Chapter 912

Lithographic limestone (Min.) , a compact, fine-grained limestone, obtained largely from the Lias and O\'94lite, esp. of Bavaria, and extensively used in lithography.

-- Lith`o*graph"ic*al*ly , adv.

Lithography <Xpage=860>

Li*thog"ra*phy (?) , n. [Cf. F. lithographie .] The art or process of putting designs or writing, with a greasy material, on stone, and of producing printed impressions therefrom. The process depends, in the main, upon the antipathy between grease and water, which prevents a printing ink containing oil from adhering to wetted parts of the stone not covered by the design. See Lithographic limestone , under Lithographic . <-- now used for a similar process using any flat surface, such as a metal plate, for a similar purpose. (b) The process of producing patterns on semiconductor crystals by exposing photosensitive coatings on a matrix, such as silicon, to light patterns in the form desired for the circuit, and subsequently treating (e.g., chemically) the patterns thus formed in such a way as to create integrated semiconductor circuits with the desired properties. This is the principle method (1990's) to create the high-density integrated circuits used in the digital computers on which you are reading this. -->

Lithoid Lithoidal <Xpage=860>

Lith"oid (?) Li*thoid"al (?) , a. [ Litho- + -oid : cf. F. litho\'8bde .] Like a stone; having a stony structure.

Litholatry <Xpage=860>

Li*thol"a*try (?) , n. [ Litho- + Gr. <?/ worship.] The worship of a stone or stones.

Lithologic, Lithological <Xpage=860>

Lith`o*log"ic (?) , Lith`o*log"ic*al (?) , a. [Cf. F. lithologique .] 1. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the character of a rock, as derived from the nature and mode of aggregation of its mineral contents.

2. Of or pertaining to lithology.

Lithologically <Xpage=860>

Lith`o*log"ic*al*ly (?) , adv. From a lithological point of view; as, to consider a stratum lithologically .

Lithologist <Xpage=860>

Li*thol"o*gist (?) , n. One who is skilled in lithology.

Lithology <Xpage=860>

Li*thol"o*gy (?) , n. [ Litho- + -logy : cf. F. lithologie .] 1. The science which treats of rocks, as regards their mineral constitution and classification, and their mode of occurrence in nature.

2. (Med.) A treatise on stones found in the body.

Lithomancy <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*man`cy (?) , n. [ Litho- + -mancy : cf. F. lithomancie .] Divination by means of stones.

Lithomarge <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*marge (?) , n. [ Litho- + L. marga marl.] A clay of a fine smooth texture, and very sectile.

Lithonthriptic, Lithonthryptic <Xpage=860>

Lith`on*thrip"tic , Lith`on*thryp"tic (?) , a. & n. [ Litho- + Gr. <?/ to crush.] Same as Lithontriptic .

Lithontriptic <Xpage=860>

Lith`on*trip"tic (?) , a. [Gr. <?/, acc. <?/, a stone + <?/ to rub, grind: cf. F. lithontriptique .] (Med.) Having the quality of, or used for, dissolving or destroying stone in the bladder or kidneys; as, lithontriptic forc\'82ps . -- n. A lithontriptic remedy or agent, as distilled water.

Lithontriptist <Xpage=860>

Lith"on*trip"tist , n. Same as Lithotriptist .

Lithontriptor <Xpage=860>

Lith"on*trip`tor (?) , n. (Surg.) See Lithotriptor .

Lithophagous <Xpage=860>

Li*thoph"a*gous (?) , a. [ Litho- + Gr. <?/ to eat.] (Zo\'94l.) (a) Eating or swallowing stones or gravel, as the ostrich. (b) Eating or destroying stone; -- applied to various animals which make burrows in stone, as many bivalve mollusks, certain sponges, annelids, and sea urchins. See Lithodomus .

Lithophane <Xpage=860>

Lith`o*phane (?) , n. [ Litho- + Gr. <?/ to show, reveal.] Porcelain impressed with figures which are made distinct by transmitted light, -- as when hung in a window, or used as a lamp shade.

Lithophosphor <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*phos`phor (?) , n. [ Litho- + phosphor .] A stone that becomes phosphoric by heat.

Lithophosphoric <Xpage=860>

Lith`o*phos*phor"ic (?) , a. Pertaining to lithophosphor; becoming phosphoric by heat.

Lithophotography <Xpage=860>

Lith`o*pho*tog"ra*phy (?) , n. [ Litho- + photography .] Same as Photolithography .

Lithophyll <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*phyll (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ a stone + <?/ a leaf: cf. F. lithophylle .] A fossil leaf or impression of a leaf.

Lithophyse <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*physe (?) , n. [ Litho- + Gr. <?/ a flatus, air bubble.] (Min.) A spherulitic cavity often with concentric chambers, observed in some volcanic rocks, as in rhyolitic lavas. It is supposed to be produced by expanding gas, whence the name.

Lithophyte <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*phyte (?) , n. [ Litho- + Gr. <?/ plant: cf. F. lithophyte .] (Zo\'94l.) A hard, or stony, plantlike organism, as the gorgonians, corals, and corallines, esp. those gorgonians having a calcareous axis. All the lithophytes except the corallines are animals.

Lithophytic <Xpage=860>

Lith`o*phyt"ic (?) , a. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to lithophytes.

Lithophytous <Xpage=860>

Li*thoph"y*tous (?) , a. Lithophytic.

Lithosian <Xpage=860>

Li*tho"sian (?) , n. [From NL. Lithosia , the typical genus, fr. Gr. <?/ a stone, a rock.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of various species of moths belonging to the family Lithosid\'91 . Many of them are beautifully colored.

Lithotint <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*tint (?) , n. [ Litho- + tint .] 1. A kind of lithography by which the effect of a tinted drawing is produced, as if made with India ink.

2. A picture produced by this process.

Lithotome <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*tome (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ cutting stones; <?/ stone + <?/ to cut: cf. F. lithotome .] 1. A stone so formed by nature as to appear as if cut by art.

2. (Surg.) An instrument used for cutting the bladder in operations for the stone.

Lithotomic, Lithotomical <Xpage=860>

Lith`o*tom"ic (?) , Lith`o*tom"ic*al (?) , a. [Gr. <?/ stone cutting: cf. F. lithotomique .] Pertaining to, or performed by, lithotomy.

Lithotomist <Xpage=860>

Li*thot"o*mist (?) , n. [Cf. F. lithotomiste .] One who performs the operation of cutting for stone in the bladder, or one who is skilled in the operation.

Lithotomy <Xpage=860>

Li*thot"o*my (?) , n. [L. lithotomia , Gr. <?/: cf. F. lithotomie .] (Surg.) The operation, art, or practice of cutting for stone in the bladder.

Lithotripsy <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*trip`sy (?) , n. [ Litho- + Gr. <?/ to rub, grind: cf. F. lithotripsie .] (Surg.) The operation of crushing a stone in the bladder with an instrument called lithotriptor or lithotrite ; lithotrity.

Lithotriptic <Xpage=860>

Lith`o*trip"tic (?) , a. & n. Same as Lithontriptic .

Lithotriptist <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*trip`tist (?) , n. One skilled in breaking and extracting stone in the bladder.

Lithotriptor <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*trip`tor (?) , n. (Surg.) An instrument for triturating the stone in the bladder; a lithotrite.

Lithotrite, Lithotritor <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*trite (?) , Lith"o*tri"tor (?) , [See Lithotrity .] (Surg.) A lithotriptor.

Lithotritist <Xpage=860>

Li*thot"ri*tist (?) , n. A lithotriptist.

Lithotrity <Xpage=860>

Li*thot"ri*ty (?) , n. [ Litho- + L. terere , tritum , to rub, grind.] (Surg.) The operation of breaking a stone in the bladder into small pieces capable of being voided. <-- = lithotripsy? -->

Lithotype <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*type (?) , n. A kind of stereotype plate made by lithotypy; also, that which in printed from it. See Lithotypy .

Lithotype <Xpage=860>

Lith"o*type , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Lithotyped (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Lithotyping (?) .] To prepare for printing with plates made by the process of lithotypy. See Lithotypy .

Lithotypic <Xpage=860>

Lith`o*typ"ic (?) , a. Of, pertaining to, or produced by, lithotypy.

Lithotypy <Xpage=860>

Li*thot"y*py (?) , n. [ Litho- + -typy .] The art or process of making a kind of hard, stereotypeplate, by pressing into a mold, taken from a page of type or other matter, a composition of gum shell-lac and sand of a fine quality, together with a little tar and linseed oil, all in a heated state.

Lithoxyl <Xpage=860>

Li*thox`yl (?) , n. [Written also lithoxyle .] [ Litho- + Gr. <?/ wood: cf. F. lithoxyle .] Petrified wood. [Obs.]

Lithuanian <Xpage=860>

Lith`u*a"ni*an (?) , a. Of or pertaining to Lithuania (formerly a principality united with Poland, but now Russian and Prussian territory). <-- after 1992, an independent country. -->

Lithuanian <Xpage=860>

Lith`u*a"ni*an , n. A native, or one of the people, of Lithuania; also, the language of the Lithuanian people.

Lithy <Xpage=860>

Lith"y (?) a. [See Lithe .] Easily bent; pliable.

Lithy tree (Bot.) , a European shrub ( Viburnum Lantana ); -- so named from its tough and flexible stem.

Litigable <Xpage=860>

Lit"i*ga*ble (?) , a. Such as can be litigated.

Litigant <Xpage=860>

Lit"i*gant (?) , a. [L. litigans , -antis , p. pr. of litigare : cf. F. litigant . See Litigate .] Disposed to litigate; contending in law; engaged in a lawsuit; as, the parties litigant .

Ayliffe.

Litigant <Xpage=860>

Lit"i*gant , n. A person engaged in a lawsuit.

Litigate <Xpage=860>

Lit"i*gate (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Litigated (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Litigating .] [See Litigation .] To make the subject of a lawsuit; to contest in law; to prosecute or defend by pleadings, exhibition of evidence, and judicial debate in a court; as, to litigate a cause .

Litigate <Xpage=860>

Lit"i*gate , v. i. To carry on a suit by judicial process.

Litigation <Xpage=860>

Lit`i*ga"tion (?) , n. [L. litigatio , fr. litigare to dispute, litigate; lis , litis , dispute, lawsuit (OL. stlis ) + agere to carry on. See Agent .] The act or process of litigating; a suit at law; a judicial contest.

Litigator <Xpage=860>

Lit"i*ga`tor (?) , n. [L.] One who litigates.

Litigious <Xpage=860>

Li*ti"gious (?) , a. [L. litigiosus , fr. litigium dispute, quarrel, fr. litigare : cf. F. litigieux . See Litigation .] 1. Inclined to judicial contest; given to the practice of contending in law; guarrelsome; contentious; fond of litigation. " A pettifogging attorney or a litigious client."

Macaulay.

Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still Litigious men, who guarrels move. Donne.

2. Subject to contention; disputable; controvertible; debatable; doubtful; precarious.

Shak.

No fences, parted fields, nor marks, nor bounds, Distinguished acres of litigious grounds. Dryden.

3. Of or pertaining to legal disputes.

Nor brothers cite to the litigious bar. Young.

Litigiously <Xpage=860>

Li*ti"gious*ly , adv. In a litigious manner.

Litigiousness <Xpage=860>

Li*ti"gious*ness , n. The state of being litigious; disposition to engage in or carry on lawsuits.

Litmus <Xpage=860>

Lit"mus (?) , n. [D. lakmoes ; lak lacker + moes a thick preparation of fruit, pap, prob. akin to E. meat : cf. G. lackmus . See Lac a resinous substance.] (Chem.) A dyestuff extracted from certain lichens ( Roccella tinctoria , Lecanora tartarea , etc.), as a blue amorphous mass which consists of a compound of the alkaline carbonates with certain coloring matters related to orcin and orcein.

&hand; Litmus is used as a dye, and being turned red by acids and restored to its blue color by alkalies, is a common indicator or test for acidity and alkalinity.

Litmus paper (Chem.) , unsized paper saturated with blue or red litmus, -- used in testing for acids or alkalies. <-- litmus test, (Fig.) a test for a single factor, which has only two outcomes, positive or negative; (Politics) For voters concerned predominantly by a single issue, the question of whether a candidate is for or against their position on that issue. -->

Litotes <Xpage=860>

Li"to*tes (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/, from <?/ plain, simple.] (Rhet.) A diminution or softening of statement for the sake of avoiding censure or increasing the effect by contrast with the moderation shown in the form of expression; as, " a citizen of no mean city," that is, of an illustrious city .

Litraneter <Xpage=860>

Li*tran"e*ter (?) , n. [Gr. li`tra + -meter . See Liter ] An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids.

Litre <Xpage=860>

Li"tre (?) , n. [F.] Same as Liter .

Litter <Xpage=860>

Lit"ter (?) , n. [F. liti\'8are , LL. lectaria , fr. L. lectus couch, bed. See Lie to be prostrated, and cf. Coverlet .] 1. A bed or stretcher so arranged that a person, esp. a sick or wounded person, may be easily carried in or upon it.

There is a litter ready; lay him in 't. Shak.

2. Straw, hay, etc., scattered on a floor, as bedding for animals to rest on; also, a covering of straw for plants.

To crouch in litter of your stable planks. Shak.

Take off the litter from your kernel beds. Evelyn.

3. Things lying scattered about in a manner indicating slovenliness; scattered rubbish.

Strephon, who found the room was void. Stole in, and took a strict survey Of all the litter as it lay. Swift.

4. Disorder or untidiness resulting from scattered rubbish, or from thongs lying about uncared for; as, a room in a state of litter .

5. The young brought forth at one time, by a sow or other multiparous animal, taken collectively. Also Fig.

A wolf came to a sow, and very kindly offered to take care of her litter . D. Estrange.

Reflect upon numerous litter of strange, senseless opinions that crawl about the world. South.

Litter <Xpage=860>

Lit"ter , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Littered (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Littering .] 1. To supply with litter, as cattle; to cover with litter, as the floor of a stall.

Tell them how they litter their jades. Bp. Hacke<?/.

For his ease, well littered was the floor. Dryden.

2. To put into a confused or disordered condition; to strew with scattered articles; as, to litter a room .

The room with volumes littered round. Swift.

3. To give birth to; to bear; -- said of brutes, esp. those which produce more than one at a birth, and also of human beings, in abhorrence or contempt.

We might conceive that dogs were created blind, because we observe they were littered so with us. Sir T. Browne.

The son that she did litter here, A freckled whelp hagborn. Shak.

<page="861"> Page 861

Litter <Xpage=861>

Lit"ter (?) , v. i. 1. To be supplied with litter as bedding; to sleep or make one's bed in litter. [R.]

The inn Where he and his horse littered . Habington.

2. To produce a litter.

A desert . . . where the she-wolf still littered . Macaulay.

Litterateur <Xpage=861>

Lit`te`ra`teur" (?) , n. [F.] One who occupies himself with literature; a literary man; a literatus. " Befriended by one kind-hearted litt\'82rateur after another."

C. Kingsley.

Littery <Xpage=861>

Lit"ter*y (?) , a. Covered or encumbered with litter; consisting of or constituting litter.

Little <Xpage=861>

Lit"tle (?) , a. [The regular comparative of this word is wanting, its place being supplied by less , or, rarely, lesser . See Lesser . For the superlative least is used, the regular form, littlest , occurring very rarely, except in some of the English provinces, and occasionally in colloquial language. " Where love is great, the littlest doubts are fear." Shak .] [OE. litel , lutel , AS. l<?/tel , l\'c6tel , l<?/t ; akin to OS. littil , D. luttel , LG. l\'81tt , OHG. luzzil , MHG. l\'81tzel ; and perh. to AS. lytig deceitful, lot deceit, Goth. liuts deceitful, lut<?/n to deceive; cf. also Icel. l\'c6till little, Sw. liten , Dan. liden , lille , Goth. leitils , which appear to have a different root vowel.] 1. Small in size or extent; not big; diminutive; -- opposed to big or large ; as, a little body; a little animal; a little piece of ground; a little hill; a little distance; a little child.

He sought to see Jesus who he was; and could not for the press, because he was little of stature. Luke xix. 3.

2. Short in duration; brief; as, a little sleep .

Best him enough: after a little time, I'll beat him too. Shak.

3. Small in quantity or amount; not much; as, a little food; a little air or water.

Conceited of their little wisdoms, and doting upon their own fancies. Barrow.

4. Small in dignity, power, or importance; not great; insignificant; contemptible.

When thou wast little in thine own sight, wast thou not made the head of the tribes? I Sam. xv. 17.

5. Small in force or efficiency; not strong; weak; slight; inconsiderable; as, little attention or exertion; little effort; little care or diligence.

By sad experiment I know How little weight my words with thee can find. Milton.

6. Small in extent of views or sympathies; narrow; shallow; contracted; mean; illiberal; ungenerous.

The long-necked geese of the world that are ever hissing dispraise, Because their natures are little . Tennyson.

Little chief . (Zo\'94l.) See Chief hare . -- Little finger , the fourth and smallest finger of the hand. -- Little go (Eng. Universities) , a public examination about the middle of the course, which as less strict and important than the final one; -- called also smalls . Cf. Great go , under Great . Thackeray . -- Little hours (R. C. Ch.) , the offices of prime, tierce, sext, and nones. Vespers and compline are sometimes included. -- Little ones , young children.