Chapter 87

Ar"ab (?; 277) , n. [Prob. ultimately fr. Heb. arabah a desert, the name employed, in the Old Testament, to denote the valley of the Jordan and Dead Sea. Ar. Arab , Heb. arabi , arbi , arbim : cf. F. Arabe , L. Arabs , Gr. <?/.] One of a swarthy race occupying Arabia, and numerous in Syria, Northern Africa, etc.

Street Arab , a homeless vagabond in the streets of a city, particularly and outcast boy or girl. Tylor.

The ragged outcasts and street Arabs who are shivering in damp doorways. Lond. Sat. Rev.

Arabesque <Xpage=76>

Ar`a*besque" (#) , n. [F. arabesque , fr. It. arabesco , fr. Arabo Arab.] A style of ornamentation either painted, inlaid, or carved in low relief. It consists of a pattern in which plants, fruits, foliage, etc., as well as figures of men and animals, real or imaginary, are fantastically interlaced or put together.

&hand; It was employed in Roman imperial ornamentation, and appeared, without the animal figures, in Moorish and Arabic decorative art. (See Moresque .) The arabesques of the Renaissance were founded on Greco-Roman work.

Arabesque <Xpage=76>

Ar`a*besque" , a. 1. Arabian. [Obs.]

2. Relating to, or exhibiting, the style of ornament called arabesque ; as, arabesque frescoes .

Arabesqued <Xpage=76>

Ar`a*besqued" (#) , a. Ornamented in the style of arabesques.

Arabian <Xpage=76>

A*ra"bi*an (#) , a. Of or pertaining to Arabia or its inhabitants.

Arabian bird , the phenix.

Shak.

Arabian <Xpage=76>

A*ra"bi*an , n. A native of Arabia; an Arab.

Arabic <Xpage=76>

Ar"a*bic (#) , a. [L. Arabicus , fr. Arabia .] Of or pertaining to Arabia or the Arabians.

Arabic numerals or figures , the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, etc., and the cipher 0. -- Gum arabic . See under Gum .

Arabic <Xpage=76>

Ar"a*bic , n. The language of the Arabians.

&hand; The Arabic is a Semitic language, allied to the Hebrew. It is very widely diffused, being the language in which all Mohammedans must read the Koran, and is spoken as a vernacular tongue in Arabia, Syria, and Northern Africa.

Arabical <Xpage=76>

A*rab"ic*al (#) , a. Relating to Arabia; Arabic. -- A*rab"ic*al*ly , adv.

Arabin <Xpage=76>

Ar"a*bin (#) , n. 1. (Chem.) A carbohydrate, isomeric with cane sugar, contained in gum arabic , from which it is extracted as a white, amorphous substance.

2. Mucilage, especially that made of gum arabic.

Arabinose <Xpage=76>

Ar"a*bin*ose` (#) , n. (Chem.) A sugar of the composition C5H10O5 , obtained from cherry gum by boiling it with dilute sulphuric acid.

Arabism <Xpage=76>

Ar"a*bism (#) , n. [Cf. F. Arabisme .] An Arabic idiom peculiarly of language.

Stuart.

Arabist <Xpage=76>

Ar`a*bist (#) , n. [Cf. F. Arabiste .] One well versed in the Arabic language or literature; also, formerly, one who followed the Arabic system of surgery.

Arable <Xpage=76>

Ar"a*ble (#) , a. [F. arable , L. arabilis , fr. arare to plow, akin to Gr. <?/, E. ear , to plow. See Earable .] Fit for plowing or tillage; -- hence, often applied to land which has been plowed or tilled.

Arable <Xpage=76>

Ar"a*ble , n. Arable land; plow land.

Araby <Xpage=76>

Ar"a*by (#) , n. The country of Arabia. [Archaic & Poetic]

Aracanese <Xpage=76>

Ar`a*ca*nese" (#) , a. Of or pertaining to Aracan, a province of British Burmah. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Aracan.

Ara</ari <Xpage=76>

A`ra*<?/a"ri (#) , n. (Zo\'94l.) A South American bird, of the genus Pleroglossius , allied to the toucans. There are several species.

Arace <Xpage=76>

A*race" (#) , v. t. [OE. aracen , arasen , OF. arachier , esracier , F. arracher , fr. L. exradicare , eradicare . The prefix a- is perh. due to L. ab . See Eradicate .] To tear up by the roots; to draw away. [Obs.]

Wyatt.

Araceous <Xpage=76>

A*ra"ceous (#) , a. [L. arum a genus of plants, fr. Gr. <?/.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of plants, of which the genus Arum is the type.

Arachnid <Xpage=76>

A*rach"nid (#) , n. An arachnidan.

Huxley.

Arachnida <Xpage=76>

A*rach"ni*da (#) , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ spider.] (Zo\'94l.) One of the classes of Arthropoda. See Illustration in Appendix.

&hand; They have four pairs of legs, no antenn\'91 nor wings, a pair of mandibles, and one pair of maxill\'91 or palpi. The head is usually consolidated with the thorax. The respiration is either by tranche\'91 or by pulmonary sacs, or by both. The class includes three principal orders: Araneina , or spiders; Arthrogastra , including scorpions, etc.; and Acarina , or mites and ticks.

Arachnidan <Xpage=76>

A*rach"ni*dan (#) , n. [Gr. <?/ spider.] (Zo\'94l.) One of the Arachnida.

Arachnidial <Xpage=76>

Ar`ach*nid"i*al (#) , a. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Of or pertaining to the Arachnida. (b) Pertaining to the arachnidium.

Arachnidium <Xpage=76>

Ar`ach*nid"i*um (#) , n. [NL. See Arachnida .] (Zo\'94l.) The glandular organ in which the material for the web of spiders is secreted.

Arachnitis <Xpage=76>

Ar`ach*ni"tis (#) , n. [Gr. <?/ + <?/.] (Med.) Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane.

Arachnoid <Xpage=76>

A*rach"noid (#) , a. [Gr. <?/ like a cobweb; <?/ spider, spider's web + <?/ form.] 1. Resembling a spider's web; cobweblike.

2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a thin membrane of the brain and spinal cord, between the dura mater and pia mater.

3. (Bot.) Covered with, or composed of, soft, loose hairs or fibers, so as to resemble a cobweb; cobwebby.

Arachnoid <Xpage=76>

A*rach"noid , n. 1. (Anat.) The arachnoid membrane.

2. (Zo\'94l.) One of the Arachnoidea.

Arachnoidal <Xpage=76>

Ar`ach*noid"al (#) , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the arachnoid membrane; arachnoid.

Arachnoidea <Xpage=76>

Ar`ach*noid"e*a (#) , n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Arachnida .

Arachnological <Xpage=76>

A*rach`no*log"ic*al (#) , a. Of or pertaining to arachnology.

Arachnologist <Xpage=76>

Ar`ach*nol"o*gist (#) , n. One who is versed in, or studies, arachnology.

Arachnology <Xpage=76>

Ar`ach*nol"o*gy (#) , n. [Gr. <?/ spider + -logy .] The department of zo\'94logy which treats of spiders and other Arachnida.

Ar\'91ometer <Xpage=76>

A`r\'91*om"e*ter (?; 277) . See Areometer .

Ar\'91ostyle <Xpage=76>

A*r\'91"o*style (#) , a. & n. [L. araeostylos , Gr. <?/; <?/ at intervals + <?/ pillar, column.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation .

Ar\'91osystyle <Xpage=76>

A*r\'91`o*sys"tyle (#) , a. & n. [Gr. <?/ as intervals + <?/. See Systyle .] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation .

Aragonese <Xpage=76>

Ar`a*go*nese (#) , a. Of or pertaining to Aragon, in Spain, or to its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Aragon, in Spain.

Aragonite <Xpage=76>

A*rag"o*nite (#) , n. [From Aragon , in Spain.] (Min.) A mineral identical in composition with calcite or carbonate of lime, but differing from it in its crystalline form and some of its physical characters.

Araguato <Xpage=76>

A`ra*gua"to (#) , n. [Native name.] (Zo\'94l.) A South American monkey, the ursine howler ( Mycetes ursinus ). See Howler , n. , 2.

Araise <Xpage=76>

A*raise"" (#) , v. t. To raise. [Obs.]

Shak.

Arak <Xpage=76>

Ar"ak (#) , n. Same as Arrack .

Aram\'91an, Aramean <Xpage=76>

Ar`a*m\'91an , Ar`a*me"an (#) , a. [L. Aramaeus , Gr. <?/, fr. Heb. Ar\'bem , i . e . Highland, a name given to Syria and Mesopotamia.] Of or pertaining to the Syrians and Chaldeans, or to their language; Aramaic. -- n. A native of Aram.

Aramaic <Xpage=76>

Ar`a*ma"ic (#) , a. [See Aram\'91an , a.] Pertaining to Aram, or to the territory, inhabitants, language, or literature of Syria and Mesopotamia; Aram\'91an; -- specifically applied to the northern branch of the Semitic family of languages, including Syriac and Chaldee. -- n. The Aramaic language.

Aramaism <Xpage=76>

Ar`a*ma"ism (#) , n. An idiom of the Aramaic.

Araneida, Araneoidea <Xpage=76>

Ar`a*ne"i*da (#) , Ar`a*ne*oid"e*a (#) , n. pl. [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) See Araneina .

Araneidan <Xpage=76>

Ar`a*ne"i*dan (#) , a. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the Araneina or spiders. -- n. One of the Araneina; a spider.

Araneiform <Xpage=76>

Ar`a*ne"i*form (#) a. [L. aranea spider + - form .] (Zo\'94l.) Having the form of a spider.

Kirby.

Araneina <Xpage=76>

A*ra`ne*i"na (#) , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. aranea spider.] (Zo\'94l.) The order of Arachnida that includes the spiders.

&hand; They have mandibles, modified a poison fa<?/gs, leglike palpi, simple eyes, abdomen without segments, and spinnerets for spinning a web. They breathe by pulmonary sacs and trache\'91 in the abdomen. See Illustration in Appendix.

Araneose <Xpage=76>

A*ra"ne*ose` , a. [L. araneous .] Of the aspect of a spider's web; arachnoid.

Araneous <Xpage=76>

A*ra"ne*ous (#) , a. [L. araneosus , fr. aranea spider, spider's web.] Cobweblike; extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb; as, the araneous membrane of the eye . See Arachnoid .

Derham.

<-- p. 77 -->

Arango <Xpage=77>

A*ran"go (#) , n. ; pl. Arangoes (#) . [The native name.] A bead of rough carnelian. Arangoes were formerly imported from Bombay for use in the African slave trade.

McCulloch.

Arapaima <Xpage=77>

A`ra*pai"ma (#) , n. [Prob. native name.] (Zo\'94l.) A large fresh-water food fish of South America.

Arara <Xpage=77>

A*ra"ra (#) , n. [Native name.] (Zo\'94l.) The palm (or great black) cockatoo, of Australia ( Microglossus aterrimus ).

Aration <Xpage=77>

A*ra"tion (#) , n. [L. aratio , fr. arare to plow.] Plowing; tillage. [R.]

Lands are said to be in a state of aration when they are under tillage. Brande.

Aratory <Xpage=77>

Ar"a*to*ry (#) , a. [LL. aratorius : cf. F. aratoire .] Contributing to tillage.

Araucaria <Xpage=77>

Ar`au*ca"ri*a (#) , n. [ Araucania , a territory south of Chili.] (Bot.) A genus of tall conifers of the pine family. The species are confined mostly to South America and Australia. The wood cells differ from those of other in having the dots in their lateral surfaces in two or three rows, and the dots of contiguous rows alternating. The seeds are edible.

Araucarian <Xpage=77>

Ar`au*ca"ri*an (#) , a. Relating to, or of the nature of, the Araucaria. The earliest conifers in geological history were mostly Araucarian.

Dana.

Arbalest, Arbalist <Xpage=77>

Ar"ba*lest (#) , Ar"ba*list (#) , n. [OF. arbaleste , LL. arbalista , for L. arcuballista ; arcus bow + ballista a military engine. See Ballista .] (Antiq.) A crossbow, consisting of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger, and a mechanical device for bending the bow. It served to throw arrows, darts, bullets, etc. [Written also arbalet and arblast .]

Fosbroke.

Arbalester, Arbalister <Xpage=77>

Ar"ba*lest`er (#) , Ar"ba*list`er (#) , n. [OF. arblastere , OF. arbalestier . See Arbalest .] A crossbowman. [Obs.]

Speed.

Arbiter <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*ter (#) , n. [L. arbiter ; ar- (for ad ) + the root of betere to go; hence properly, one who comes up to look on.] 1. A person appointed, or chosen, by parties to determine a controversy between them.

&hand; In modern usage, arbitrator is the technical word.

2. Any person who has the power of judging and determining, or ordaining, without control; one whose power of deciding and governing is not limited.

For Jove is arbiter of both to man. Cowper.

Syn. -- Arbitrator; umpire; director; referee; controller; ruler; governor.

Arbiter <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*ter , v. t. To act as arbiter between. [Obs.]

Arbitrable <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*tra*ble (#) , a. [Cf. F. arbitrable , fr. L. arbitrari . See Arbitrate , v. t. ] Capable of being decided by arbitration; determinable. [Archaic]

Bp. Hall.

Arbitrage <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*trage (#) , n. [F., fr. arbiter to give judgment, L. arbitrari .] 1. Judgment by an arbiter; authoritative determination. [Archaic]

2. (Com) A traffic in bills of exchange (see Arbitration of Exchange ); also, a traffic in stocks which bear differing values at the same time in different markets.

Arbitral <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*tral (#) , a. [L. arbitralis .] Of or relating to an arbiter or an arbitration. [R.]

Arbitrament <Xpage=77>

Ar*bit"ra*ment (#) , n. [LL. arbitramentum .] 1. Determination; decision; arbitration.

The arbitrament of time. Everett.

Gladly at this moment would MacIvor have put their quarrel to personal arbitrament . Sir W. Scott.

2. The award of arbitrators.

Cowell.

Arbitrarily <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*tra*ri*ly (#) , adv. In an arbitrary manner; by will only; despotically; absolutely.

Arbitrariness <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*tra*ri*ness , n. The quality of being arbitrary; despoticalness; tyranny.

Bp. Hall.

Arbitrarious <Xpage=77>

Ar`bi*tra"ri*ous (#) , a. [L. arbitrarius . See Arbitrary .] Arbitrary; despotic. [Obs.] -- Ar`bi*tra"*ri*ous*ly , adv. [Obs.]

Arbitrary <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*tra*ry (#) , a. [L. arbitrarius , fr. arbiter : cf. F. arbitraire . See Arbiter .] 1. Depending on will or discretion; not governed by any fixed rules; as, an arbitrary decision; an arbitrary punishment.

It was wholly arbitrary in them to do so. Jer. Taylor.

Rank pretends to fix the value of every one, and is the most arbitrary of all things. Landor.

2. Exercised according to one's own will or caprice, and therefore conveying a notion of a tendency to abuse the possession of power.

Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins of liberty abused licentiousness. Washington.

3. Despotic; absolute in power; bound by no law; harsh and unforbearing; tyrannical; as, an arbitrary prince or government .

Dryden.

Arbitrary constant , Arbitrary function (Math.) , a quantity of function that is introduced into the solution of a problem, and to which any value or form may at will be given, so that the solution may be made to meet special requirements. -- Arbitrary quantity (Math.) , one to which any value can be assigned at pleasure.

Arbitrate <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*trate (#) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Arbitrated (#) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arbitrating (#) .] [L. arbitratus , p. p. of arbitrari to be a hearer or beholder of something, to make a decision, to give judgment, fr. arbiter . See Arbiter .] 1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators; as, to choose to arbitrate a disputed case .

2. To decide, or determine generally.

South.

There shall your swords and lances arbitrate The swelling difference of your settled hate. Shak.

Arbitrate <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*trate (#) , v. i. 1. To decide; to determine.

Shak.

2. To act as arbitrator or judge; as, to arbitrate upon several reports;; to arbitrate in disputes among heighbors; to arbitrate between parties to a suit.

Arbitration <Xpage=77>

Ar`bi*tra"tion (#) , n. [F. arbitration , L. arbitratio , fr. arbitrari .] The hearing and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a person or persons chosen by the parties.

&hand; This may be done by one person; but it is usual to choose two or three called arbitrators ; or for each party to choose one, and these to name a third, who is called the umpire . Their determination is called the award .

Bouvier

Arbitration bond , a bond which obliges one to abide by the award of an arbitration. -- Arbitration of Exchange , the operation of converting the currency of one country into that of another, or determining the rate of exchange between such countries or currencies. An arbitrated rate is one determined by such arbitration through the medium of one or more intervening currencies.

Arbitrator <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*tra`tor (#) , n. [L., fr. arbitrari : cf. F. arbitrateur .] 1. A person, or one of two or more persons, chosen by parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. See Arbitration .

2. One who has the power of deciding or prescribing without control; a ruler; a governor.

Though Heaven be shut, And Heaven's high Arbitrators sit secure. Milton.

Masters of their own terms and arbitrators of a peace. Addison.

Syn. -- Judge; umpire; referee; arbiter. See Judge .

Arbitratrix <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*tra`trix (#) , n. [L., fem. of arbitrator .] A female who arbitrates or judges.

Arbitress <Xpage=77>

Ar"bi*tress (#) , n. [From Arbiter .] A female arbiter; an arbitratrix.

Milton.

Arblast <Xpage=77>

Ar"blast (#) , n. A crossbow. See Arbalest .

Arbor <Xpage=77>

Ar"bor (#) , n. [OE. herber , herbere , properly a garden of herbs, F. herbier , fr. L. herbarium . See Herb , and cf. Herbarium .] A kind of latticework formed of, or covered with, vines, branches of trees, or other plants, for shade; a bower.

Sir P. Sidney.

Arbor <Xpage=77>