Chapter 90

Arc"tic (#) , a. [OE. artik , OF. artique , F. arctique , L. arcticus , fr. Gr. <?/, fr. <?/ a bear, also a northern constellation so called; akin to L. ursus bear, Skr. <?/ksha.] Pertaining to, or situated under, the northern constellation called the Bear ; northern; frigid; as, the arctic pole, circle, region, ocean; an arctic expedition, night, temperature.

&hand; The arctic circle is a lesser circle, parallel to the equator, 23&deg; 28\'b7 from the north pole. This and the antarctic circle are called the polar circles , and between these and the poles lie the frigid zones. See Zone .

Arctic <Xpage=79>

Arc"tic , n. 1. The arctic circle.

2. A warm waterproof overshoe. [U.S.]

Arctisca <Xpage=79>

Arc*tis"ca (#) , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ bear.] (Zo\'94l.) A group of Arachnida. See Illust . in Appendix.

Arctogeal <Xpage=79>

Arc`to*ge"al (#) , a. [Gr. <?/ the north + <?/, <?/, country.] (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to arctic lands; as, the arctogeal fauna .

Arctoidea <Xpage=79>

Arc*toid"e*a (#) , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ bear + -oid .] (Zo\'94l.) A group of the Carnivora, that includes the bears, weasels, etc.

Arcturus <Xpage=79>

Arc*tu"rus (#) , n. [L. Arcturus , Gr. <?/ bearward, equiv. to <?/; <?/ bear + <?/ ward, guard. See Arctic .] (Anat.) A fixed star of the first magnitude in the constellation Bo\'94tes.

&hand; Arcturus has sometimes been incorrectly used as the name of the constellation, or even of Ursa Major.

Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons [Rev. Ver.: "the Bear with her train"]. Job xxxviii. 32.

Arcual <Xpage=79>

Arc"u*al (#) , a. Of or pertaining to an arc.

Arcual measure of an angle (Math.) , that in which the unit angle has its measuring arc equal to the radius of the circle.

Arcuate, Arcuated <Xpage=79>

Arc"u*ate (#) , Arc"u*a`ted (#) (#), a. [L. arcuatus , p. p. of arcuare to shape like a bow, fr. arcus . See Arc .] Bent or curved in the form of a bow. " Arcuate stalks."

Gray.

Arcuately <Xpage=79>

Arc"u*ate*ly (#) , adv. In the form of a bow.

Arcuation <Xpage=79>

Arc`u*a"tion (#) , n. [L. arcuatio .] 1. The act of bending or curving; incurvation; the state of being bent; crookedness.

Coxe.

2. (Hort.) A mode of propagating trees by bending branches to the ground, and covering the small shoots with earth; layering.

Chambers.

Arcubalist <Xpage=79>

Ar"cu*ba*list (#) , n. [See Arbalist .] A crossbow.

Fosbroke.

Arcubalister <Xpage=79>

Ar`cu*bal"ist*er (#) , n. [L. arcuballistarius . Cf. Arbalister .] A crossbowman; one who used the arcubalist.

Camden.

Arcubus <Xpage=79>

Ar"cu*bus (#) , n. See Arquebus . [Obs.]

-ard, -art <Xpage=79>

-ard , -art . The termination of many English words; as, cow ard, reyn ard , drunk ard , mostly from the French, in which language this ending is of German origin, being orig. the same word as English hard . It usually has the sense of one who has to a high or excessive degree the quality expressed by the root ; as, bragg art , slugg ard .

Ardassine <Xpage=79>

Ar*das"sine (#) , n. [F. (cf. Sp. ardacina ), fr. ardasse a kind of silk thread, fr. Ar. & Per. ardan a kind of raw silk.] A very fine sort of Persian silk.

Ardency <Xpage=79>

Ar"den*cy (#) , n. 1. Heat. [R.]

Sir T. Herbert.

2. Warmth of passion or affection; ardor; vehemence; eagerness; as, the ardency of love or zeal .

Ardent <Xpage=79>

Ar"dent (#) , a. [OE. ardaunt , F. ardant , p. pr. of arder to burn, fr. L. ardere .] 1. Hot or burning; causing a sensation of burning; fiery; as, ardent spirits, that is, distilled liquors; an ardent fever.

2. Having the appearance or quality of fire; fierce; glowing; shining; as, ardent eyes .

Dryden.

3. Warm, applied to the passions and affections; passionate; fervent; zealous; vehement; as, ardent love, feelings, zeal, hope, temper .

An ardent and impetuous race. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Burning; hot; fiery; glowing; intense; fierce; vehement; eager; zealous; keen; fervid; fervent; passionate; affectionate.

Ardently <Xpage=79>

Ar"dent*ly (#) , adv. In an ardent manner; eagerly; with warmth; affectionately; passionately.

Ardentness <Xpage=79>

Ar"dent*ness , n. Ardency. [R.]

Ardor <Xpage=79>

Ar"dor (#) , n. [L. ardor , fr. ardere to burn: cf. OF. ardor , ardur , F. ardeur .] [Spelt also ardour .] 1. Heat, in a literal sense; as, the ardor of the sun's rays .

2. Warmth or heat of passion or affection; eagerness; zeal; as, he pursues study with ardor ; the fought with ardor ; martial ardor .

3. pl. Bright and effulgent spirits; seraphim. [Thus used by Milton.]

Syn. -- Fervor; warmth; eagerness. See Fervor .

Arduous <Xpage=79>

Ar"du*ous (?; 135) , a. [L. arduus steep, high; akin to Ir. ard high, height.] 1. Steep and lofty, in a literal sense; hard to climb.

Those arduous pats they trod. Pope.

2. Attended with great labor, like the ascending of acclivities; difficult; laborious; as, an arduous employment, task, or enterprise .

Syn. -- Difficult; trying; laborious; painful; exhausting. -- Arduous , Hard , Difficult . Hard is simpler, blunter, and more general in sense than difficult ; as, a hard duty to perform, hard work, a hard task, one which requires much bodily effort and perseverance to do . Difficult commonly implies more skill and sagacity than hard , as when there is disproportion between the means and the end. A work may be hard but not difficult . We call a thing arduous when it requires strenuous and persevering exertion, like that of one who is climbing a precipice; as, an arduous task, an arduous duty . "It is often difficult to control our feelings; it is still harder to subdue our will; but it is an arduous undertaking to control the unruly and contending will of others."

Arduously <Xpage=79>

Ar"du*ous*ly , adv. In an arduous manner; with difficulty or laboriousness.

Arduousness <Xpage=79>

Ar"du*ous*ness , n. The quality of being arduous; difficulty of execution.

Ardurous <Xpage=79>

Ar"du*rous (#) , a. Burning; ardent. [R.]

Lo! further on, Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore. Cary.

Are <Xpage=79>

Are (#) . [AS. (Northumbrian) aron , akin to the 1st pers. pl. forms, Icel. erum , Goth. sijum , L. sumus , Gr. <?/, Skr. smas ; all from a root as . <?/ See Am and Is , and cf. Be .] The present indicative plural of the substantive verb to be ; but etymologically a different word from be , or was . Am , art , are , and is , all come from the root as .

Are <Xpage=79>

Are (#) , n. [F., fr. L. area . See Area .] (Metric system) The unit of superficial measure, being a square of which each side is ten meters in length; 100 square meters, or about 119.6 square yards.

Area <Xpage=79>

A"re*a (?; 277) , n. ; pl. Areas (#) . [L. area a broad piece of level gro<?/<?/<?/. Cf. Are , n. ] 1. Any plane surface, as of the floor of a room or church, or of the ground within an inclosure; an open space in a building.

The Alban lake . . . looks like the area of some vast amphitheater. Addison.

2. The inclosed space on which a building stands.

3. The sunken space or court, giving ingress and affording light to the basement of a building.

4. An extent of surface; a tract of the earth's surface; a region; as, vast uncultivated areas .

5. (Geom.) The superficial contents of any figure; the surface included within any given lines; superficial extent; as, the area of a square or a triangle .

6. (Biol.) A spot or small marked space; as, the germinative area .

7. Extent; scope; range; as, a wide area of thought .

The largest area of human history and man's common nature. F. Harrison.

Dry area . See under Dry .

Aread, Areed <Xpage=79>

A*read" , A*reed" (#) , v. t. [OE. areden , AS. \'ber<?/dan to interpret. See Read .] 1. To tell, declare, explain, or interpret; to divine; to guess; as, to aread a riddle or a dream . [Obs.]

Therefore more plain aread this doubtful case. Spenser.

2. To read. [Obs.]

Drayton.

3. To counsel, advise, warn, or direct.

But mark what I aread thee now. Avaunt! Milton.

4. To decree; to adjudge. [Archaic]

Ld. Lytton.

Areal <Xpage=79>

A"re*al (#) , a. [Cf. L. arealis , fr. area .] Of or pertaining to an area; as, areal interstices (the areas or spaces inclosed by the reticulate vessels of leaves) .

Arear <Xpage=79>

A*rear" (#) , v. t. & i. [AS. \'ber<?/ran . See Rear .] To raise; to set up; to stir up. [Obs.]

Arear <Xpage=79>

A*rear" , adv. [See Arrear , adv .] Backward; in or to the rear; behindhand.

Spenser.

Areca <Xpage=79>

A*re"ca (#) , n. [Canarese adiki : cf. Pg. & Sp. areca .] (Bot.) A genus of palms, one species of which produces the areca nut, or betel nut, which is chewed in India with the leaf of the Piper Betle and lime.

Areek <Xpage=79>

A*reek" (#) , adv. & a. [Pref. a- + reek .] In a reeking condition.

Swift.

Arefaction <Xpage=79>

Ar`e*fac"tion (#) , n. [L. arefacere to dry.] The act of drying, or the state of growing dry.

The arefaction of the earth. Sir M. Hale.

Arefy <Xpage=79>

Ar"e*fy (#) , v. t. [L. arere to be dry + -fly .] To dry, or make dry.

Bacon.

Arena <Xpage=79>

A*re"na (#) , n. ; pl. E. Arenas (#) ; L. Aren\'91 (#) . [L. arena , harena , sand, a sandy place.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The area in the central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators fought and other shows were exhibited; -- so called because it was covered with sand.

2. Any place of public contest or exertion; any sphere of action; as, the arena of debate; the arena of life.

3. (Med.) "Sand" or "gravel" in the kidneys.

Arenaceous <Xpage=79>

Ar`e*na"ceous (#) , a. [L. arenaceus , fr. arena sand.] Sandy or consisting largely of sand; of the nature of sand; easily disintegrating into sand; friable; as, arenaceous limestone .

Arenarious <Xpage=79>

Ar`e*na"ri*ous (#) , a. [L. arenarius , fr. arena sand.] Sandy; as, arenarious soil .

<-- p. 80 -->

Arenation <Xpage=80>

Ar`e*na"tion (#) , n. [L. arenatio , fr. arena sand.] (Med.) A sand bath; application of hot sand to the body.

Dunglison.

Arendator <Xpage=80>

Ar`en*da"tor (#) , n. [LL. arendator , arrendator , fr. arendare , arrendare , to pay rent, fr. arenda yearly rent; ad + renda , F. rente , E. rent . Cf. Arrentation and Rent .] In some provinces of Russia, one who farms the rents or revenues.

&hand; A person who rents an estate belonging to the crown is called crown arendator .

Tooke.

Areng, Arenga <Xpage=80>

A*reng" (#) , A*ren"ga (#) , n. [Malayan.] A palm tree ( Saguerus saccharifer ) which furnishes sago, wine, and fibers for ropes; the gomuti palm.

Arenicolite <Xpage=80>

Ar`e*nic"o*lite (#) , n. [L. arena sand + colere to cherish or live.] (Paleon.) An ancient wormhole in sand, preserved in the rocks.

Dana.

Arenilitic <Xpage=80>

A*ren`i*lit"ic (#) , a. [L. arena sand + Gr. <?/ stone.] Of or pertaining to sandstone; as, arenilitic mountains .

Kirwan.

Arenose <Xpage=80>

Ar"e*nose (#) , a. [L. arenosus , fr. arena sand.] Sandy; full of sand.

Johnson.

Arenulous <Xpage=80>

A*ren"u*lous (#) , a. [L. arenula fine sand, dim. of arena .] Full of fine sand; like sand. [Obs.]

Areola <Xpage=80>

A*re"o*la (#) , n. ; pl. Areol\'91 (#) . [L. areola , dim. of area : cf. F. ar\'82ole . See Area .] 1. An interstice or small space, as between the cracks of the surface in certain crustaceous lichens; or as between the fibers composing organs or vessels that interlace; or as between the nervures of an insect's wing.

2. (Anat. & Med.) The colored ring around the nipple, or around a vesicle or pustule.

Areolar <Xpage=80>

A*re"o*lar (#) , a. Pertaining to, or like, an areola; filled with interstices or areol\'91.

reolar tissue (Anat.) , a form of fibrous connective tissue in which the fibers are loosely arranged with numerous spaces, or areol\'91, between them.

Areolate, Areolated <Xpage=80>

A*re"o*late (#) , A*re"o*la*ted , a. [L. areola : cf. F. ar\'82ole .] Divided into small spaces or areolations, as the wings of insects, the leaves of plants, or the receptacle of compound flowers.

Areolation <Xpage=80>

A`re*o*la"tion (#) , n. 1. Division into areol\'91.

Dana.

2. Any small space, bounded by some part different in color or structure, as the spaces bounded by the nervures of the wings of insects, or those by the veins of leaves; an areola.

Areole <Xpage=80>

A"re*ole (#) , n. Same as Areola .

Areolet <Xpage=80>

A*re"o*let (#) , n. [Dim. of L. areola .] (Zo\'94l.) A small inclosed area; esp. one of the small spaces on the wings of insects, circumscribed by the veins.

Areometer <Xpage=80>

A`re*om"e*ter (?; 277) , n. [Gr. <?/ <?/<?/in, rare + -meter : cf. F. ar\'82om\'8atre .] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the specific gravity of fluids; a form hydrometer.

Areometric, Areometrical <Xpage=80>

A`re*o*met"ric (#) , A`re*o*met"ric*al (#) , a. Pertaining to, or measured by, an areometer.

Areometry <Xpage=80>

A`re*om"e*try (#) , n. [Gr. <?/ thin, rare + -metry .] The art or process of measuring the specific gravity of fluids.

Areopagist <Xpage=80>

Ar`e*op"a*gist (#) , n. See Areopagite .

Areopagite <Xpage=80>

Ar`e*op"a*gite (#) , n. [L. Areopagites , Gr. <?/.] A member of the Areopagus.

Acts xvii. 34.

Areopagitic <Xpage=80>

Ar`e*op`a*git"ic (#) , a. [L. Areopagiticus , Gr. <?/.] Pertaining to the Areopagus.

Mitford.

Areopagus <Xpage=80>

Ar`e*op"a*gus , n. [L., fr. Gr. <?/, and <?/ <?/, hill of Ares (Mars' Hill).] The highest judicial court at Athens. Its sessions were held on Mars' Hill. Hence, any high court or tribunal

Areostyle <Xpage=80>

A*re"o*style (#) , a. & n. See Intercolumniation , and Ar\'91ostyle .

Areosystyle <Xpage=80>

A*re`o*sys"tyle (#) , a. & n. See Intercolumniation , and Ar\'91osystyle .

Arere <Xpage=80>

A*rere" (#) , v. t. & i. See Arear . [Obs.]

Ellis.

Arest <Xpage=80>

A*rest" (#) , n. A support for the spear when couched for the attack. [Obs.]

Chaucer.

Aret <Xpage=80>

A*ret" (#) , v. t. [OE. aretten , OF. areter ; a (L. ad ) + OF. reter , L. reputare . See Repute .] To reckon; to ascribe; to impute. [Obs.]

Chaucer.

Aretaics <Xpage=80>

Ar`e*ta"ics (#) , n. [Gr. <?/ virtue.] The ethical theory which excludes all relations between virtue and happiness; the science of virtue; -- contrasted with eudemonics .

J. Grote.

Aretology <Xpage=80>

Ar`e*tol"o*gy (#) , n. [Gr. <?/; <?/ virtue + <?/ discourse, <?/ to speak: cf. F. ar\'82tologie .] That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining to it.

Arew <Xpage=80>

A*rew" . adv. [See Arow , Row .] In a row. [Obs.] "All her teeth arew ."

Spenser.

Argal <Xpage=80>

Ar"gal (#) , n. Crude tartar. See Argol .

Argal <Xpage=80>

Ar"gal , adv. A ludicrous corruption of the Latin word ergo , therefore.

Shak.

Argal, Argali <Xpage=80>

Ar"gal (#) , Ar"ga*li , n. [Mongolian.] (Zo\'94l.) A species of wild sheep ( Ovis ammon , or O. argali ), remarkable for its large horns. It inhabits the mountains of Siberia and central Asia.

&hand; The bearded argali is the aoudad. See Aoudad . The name is also applied to the bighorn sheep of the Rocky Mountains. See Bighorn .

Argala <Xpage=80>

Ar"ga*la (#) , n. [Native name.] (Zo\'94l.) The adjutant bird.

Argand lamp <Xpage=80>

Ar"gand lamp` (#) . [Named from the inventor, Aim\'82 Argand of Geneva.] A lamp with a circular hollow wick and glass chimney which allow a current of air both inside and outside of the flame.

Argand burner , a burner for an Argand lamp, or a gas burner in which the principle of that lamp is applied.

Argas <Xpage=80>

Ar"gas (#) , n. A genus of venomous ticks which attack men and animals. The famous Persian Argas, also called Miana bug , is A. Persicus ; that of Central America, called talaje by the natives, is A. Talaje .

Argean <Xpage=80>

Ar*ge"an (#) , a. Pertaining to the ship Argo. See Argo .

Argent <Xpage=80>

Ar"gent (#) , n. [F. argent , fr. L. argentum , silver; akin to Gr. <?/ silver, <?/, <?/, white, bright, Skr. rajata white, silver, raj to shine, Ir. arg white, milk, airgiod silver, money, and L. arguere to make clear. See Argue .] 1. Silver, or money. [Archaic]

2. (Fig. & Poet.) Whiteness; anything that is white.