Chapter 857

Justice , Rectitude . Rectitude , in its widest sense, is one of the most comprehensive words in our language, denoting absolute conformity to the rule of right in principle and practice. Justice refers more especially to the carrying out of law, and has been considered by moralists as of three kinds: (1) Commutative justice, which gives every man his own property, including things pledged by promise. (2) Distributive justice, which gives every man his exact deserts. (3) General justice, which carries out all the ends of law, though not in every case through the precise channels of commutative or distributive justice; as we see often done by a parent or a ruler in his dealings with those who are subject to his control.

Justice <Xpage=807>

Jus"tice (?) , v. t. To administer justice to. [Obs.]

Bacon.

Justiceable <Xpage=807>

Jus"tice*a*ble (?) , a. Liable to trial in a court of justice. [Obs.]

Hayward.

Justicehood <Xpage=807>

Jus"tice*hood (?) , n. Justiceship.

B. Jonson.

Justicement <Xpage=807>

Jus"tice*ment (?) , n. Administration of justice; procedure in courts of justice. [Obs.]

Johnson.

Justicer <Xpage=807>

Jus"ti*cer (?) , n. One who administers justice; a judge. [Obs.] "Some upright justicer ."

Shak.

Justiceship <Xpage=807>

Jus"tice*ship (?) , n. The office or dignity of a justice.

Holland.

Justiciable <Xpage=807>

Jus*ti"ci*a*ble (?) , a. [Cf. LL. justitiabilis , F. justiciable .] Proper to be examined in a court of justice.

Bailey.

Justiciar <Xpage=807>

Jus*ti"ci*ar (?) , n. Same as Justiciary .

Justiciary <Xpage=807>

Jus*ti"ci*a*ry (?) , n. [Cf. LL. justitiarius , F. justicier . See Justice .] (Old Eng. Law) An old name for the judges of the higher English courts.

&hand; The chief justiciary , or justiciar , in early English history, was not only the chief justice of the kingdom, but also ex officio regent in the king's absence.

Court of justiciary (Scots Law) , the supreme criminal court, having jurisdiction over the whole of Scotland.

Justico, Justicoat <Xpage=807>

Jus"ti*co (?) , Jus"ti*coat` (?) , n. [F. justaucorps , lit., close to the body.] Formerly, a close coat or waistcoat with sleeves.

Justifiable <Xpage=807>

Jus"ti*fi`a*ble (?) , a. [Cf. F. justifiable . See Justify .] Capable of being justified, or shown to be just.

Just are the ways of God, An justifiable to men. Milton.

Syn. -- Defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable; exculpable; authorizable.

-- Jus"ti*fi`a*ble*ness , n. -- Jus"ti*fi`a*bly , adv.

Justification <Xpage=807>

Jus`ti*fi*ca"tion (?) , n. [L. justificatio : cf. F. justification . See Justify .]

1. The act of justifying or the state of being justified; a showing or proving to be just or conformable to law, justice, right, or duty; defense; vindication; support; as, arguments in justification of the prisoner's conduct; his disobedience admits justification .

I hope, for my brother's justification , he wrote this but as an essay or taste of my virtue. Shak.

2. (Law) The showing in court of a sufficient lawful reason why a party charged or accused did that for which he is called to answer.

3. (Theol.) The act of justifying, or the state of being justified, in respect to God's requirements.

Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification . Rom. iv. 25.

In such righteousness To them by faith imputed, they may find Justification toward God, and peace Of conscience. Milton.

4. (Print.) Adjustment of type by spacing it so as to make it exactly fill a line, or of a cut so as to hold it in the right place; also, the leads, quads, etc., used for making such adjustment.

Justificative <Xpage=807>

Jus*tif"i*ca*tive (?; 277) , a. [Cf. F. justificatif .] Having power to justify; justificatory.

Justificator <Xpage=807>

Jus"ti*fi*ca`tor (?) , n. [LL. justificator : cf. F. justificateur .] One who justifies or vindicates; a justifier.

Johnson.

Justificatory <Xpage=807>

Jus*tif"i*ca*to*ry (?; 277) , a. Vindicatory; defensory; justificative.

Justifier <Xpage=807>

Jus"ti*fi`er (?) , n. One who justifies; one who vindicates, supports, defends, or absolves.

Justifiers of themselves and hypocrites. Strype.

That he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus. Rom. iii. 26.

Justify <Xpage=807>

Jus"ti*fy (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Justified (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Justifying (?) .] [F. justifier , L. justificare ; justus just + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Just , a. , and -fy .]

1. To prove or show to be just; to vindicate; to maintain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty.

That to the height of this great argument I may assert eternal providence, And justify the ways of God to men. Milton.

Unless the oppression is so extreme as to justify revolution, it would not justify the evil of breaking up a government. E. Everett.

2. To pronounce free from guilt or blame; to declare or prove to have done that which is just, right, proper, etc.; to absolve; to exonerate; to clear.

I can not justify whom the law condemns. Shak.

3. (Theol.) To treat as if righteous and just; to pardon; to exculpate; to absolve.

By him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses. Acts xiii. 39.

4. To prove; to ratify; to confirm. [Obs.]

Shak.

5. (Print.) To make even or true, as lines of type, by proper spacing; to adjust, as type. See Justification , 4.

Syn. -- To defend; maintain; vindicate; excuse; exculpate; absolve; exonerate.

Justify <Xpage=807>

Jus"ti*fy , v. i. 1. (Print.) To form an even surface or true line with something else; to fit exactly.

<-- esp. in printing, to align (text) at the left (left justify) or right (right justify) margins of a column or page, or at both margins -->

2. (Law) To take oath to the ownership of property sufficient to qualify one's self as bail or surety.

Justinian <Xpage=807>

Jus*tin"i*an (?) , a. Of or pertaining to the Institutes or laws of the Roman Justinian.

Justle <Xpage=807>

Jus"tle (?) , v. i. [Freq. of joust , just , v. i. See Joust , v. i. , and cf. Jostle .] To run or strike against each other; to encounter; to clash; to jostle.

Shak.

The chariots shall rage in the streets; they shall justle one against another in the broad ways. Nahum ii. 4.

Justle <Xpage=807>

Jus"tle , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Justled (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Justling (?) .] To push; to drive; to force by running against; to jostle.

We justled one another out, and disputed the post for a great while. Addison.

Justle <Xpage=807>

Jus"tle , n. An encounter or shock; a jostle.

Justly <Xpage=807>

Just"ly (?) , adv. [From Just , a. ] In a just manner; in conformity to law, justice, or propriety; by right; honestly; fairly; accurately. "In equal balance justly weighed."

Shak.

Nothing can justly be despised that can not justly be blamed: where there is no choice there can be no blame. South.

Justness <Xpage=807>

Just"ness , n. The quality of being just; conformity to truth, propriety, accuracy, exactness, and the like; justice; reasonableness; fairness; equity; as, justness of proportions; the justness of a description or representation; the justness of a cause.

In value the satisfaction I had in seeing it represented with all the justness and gracefulness of action. Dryden.

&hand; Justness is properly applied to things, and justice to persons; but the distinction is not always observed.

Syn. -- Accuracy; exactness; correctness; propriety; fitness; reasonableness; equity; uprightness; justice.

Jut <Xpage=807>

Jut (?) , v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Jutted (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Jutting .] [A corruption of jet .]

1. To shoot out or forward; to project beyond the main body; as, the jutting part of a building . "In jutting rock and curved shore."

Wordsworth.

It seems to jut out of the structure of the poem. Sir T. Browne.

2. To butt. [Obs.] "The jutting steer."

Mason.

Jut <Xpage=807>

Jut , n. 1. That which projects or juts; a projection.

2. A shove; a push. [Obs.]

Udall.

Jute <Xpage=807>

Jute (?) , n. [Hind. j<?/t , Skr. j<?/ta matted hair; cf. ja<?/a matted hair, fibrous roots.] The coarse, strong fiber of the East Indian Corchorus olitorius , and C . capsularis ; also, the plant itself. The fiber is much used for making mats, gunny cloth, cordage, hangings, paper, etc.

Jutes <Xpage=807>

Jutes (?) , n. pl. sing. Jute . (Ethnol.) Jutlanders; one of the Low German tribes, a portion of which settled in Kent, England, in the 5th century.

Jutlander <Xpage=807>

Jut"land*er (?) , n. A native or inhabitant of Jutland in Denmark.

Jutlandish <Xpage=807>

Jut"land*ish , a. Of or pertaining to Jutland, or to the people of Jutland.

Jutting <Xpage=807>

Jut"ting (?) , a. Projecting, as corbels, cornices, etc. -- Jut"ting*ly , adv.

Jutty <Xpage=807>

Jut"ty (?) , n. [See Jetty , Jut , Jet .] A projection in a building; also, a pier or mole; a jetty.

Shak.

Jutty <Xpage=807>

Jut"ty , v. t. & i. To project beyond. [Obs.]

Shak.

Juvenal <Xpage=807>

Ju"ve*nal (?) , n. [L. juvenalis youthful, juvenile, fr. juvenis young.] A youth. [Obs.]

Shak.

Juvenescence <Xpage=807>

Ju`ve*nes"cence (?) , n. A growing young.

Juvenescent <Xpage=807>

Ju`ve*nes"cent (?) , a. [L. juvenescens , p. pr. of juvenescere to grow young again, from juvenis young.] Growing or becoming young.

Juvenile <Xpage=807>

Ju"ve*nile (?; 277) , a. [L. juvenilis , from juvenis young; akin to E. young : cf. F. juv\'82nile , juv\'82nil . See Young .]

1. Young; youthful; as, a juvenile appearance . "A juvenile exercitation."

Glanvill.

2. Of or pertaining to youth; as, juvenile sports .

Syn. -- Puerile; boyish; childish. See Youthful .

Juvenile <Xpage=807>

Ju"ve*nile , n. A young person or youth; -- used sportively or familiarly.

C. Bront\'82.

Juvenileness <Xpage=807>

Ju"ve*nile*ness , n. The state or quality of being juvenile; juvenility.

Juvenility <Xpage=807>

Ju`ve*nil"i*ty (?) , n. ; pl. Juvenilities (#) . [L. juvenilitas : cf. F. juv\'82nilit\'82 .]

1. Youthfulness; adolescence.

Glanvill.

2. The manners or character of youth; immaturity.

Glanvill.

Juvia <Xpage=807>

Ju"vi*a (?) , n. (Bot.) A Brazilian name for the lofty myrtaceous tree ( Bertholetia excelsa ) which produces the large seeds known as Brazil nuts.

Juwansa <Xpage=807>

Ju*wan"sa (?) , n. (Bot.) The camel's thorn. See under Camel .

Juwise <Xpage=807>

Ju*wise" (?) , n. [Obs.] Same as Juise .

Chaucer.

Juxtapose <Xpage=807>

Jux`ta*pose" (?) , v. t. [Cf. Juxtaposit , Pose .] To place in juxtaposition.

Huxley.

Juxtaposit <Xpage=807>

Jux`ta*pos"it (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Juxtaposited ; p. pr. & vb. n. Juxtapositing .] [L. juxta near + positus , p. p. of ponere to put.] To place in close connection or contiguity; to juxtapose.

Derham.

Juxtaposition <Xpage=807>

Jux`ta*po*si"tion (?) , n. [L. juxta near + positio position: cf. F. juxtaposition . See Just , v. i. , and Position .] A placing or being placed in nearness or contiguity, or side by side; as, a juxtaposition of words .

Parts that are united by a a mere juxtaposition . Glanvill.

Juxtaposition is a very unsafe criterion of continuity. Hare.

Junold <Xpage=807>

Jun"old (?) , a. [Obs.] See Gimmal .

<page="808"> Page 808

K.

K <Xpage=808>

K , (<?/), the eleventh letter of the English alphabet, is nonvocal consonant. The form and sound of the letter K are from the Latin, which used the letter but little except in the early period of the language. It came into the Latin from the Greek, which received it from a Ph\'d2nician source, the ultimate origin probably being Egyptian,. Etymologically K is most nearly related to c , g , h (which see).

In many words of one syllable k is used after c , as in crack , check , deck , being necessary to exhibit a correct pronunciation in the derivatives, cracked , checked , decked , cracking ; since without it, c , before the vowels e and i , would be sounded like s . Formerly, k was added to c in certain words of Latin origin, as in musick , publick , republick ; but now it is omitted.

See Guide to Pronunciation , &sect;&sect; 240, 178, 179, 185.

Kaama <Xpage=808>

Kaa"ma (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) The hartbeest.

Kabala <Xpage=808>

Kab"a*la (?) , n. See Cabala .

Kabassou <Xpage=808>

Ka*bas"sou (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) See Cabassou .

Kabob <Xpage=808>

Ka*bob" (?) , n. & v. t. See Cabob , n. & v. t.

Kabook <Xpage=808>

Ka*book" (?) , n. (min.) A clay ironstone found in Ceylon.

Kabyle <Xpage=808>

Ka*byle" (?) , n. [Ar. qab\'c6la .] (Ethnol.) A Berber, as in Algiers or Tunis. See Berber .

Kadder <Xpage=808>

Kad"der (?) , n. [Cf. Caddow .] (Zo\'94l.) The jackdaw.

Kadi, Kadiaster <Xpage=808>

Ka"di (?) , Ka`di*as"ter (?) , n. A Turkish judge. See Cadi .

Kafal <Xpage=808>

Ka*fal" (?) , n. (Bot.) The Arabian name of two trees of the genus Balsamodendron , which yield a gum resin and a red aromatic wood.

Kaffir, Kafir <Xpage=808>

Kaf"fir (?) , Ka"fir (?) , n. [Ar. k<?/fir infidel, pagan, fr. kafara to be skeptical in religious matters; -- a name given to certain infidel races by the Mohammedans. Cf. Giaour .] (Ethnol.) (a) One of a race which, with the Hottentots and Bushmen, inhabit South Africa. They inhabit the country north of Cape Colony, the name being now specifically applied to the tribes living between Cape Colony and Natal; but the Zulus of Natal are true Kaffirs. (b) One of a race inhabiting Kafiristan in Central Asia. [Spelt also Caffre .]

Kaffir corn (Bot.) , a Cape Colony name for Indian millet.

Kaffle <Xpage=808>

Kaf"fle (?) , n. See Coffle .

Kafilah <Xpage=808>

Ka"fi*lah (?) , n. See Cafila .

Kaftan <Xpage=808>

Kaf"tan (?) , n & v. See Caftan .

Kage <Xpage=808>

Kage (?) , n. A chantry chapel inclosed with lattice or screen work.

Kagu <Xpage=808>

Ka"gu (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) A singular, crested, grallatorial bird (Rhinochetos jubatus) , native of New Caledonia. It is gray above, paler beneath, and the feathers of the wings and tail are handsomely barred with brown, black, and gray. It is allied to the sun bittern.

Kaguan <Xpage=808>

Ka`gu*an" (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) The colugo.

Kahani <Xpage=808>

Ka"ha"ni (?) , n. A kind of notary public, or attorney, in the Levant.

Kahau <Xpage=808>

Ka*hau" (?) , n. [Native name, from its cry.] (Zo\'94l.) A long-nosed monkey ( Semnopithecus nasalis ), native of Borneo. The general color of the body is bright chestnut, with the under parts, shoulders, and sides of the head, golden yellow, and the top of the head and upper part of the back brown. Called also proboscis monkey . [Written also kaha .]

Kail <Xpage=808>

Kail (?) , n. 1. (Bot.) A kind of headless cabbage. Same as Kale , 1.

2. Any cabbage, greens, or vegetables. [OE. or Scot.]

3. A broth made with kail or other vegetables; hence, any broth; also, a dinner. [Scot.]

Kail yard , a kitchen garden. [Scot.]

Kaimacam <Xpage=808>

Kai`ma*cam" (?) , n. Same as Caimacam .

Kain <Xpage=808>

Kain (?) , n. (Scots Law) Poultry, etc., required by the lease to be paid in kind by a tenant to his landlord.

Wharton (Law Dict.).

Kainit <Xpage=808>

Kai"nit (?) , n. [Trade name, fr. kainite .] Salts of potassium used in the manufacture of fertilizers.

Kainite <Xpage=808>

Kai"nite (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ recent.] (Min.) A compound salt consisting chiefly of potassium chloride and magnesium sulphate, occurring at the Stassfurt salt mines in Prussian Saxony.

Kainozoic <Xpage=808>

Kai`no*zo"ic (?) , a. See Cenozoic .

Kaique <Xpage=808>

Ka*ique" (?) , n. (Naut.) See Caique .

Kairine <Xpage=808>

Kai"rine (?) , n. (Chem.) A pale buff or white crystalline alkaloid derived from quinoline, and used as an antipyretic in medicine.

Kairoline <Xpage=808>

Kai`ro*line (?) , n. (Chem.) An organic base obtained from quinoline. It is used as a febrifuge, and resembles kairine.

Kaiser <Xpage=808>

Kai"ser (?) , n. [Gr., fr. L. Caesar . Cf. Kesar , and Czar .] The ancient title of emperors of Germany assumed by King William of Prussia when crowned sovereign of the new German empire in 1871.

Kaka <Xpage=808>

Ka"ka (?) , n. [Maori kaka a parrot; -- so named from its note.] (Zo\'94l.) A New Zealand parrot of the genus Nestor , especially the brown parrot ( Nestor meridionalis ).