo*tar"go (&?;), n. [It. bottarga, bottarica; or Sp. botarga; a kind of large sausages, a sort of wide breeches: cf. F. boutargue.] A sort of cake or sausage, made of the salted roes of the mullet, much used on the coast of the Mediterranean as an incentive to drink.

Botch (&?;), n.; pl. Botches (&?;). [Same as Boss a stud. For senses 2 & 3 cf. D. botsen to beat, akin to E. beat.] 1. A swelling on the skin; a large ulcerous affection; a boil; an eruptive disease. [Obs. or Dial.]

Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss. Milton.

2. A patch put on, or a part of a garment patched or mended in a clumsy manner.

3. Work done in a bungling manner; a clumsy performance; a piece of work, or a place in work, marred in the doing, or not properly finished; a bungle.

To leave no rubs nor botches in the work. Shak.

Botch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Botched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Botching.] [See Botch, n.] 1. To mark with, or as with, botches.

Young Hylas, botched with stains. Garth.

2. To repair; to mend; esp. to patch in a clumsy or imperfect manner, as a garment; -- sometimes with up.

Sick bodies . . . to be kept and botched up for a time. Robynson (More's Utopia).

3. To put together unsuitably or unskillfully; to express or perform in a bungling manner; to spoil or mar, as by unskillful work.

For treason botched in rhyme will be thy bane. Dryden.

Botch"ed*ly (&?;), adv. In a clumsy manner.

Botch"er (&?;), n. 1. One who mends or patches, esp. a tailor or cobbler. Shak.

2. A clumsy or careless workman; a bungler.

3. (Zoöl.) A young salmon; a grilse.

Botch"er*ly, a. Bungling; awkward. [R.]

Botch"er*y (&?;), n. A botching, or that which is done by botching; clumsy or careless workmanship.

Botch"y (&?;), a. Marked with botches; full of botches; poorly done. "This botchy business." Bp. Watson.

Bote (&?;), n. [Old form of boot; -- used in composition. See 1st Boot.] (Law) (a) Compensation; amends; satisfaction; expiation; as, man bote, a compensation or a man slain. (b) Payment of any kind. Bouvier. (c) A privilege or allowance of necessaries.

This word is still used in composition as equivalent to the French estovers, supplies, necessaries; as, housebote, a sufficiency of wood to repair a house, or for fuel, sometimes called firebote; so plowbote, cartbote, wood for making or repairing instruments of husbandry; haybote or hedgebote, wood for hedges, fences, etc. These were privileges enjoyed by tenants under the feudal system. Burrill. Bouvier. Blackstone.

Bote"less, a. Unavailing; in vain. See Bootless.

Bot"fly` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A dipterous insect of the family (Estridæ, of many different species, some of which are particularly troublesome to domestic animals, as the horse, ox, and sheep, on which they deposit their eggs. A common species is one of the botflies of the horse (Gastrophilus equi), the larvæ of which (bots) are taken into the stomach of the animal, where they live several months and pass through their larval states. In tropical America one species sometimes lives under the human skin, and another in the stomach. See Gadfly.

Both (&?;), a. or pron. [OE. bothe, ba&?;e, fr. Icel. b&?;ir; akin to Dan. baade, Sw. båda, Goth. baj&?;&?;s, OHG. beid&?;, b&?;d&?;, G. & D. beide, also AS. begen, b, b&?;, Goth. bai, and Gr. &?;, L. ambo, Lith. abà, OSlav. oba, Skr. ubha. &radic;310. Cf. Amb-.] The one and the other; the two; the pair, without exception of either.

It is generally used adjectively with nouns; as, both horses ran away; but with pronouns, and often with nous, it is used substantively, and followed by of.

It frequently stands as a pronoun.

She alone is heir to both of us. Shak.

Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech; and both of them made a covenant. Gen. xxi. 27.

He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate; but he will bear both, because he is prepared for both. Bolingbroke.

It is often used in apposition with nouns or pronouns.

Thy weal and woe are both of them extremes. Shak.

This said, they both betook them several ways. Milton.

Both now always precedes any other attributive words; as, both their armies; both our eyes.

Both of is used before pronouns in the objective case; as, both of us, them, whom, etc.; but before substantives its used is colloquial, both (without of) being the preferred form; as, both the brothers.

Both, conj. As well; not only; equally.