Chapter 835

In*vol"u*cel (?; 277) , n. [Dim. of involucre , or involucrum : cf. F. involucelle .] (Bot.) A partial, secondary, or small involucre. See Illust . of Involucre .

Involucellate <Xpage=786>

In`vo*lu"cel*late (?) , a. (Bot.) Furnished with involucels.

Involucellum <Xpage=786>

In`vo*lu*cel"lum (?) , n. ; pl. Involucella (#) . [NL.] See Involucel .

Involucral <Xpage=786>

In`vo*lu"cral (?) , a. [Cf. F. involucral .] Pertaining to, possessing, or like, an involucrum.

Involucrate, Involucrated <Xpage=786>

In`vo*lu"crate (?) , In`vo*lu"cra*ted (?) , a. (Bot.) Having an involucre; involucred.

Involucre <Xpage=786>

In"vo*lu`cre (?; 277) , n. [L. involucrum a covering, wrapper, fr. involvere to wrap up, envelop: cf. F. involucre . See Involve .] (Bot.) (a) A whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head. (b) A continuous marginal covering of sporangia, in certain ferns, as in the common brake, or the cup-shaped processes of the filmy ferns. (c) The peridium or volva of certain fungi. Called also involucrum .

Involucred <Xpage=786>

In"vo*lu`cred (?) , a. (Bot.) Having an involucre, as umbels, heads, etc.

Martyn.

Involucret <Xpage=786>

In`vo*lu"cret (?) , n. (Bot.) An involucel.

Involucrum <Xpage=786>

In`vo*lu"crum (?) , n. ; pl. L. Involucra (#) , E. Involucrums (#) . [L. See Involucre .]

1. (Bot.) See Involucre .

2. (Zo\'94l.) A sheath which surrounds the base of the lasso cells in the Siphonophora.

Involuntarily <Xpage=786>

In*vol"un*ta*ri*ly (?) , adv. [From Involuntary .] In an involuntary manner; not voluntarily; not intentionally or willingly.

Involuntariness <Xpage=786>

In*vol"un*ta*ri*ness (?) , n. The quality or state of being involuntary; unwillingness; automatism.

Involuntary <Xpage=786>

In*vol"un*ta*ry (?) , a. [L. involuntarius . See In- not, and Voluntary .]

1. Not having will of the power of choice.

2. Not under the influence or control of the will; not voluntary; as, the involuntary movements of the body; involuntary muscle fibers.

3. Not proceeding from choice; done unwillingly; reluctant; compulsory; as, involuntary submission .

Involute, Involuted <Xpage=786>

In"vo*lute (?) , In"vo*lu`ted (?) , a. [L. involutus , p. p. of involvere . See Involve .]

1. (Bot.) Rolled inward from the edges; -- said of leaves in vernation, or of the petals of flowers in \'91stivation.

Gray.

2. (Zo\'94l.) (a) Turned inward at the margin, as the exterior lip of the Cyprea. (b) Rolled inward spirally.

Involute <Xpage=786>

In"vo*lute , n. (Geom.) A curve traced by the end of a string wound upon another curve, or unwound from it; -- called also evolvent . See Evolute .

Involution <Xpage=786>

In`vo*lu"tion (?) , n. [L. involutio : cf. F. involution . See Involve .]

1. The act of involving or infolding.

2. The state of being entangled or involved; complication; entanglement.

All things are mixed, and causes blended, by mutual involutions . Glanvill.

3. That in which anything is involved, folded, or wrapped; envelope.

Sir T. Browne.

4. (Gram.) The insertion of one or more clauses between the subject and the verb, in a way that involves or complicates the construction.

5. (Math.) The act or process of raising a quantity to any power assigned; the multiplication of a quantity into itself a given number of times; -- the reverse of evolution .

6. (Geom.) The relation which exists between three or more sets of points, a.a\'b7 , b.b\'b7 , c.c\'b7 , so related to a point O on the line, that the product Oa.Oa\'b7 = Ob.Ob\'b7 = Oc.Oc\'b7 is constant. Sets of lines or surfaces possessing corresponding properties may be in involution .

7. (Med.) The return of an enlarged part or organ to its normal size, as of the uterus after pregnancy.

Involve <Xpage=786>

In*volve" (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Involved (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Involving .] [L. involvere , involutum , to roll about, wrap up; pref. in- in + volvere to roll: cf. OF. involver . See Voluble , and cf. Involute .]

1. To roll or fold up; to wind round; to entwine.

Some of serpent kind . . . involved Their snaky folds. Milton.

2. To envelop completely; to surround; to cover; to hide; to involve in darkness or obscurity.

And leave a sing\'8ad bottom all involved With stench and smoke. Milton.

3. To complicate or make intricate, as in grammatical structure. " Involved discourses."

Locke.

4. To connect with something as a natural or logical consequence or effect; to include necessarily; to imply.

He knows His end with mine involved . Milton.

The contrary necessarily involves a contradiction. Tillotson.

5. To take in; to gather in; to mingle confusedly; to blend or merge. [R.]

The gathering number, as it moves along, Involves a vast involuntary throng. Pope.

Earth with hell To mingle and involve . Milton.

6. To envelop, infold, entangle, or embarrass; as, to involve a person in debt or misery .

7. To engage thoroughly; to occupy, employ, or absorb. " Involved in a deep study."

Sir W. Scott.

8. (Math.) To raise to any assigned power; to multiply, as a quantity, into itself a given number of times; as, a quantity involved to the third or fourth power .

Syn. -- To imply; include; implicate; complicate; entangle; embarrass; overwhelm. -- To Involve , Imply . Imply is opposed to express , or set forth ; thus, an implied engagement is one fairly to be understood from the words used or the circumstances of the case, though not set forth in form. Involve goes beyond the mere interpretation of things into their necessary relations; and hence, if one thing involves another, it so contains it that the two must go together by an indissoluble connection. War, for example, involves wide spread misery and death; the premises of a syllogism involve the conclusion.

Involved <Xpage=786>

In*volved" (?) , a. (Zo\'94l.) Same as Involute .

Involvedness <Xpage=786>

In*volv"ed*ness (?) , n. The state of being involved.

Involvement <Xpage=786>

In*volve"ment (?) , n. The act of involving, or the state of being involved.

Lew Wallace.

Invulgar <Xpage=786>

In*vul"gar (?) , v. t. [Pref. in- in + vulgar .] To cause to become or appear vulgar. [Obs.]

Daniel.

Invulgar <Xpage=786>

In*vul"gar , a. [Pref. in- not + vulgar .] Not vulgar; refined; elegant. [Obs.]

Drayton.

Invulnerability <Xpage=786>

In*vul"ner*a*bil`i*ty (?) , n. [Cf. F. invuln\'82rabilit\'82 .] Quality or state of being invulnerable.

Invulnerable <Xpage=786>

In*vul"ner*a*ble (?) , a. [L. invulnerabilis : cf. F. invuln\'82rable . See In- not, and Vulnerable .]

1. Incapable of being wounded, or of receiving injury.

Neither vainly hope To be invulnerable in those bright arms. Milton.

2. Unanswerable; irrefutable; that can not be refuted or convinced; as, an invulnerable argument .

Invulnerableness <Xpage=786>

In*vul"ner*a*ble*ness , n. Invulnerability.

Invulnerate <Xpage=786>

In*vul"ner*ate (?) , a. [L. invulneratus unwounded.] Invulnerable.

Inwall <Xpage=786>

In*wall" (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Inwalled (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Inwalling .] To inclose or fortify as with a wall.

Spenser.

<page="787"> Page 787

Inwall <Xpage=787>

In"wall` (?) , n. An inner wall; specifically (Metal.) , the inner wall, or lining, of a blast furnace.

Inward <Xpage=787>

In"ward (?) , a. [AS. inweard , inneweard , innanweard , fr. innan , inne , within (fr. in in; see In ) + the suffix -weard , E. -ward .]

1. Being or placed within; inner; interior; -- opposed to outward .

Milton.

2. Seated in the mind, heart, spirit, or soul. " Inward beauty."

Shak.

3. Intimate; domestic; private. [Obs.]

All my inward friends abhorred me. Job xix. 19.

He had had occasion, by one very inward with him, to know in part the discourse of his life. Sir P. Sidney.

Inward <Xpage=787>

In"ward , n. 1. That which is inward or within; especially, in the plural, the inner parts or organs of the body; the viscera.

Jer. Taylor.

Then sacrificing, laid the inwards and their fat. Milton.

2. The mental faculties; -- usually pl. [Obs.]

3. An intimate or familiar friend or acquaintance. [Obs.] "I was an inward of his."

Shak.

Inward, Inwards <Xpage=787>

In"ward (?) , In"wards (?) , adv. [AS. inweard . The ending -s is prop. a genitive ending. See Inward , a. , -wards .]

1. Toward the inside; toward the center or interior; as, to bend a thing inward .

2. Into, or toward, the mind or thoughts; inwardly; as, to turn the attention inward .

So much the rather, thou Celestial Light, Shine inward . Milton.

Inwardly <Xpage=787>

In"ward*ly (?) , adv. [AS. inweardlice .]

1. In the inner parts; internally.

Let Benedick, like covered fire, Consume away in sighs, waste inwardly . Shak.

2. Toward the center; inward; as, to curve inwardly .

3. In the heart or mind; mentally; privately; secret<?/y; as, he inwardly repines .

4. Intimately; thoroughly. [Obs.]

I shall desire to know him more inwardly . Beau. & Fl.

Inwardness <Xpage=787>

In"ward*ness , n. 1. Internal or true state; essential nature; as, the inwardness of conduct .

Sense can not arrive to the inwardness Of things. Dr. H. More.

2. Intimacy; familiarity. [Obs.]

Shak.

3. Heartiness; earnestness.

What was wanted was more inwardness , more feeling. M. Arnold.

Inwards <Xpage=787>

In"wards (?) , adv. See Inward .

Inweave <Xpage=787>

In*weave" (?) , v. t. To weave in or together; to intermix or intertwine by weaving; to interlace.

Down they cast Their crowns, inwove with amaranth and gold. Milton.

Inwheel <Xpage=787>

In*wheel" (?) , v. t. To encircle. [R.]

Beau. & Fl.

Inwit <Xpage=787>

In"wit (?) , n. Inward sense; mind; understanding; conscience. [Obs.]

Wyclif.

Inwith <Xpage=787>

In*with" (?) , prep. Within. [Obs.]

This purse hath she inwith her bosom hid. Chaucer.

Inwork <Xpage=787>

In*work" (?) , v. t. & i. [Pref. in- + work . Cf. Inwrought .] To work in or within.

Itworn <Xpage=787>

It"worn` (?) , p. a. Worn, wrought, or stamped in. [R.]

Milton.

Inwrap <Xpage=787>

In*wrap" (?) , v. t. [Written also enwrap .]

1. To cover by wrapping; to involve; to infold; as, to inwrap in a cloak, in smoke, etc.

2. To involve, as in difficulty or perplexity; to perplex. [R.]

Bp. Hall.

Inwreathe <Xpage=787>

In*wreathe" (?) , v. t. To surround or encompass as with a wreath. [Written also enwreathe .]

Resplendent locks, inwreathed with beams. Milton.

Inwrought <Xpage=787>

In*wrought" (?) , p. p. &or; a. [Pref. in- + wrought . Cf. Inwork .] Wrought or worked in or among other things; worked into any fabric so as to from a part of its texture; wrought or adorned, as with figures.

His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge, Inwrought with figures dim. Milton.

Io <Xpage=787>

I"o (?) , n. ; pl. Ios (#) . [L.; cf. Gr. "iw` .] An exclamation of joy or triumph; -- often interjectional.

Iod- <Xpage=787>

I"od- (?) . (Chem.) See Iodo- .

Iodal <Xpage=787>

I"o*dal (?) , n. [ Iod- + al cohol.] (Chem.) An oily liquid, Cl3.CHO , analogous to chloral and bromal.

Iodate <Xpage=787>

I"o*date (?) , n. (Chem.) A salt of iodic acid.

Iodhydrin <Xpage=787>

I`od*hy"drin (?) , n. [ Iod- + chlor hydrin .] (Chem.) One of a series of compounds containing iodine, and analogous to the chlorhydrins.

Iodic <Xpage=787>

I*od"ic (?) , a. [Cf. F. iodique . See Iodine .] (Chem.) to, or containing, iodine; specif., denoting those compounds in which it has a relatively high valence; as, iodic acid .

Iodic acid , a monobasic acid, consisting of iodine with three parts of oxygen and one of hydrogen.

Iodide <Xpage=787>

I"o*dide (?) , n. (Chem.) A binary compound of iodine, or one which may be regarded as binary; as, potassium iodide .

Iodine <Xpage=787>

I"o*dine (?; 104) , n. [Gr. <?/ violetlike; <?/ a violet + <?/ form: cf. F. iode , iodine . The name was given from the violet color of its vapor. See Violet , Idyl .] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element, of the halogen group, occurring always in combination, as in the iodides. When isolated it is in the form of dark gray metallic scales, resembling plumbago, soft but brittle, and emitting a chlorinelike odor. Symbol I. Atomic weight 126.5. If heated, iodine volatilizes in beautiful violet vapors.

&hand; Iodine was formerly obtained from the ashes of seaweed ( kelp or varec ), but is now also extracted from certain natural brines. In the free state, iodine, even in very minute quantities, colors starch blue. Iodine and its compounds are largely used in medicine (as in liniments, antisyphilitics, etc.), in photography, in the preparation of aniline dyes, and as an indicator in titration.

Iodine green , an artificial green dyestuff, consisting of an iodine derivative of rosaniline; -- called also night green . -- Iodine scarlet , a pigment of an intense scarlet color, consisting of mercuric iodide. -- Iodine yellow , a brilliant yellow pigment, consisting of plumbic iodide.

Iodism <Xpage=787>

I"o*dism (?) , n. (Med.) A morbid state produced by the use of iodine and its compounds, and characterized by palpitation, depression, and general emaciation, with a pustular eruption upon the skin.

Iodize <Xpage=787>

I"o*dize (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Iodized (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Iodizing (?) .] To treat or impregnate with iodine or its compounds; as, to iodize a plate for photography .

R. Hunt.

<-- iodized salt = table salt to which an iodide compound has been added as a nutritional supplement to prevent goiter -->

Iodizer <Xpage=787>

I"o*di`zer (?) , n. One who, or that which, iodizes.

Iodo-, Iod- <Xpage=787>

I"o*do- (?) , I"od- (?) . (Chem.) A prefix, or combining from, indicating iodine as an ingredient; as, iodo form .

Iodoform <Xpage=787>

I*od"o*form (?) , n. [ Iodo- + formyl. See Formyl , and cf. Chloroform .] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline, volatile substance, CI3H , having an offensive odor and sweetish taste, and analogous to chloroform. It is used in medicine as a healing and antiseptic dressing for wounds and sores.

Iodoquinine <Xpage=787>

I`o*do*qui"nine (?) , n. [ Iodo- + quinine .] (Chem.) A iodide of quinine obtained as a brown substance,. It is the base of herapathite. See Herapathite .

Iodous <Xpage=787>

I"o*dous (?) , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, iodine. See -ous (chemical suffix).

Iodous acid , a hypothetical acid, analogous to chlorous acid.

Ioduret <Xpage=787>

I*od"u*ret (?) , n. (Chem.) Iodide. [Obs.]

Iodyrite <Xpage=787>

I*od"y*rite (?) , n. [From Iodine .] (Min.) Silver iodide, a mineral of a yellowish color.

Iolite <Xpage=787>

I"o*lite (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ a violet + -lite .] (Min.) A silicate of alumina, iron, and magnesia, having a bright blue color and vitreous luster; cordierite. It is remarkable for its dichroism, and is also called dichroite .

Io moth <Xpage=787>

I"o moth` (?; 115) . (Zo\'94l.) A large and handsome American moth ( Hyperchiria Io ), having a large, bright-colored spot on each hind wing, resembling the spots on the tail of a peacock. The larva is covered with prickly hairs, which sting like nettles.

-ion <Xpage=787>

-ion (?; 106) . [L. - io , acc. - ionem : cf. F. - ion .] A noun suffix denoting act , process , result of an act or a process , thing acted upon , state , or condition ; as, revolut ion , the act or process of revolving; construct ion , the act or process of constructing; a thing constructed; domin ion , territory ruled over; subject ion , state of being subject; deject ion ; abstract ion .

Ion <Xpage=787>

I"on (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, neut, of <?/, p. pr. of <?/ to go.] (Elec. Chem.) One of the elements which appear at the respective poles when a body is subjected to electro-chemical decomposition. Cf. Anion , Cation . <-- an atom or goup of atoms (radical) carrying an electrical charge. Contrasted with neutral atoms or molecules, and free radicals. Certain compounds, such as sodium chloride, are composed of complementary ions in the solid (crystalline) as well as in solution. Others, notable acids such as hydrogen chloride, may occur as neutral molecules in the pure liquid or gas forms, and ionize almost completely in dilute aqueous solutions. In solutions (as in water) ions are frequently bound non-covalently with the molecules of solvent, and in that case are said to be solvated. -->

Ionian <Xpage=787>