Chapter 684

Sheep's fescue , sheep pasture, native in Northern Europe and Asia. Festuca ovina .

Small reed grass , meadow pasture and hay. North. Deyeuxia Canadensis .

Spear grass , Same as Meadow grass (above).

Squirrel-tail grass , troublesome to animals. Seacoast and Northwest. Hordeum jubatum .

Switch grass , hay, cut young. Panicum virgatum .

Timothy , cut young, the best of hay. North. Phleum pratense .

Velvet grass , hay on poor soil. South. Holcus lanatus .

Vernal grass , pasture, hay, lawn. Anthoxanthum odoratum .

Wire grass , valuable in pastures. Poa compressa .

Wood grass , Indian grass , hay. Chrysopogon nutans .

&hand; Many plants are popularly called grasses which are not true grasses botanically considered, such as black grass , goose grass , star grass , etc.

Black grass , a kind of small rush ( Juncus Gerardi ), growing in salt marshes, used for making salt hay. -- Grass of the Andes , an oat grass, the Arrhenatherum avenaceum of Europe. -- Grass of Parnassus , a plant of the genus Parnassia growing in wet ground. The European species is P. palustris ; in the United States there are several species. -- Grass bass (Zo\'94l.) , the calico bass. -- Grass bird , the dunlin. -- Grass cloth , a cloth woven from the tough fibers of the grass-cloth plant. -- Grass-cloth plant , a perennial herb of the Nettle family ( B\'d2hmeria nivea or Urtica nivea ), which grows in Sumatra, China, and Assam, whose inner bark has fine and strong fibers suited for textile purposes. -- Grass finch . (Zo\'94l.) (a) A common American sparrow ( Po\'94c\'91tes gramineus ); -- called also vesper sparrow and bay-winged bunting . (b) Any Australian finch, of the genus Po\'89phila , of which several species are known. -- Grass lamb , a lamb suckled by a dam running on pasture land and giving rich milk. -- Grass land , land kept in grass and not tilled. -- Grass moth (Zo\'94l.) , one of many small moths of the genus Crambus , found in grass. -- Grass oil , a fragrant essential volatile oil, obtained in India from grasses of the genus Andropogon , etc.; -- used in perfumery under the name of citronella , ginger grass oil , lemon grass oil , essence of verbena etc. -- Grass owl (Zo\'94l.) , a South African owl ( Strix Capensis ). -- Grass parrakeet (Zo\'94l.) , a ny of several species of Australian parrots, of the genus Euphemia ; -- also applied to the zebra parrakeet. -- Grass plover (Zo\'94l.) , t he upland or field plover. -- Grass poly (Bot.) , a species of willowwort ( Lythrum Hyssopifolia ). Johnson . -- Crass quit (Zo\'94l.) , o ne of several tropical American finches of the genus Euetheia . The males have most of the head and chest black and often marked with yellow. -- Grass snake . (Zo\'94l.) (a) The common English, or ringed, snake ( Tropidonotus natrix ). (b) The common green snake of the Northern United States. See Green snake , under Green . -- Grass snipe (Zo\'94l.) , the pectoral sandpiper ( Tringa maculata ) -- called also jacksnipe in America. -- Grass spider (Zo\'94l.) , a common spider ( Agelena n\'91via ), which spins flat webs on grass, conspicuous when covered with dew. -- Grass sponge (Zo\'94l.) , an inferior kind of commercial sponge from Florida and the Bahamas. -- Grass table . (Arch.) See Earth table , under Earth . -- Grass vetch (Bot.) , a vetch ( Lathyrus Nissolia ), with narrow grasslike leaves. -- Grass widow . [Cf. Prov. R. an unmarried mother, G. strohwittwe a mock widow, Sw. gr\'84senka a grass widow.] (a) An unmarried woman who is a mother. [Obs.] (b) A woman separated from her husband by abandonment or prolonged absence; a woman living apart from her husband. [Slang.] -- Grass wrack (Bot.) eelgrass. -- To bring to grass (Mining.) , to raise, as ore, to the surface of the ground. -- To put to grass , To put out to grass , to put out to graze a season, as cattle.

Grass <Xpage=646>

Grass (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Grassed (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Grassing .] 1. To cover with grass or with turf.

2. To expose, as flax, on the grass for bleaching, etc.

3. To bring to the grass or ground; to land; as, to grass a fish . [Colloq.]

Grass <Xpage=646>

Grass (?) , v. i. To produce grass. [R.] Tusser>/au>.

Grassation <Xpage=646>

Gras*sa"tion (?) , n. [L. grassatio , from grassari to go about.] A wandering about with evil intentions; a rioting. [Obs. & R.]

Feltham.

Grass-green <Xpage=646>

Grass"-green` (?) , a. 1. Green with grass.

2. Of the color of grass; clear and vivid green.

Grass-grown <Xpage=646>

Grass"-grown` (?) , a. Overgrown with grass; as, a grass-grown road .

Grasshopper <Xpage=646>

Grass"hop`per (?) , n. 1. (Zo\'94l.) Any jumping, orthopterous insect, of the families Acridid\'91 and Locustid\'91 . The species and genera are very numerous. The former family includes the Western grasshopper or locust ( Caloptenus spretus ), noted for the great extent of its ravages in the region beyond the Mississippi. In the Eastern United States the red-legged ( Caloptenus femurrubrum and C. atlanis ) are closely related species, but their ravages are less important. They are closely related to the migratory locusts of the Old World. See Locust . <-- atlanis in original. Atlantis? -->

&hand; The meadow or green grasshoppers belong to the Locustid\'91 . They have long antenn\'91, large ovipositors, and stridulating organs at the base of the wings in the male. The European great green grasshopper ( Locusta viridissima ) belongs to this family. The common American green species mostly belong to Xiphidium , Orchelimum , and Conocephalus .

2. In ordinary square or upright pianos of London make, the escapement lever or jack, so made that it can be taken out and replaced with the key; -- called also the hopper.

Grove.

Grasshopper engine , a steam engine having a working beam with its fulcrum at one end, the steam cylinder at the other end, and the connecting rod at an intermediate point. -- Grasshopper lobster (Zo\'94l.) a young lobster. [Local, U. S.] -- Grasshopper warbler (Zo\'94l.) , cricket bird.

Grassiness <Xpage=646>

Grass"i*ness (?) , n. [From Grassy.] The state of abounding with grass; a grassy state.

Grassless <Xpage=646>

Grass"less , a. Destitute of grass.

Grassplot <Xpage=646>

Grass"plot` (?) , n. A plot or space covered with grass; a lawn. "Here on this grassplot."

Shak.

Grass tree <Xpage=646>

Grass" tree" (?) . (Bot.) (a) An Australian plant of the genus Xanthorrh\'d2a , having a thick trunk crowned with a dense tuft of pendulous, grasslike leaves, from the center of which arises a long stem, bearing at its summit a dense flower spike looking somewhat like a large cat-tail. These plants are often called "blackboys" from the large trunks denuded and blackened by fire. They yield two kinds of fragrant resin, called Botany-bay gum , and Gum Acaroides . (b) A similar Australian plant ( Kingia australis ).

Grassy <Xpage=646>

Grass"y (?) a. 1. Covered with grass; abounding with grass; as, a grassy lawn .

Spenser.

2. Resembling grass; green.

Grate <Xpage=646>

Grate (?) , a. [L. gratus agreeable, grateful: cf. It. & Sp. grato. See Grace, and cf. Agree.] Serving to gratify; agreeable. [Obs.]

Sir T. Herbert.

Grate <Xpage=646>

Grate , n. [LL.. grata, fr. L. crates hurdle; or It. grata, of the same origin. Sae Crate, Hurdle.] 1. A structure or frame containing parallel or crosed bars, with interstices; a kind of latticework, such as is used ia the windows of prisons and cloisters. "A secret grate of iron bars."

Shak.

2. A frame or bed, or kind of basket, of iron bars, for holding fuel while burning.

Grate surface (Steam, Boiler) the area of the surface of the grate upon which the fuel lies in the furnace.

Grate <Xpage=646>

Grate , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Grated ; p. pr. &. vb. n. Grating .] To furnish with grates; to protect with a grating or crossbars; as, to grate a window .

Grate <Xpage=646>

Grate , v. t. [OF grater to scrape, scratch, F. gratter , LL. gratare , cratare ; of German origin; cf. OHG. chrazz&omac;n G. kratzen , D. krassen , Sw. Kratta , and perh. E. scratch. ] 1. To rub roughly or harshly, as one body against another, causing a harsh sound; as, to grate the teeth ; to produce (a harsh sound) by rubbing.

On their hinges grate Harsh thunder. Milton.

2. To reduce to small particles by rubbing with anything rough or indented; as, to grate a nutmeg .

3. To fret; to irritate; to offend.

News, my good lord Rome . . . grates me. Shak.

Grate <Xpage=646>

Grate , v. i. 1. To make a harsh sound by friction.

I had rather hear a brazen canstick turned, Or a dry wheel grate on the exletree. Shak.

2. To produce the effect of rubbing with a hard rough material; to cause wearing, tearing, or bruising. Hence; To produce exasperation, soreness, or grief; to offend by oppression or importunity.

This grated harder upon the hearts of men. South.

<-- p. 647 this page badly done -- in need of careful proofing -->

Grated <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"ed (?) , a. [From 2d Grate .] Furnished with a grate or grating; as, grated windows .

Grateful <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grate"ful (?) , a. [ Grate , a . + full ; cf. F. gr\'82 thanks, good will, fr. L. gratum , neut. of gratus agreeable, grateful. See Grate , a. ] 1. Having a due sense of benefits received; kindly disposed toward one from whom a favor has been received; willing to acknowledge and repay, or give thanks for, benefits; as, a grateful heart .

A grateful mind By owing, owes not, but still pays. Milton.

2. Affording pleasure; pleasing to the senses; gratifying; delicious; as, a grateful present; food grateful to the palate; grateful sleep .

Now golden fruits on loaded branches shine, And grateful clusters swell. Pope.

Syn. -- Thankful; pleasing; acceptable; gratifying; agreeable; welcome; delightful; delicious.

-- Grate"ful*ly , adv. -- Grate"ful*ness , n.

Grater <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"er (?) , a. [From Qrate, v.] One who, or that which, grates; especially, an instrument or utensil with a rough, indented surface, for rubbing off small particles of any substance; as a grater for nutmegs .

Graticulation <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Gra*tic"u*la"tion (?) , n. [F. graticulation , craticulation , fr. graticuler , craticuler , to square, fr. graticule , craticule , graticule, L. craticula , dim. of crates wickerwork. See 2d Grate .] The division of a design or draught into squares, in order the more easily to reproduce it in larger or smaller dimensions.

Graticule <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"i*cule (?) , n. [F. See Graticulation. ] A design or draught which has been divided into squares, in order to reproduce it in other dimensions.

Gratification <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"i*fi*ca"tion (?) , n. [L. gratificatio: cf. F. gratification.] 1. The act of gratifying, or pleasing, either the mind, the taste, or the appetite; as, the gratification of the palate, of the appetites, of the senses, of the desires, of the heart .

2. That which affords pleasure; satisfaction; enjoyment; fruition: delight.

3. A reward; a recompense; a gratuity.

Bp. Morton.

Glatified <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Glat"i*fied (?) , a. Pleased; indulged according to desire.

Syn. -- Glad; pleased. See Glad.

Gratifier <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"i*fi"er (?) , n. One who gratifies or pleases.

Gratify <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"i*fy (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Gratified (#) ; p. pr. & vb. n . Gratifying (#) .] [F. gratifier , L. gratificari ; gratus pleasing + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy .] 1. To please; to give pleasure to; to satisfy; to soothe; to indulge; as, to gratify the taste, the appetite, the senses, the desires, the mind, etc .

For who would die to gratify a foe? Dryden.

2. To requite; to recompense. [Obs.]

It remains . . . To gratify his noble service. Shak.

Syn. -- To indulge; humor please; delight; requite; recompense. -- To Gratify , Indulge , Humor. Gratify , is the generic term, and has reference simply to the pleasure communicated. To indulge a person implies that we concede something to his wishes or his weaknesses which he could not claim, and which had better, perhaps, be spared. To humor is to adapt ourselves to the varying moods, and, perhaps, caprices, of others. We gratify a child by showing him the sights of a large city; we indulge him in some extra expense on such an occasion; we humor him when he is tired and exacting.

Grating <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"ing (?) , n. [See 2d Grate.] 1. A partition, covering, or frame of parallel or cross bars; a latticework resembling a window grate; as, the grating of a prison or convent .

2. (Optics) A system of close equidistant and parallel lines lines or bars, especially lines ruled on a polished surface, used for producing spectra by diffraction; -- called also diffraction grating .

3. pl. (Naut.) The strong wooden lattice used to cover a hatch, admitting light and air; also, a movable Lattice used for the flooring of boats.

Grating <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"ing , a. [See Grate to rub harshy.] That grates; making a harsh sound; harsh. -- Grat"ing*ly , adv.

Grating <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"ing , n. A harsh sound caused by attrition.

Gratiolin <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Gra*ti"o*lin (?) , n. (Chem.) One of the essential principles of the hedge hyssop ( Gratiola officinalis ).

Gratis <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Gra"tis (?) , adv. [L., contr. fr. gratiis out of favor or kindness, without recompense, for nothing, fr. gratia favor. See Grace. ] For nothing; without fee or recompense; freely; gratuitously.

Gratitude <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"i*tude (?) , n. [F. gratitude , LL. gratitudo , from gratus agreeable, grateful. See Grate , a. ] The state of being grateful; warm and friendly feeling toward a benefactor; kindness awakened by a favor received; thankfulness.

The debt immense of endless gratitude. Milton.

Gratuitous <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Gra*tu"i*tous (?) a. [L. gratuitus , from gratus pleasing. See Grate , a. , Gratis. ] 1. Given without an equivalent or recompense; conferred without valuable consideration; granted without pay, or without claim or merit; not required by justice.

We mistake the gratuitous blessings of Heaven for the fruits of our own industry. L'Estrange.

2. Not called for by the circumstances; without reason, cause, or proof; adopted or asserted without any good ground; as, a gratuitous assumption .

Acts of gratuitous self-humiliation. De Quincye.

-- Gra*tu"i*tous*ly , adv. -- Gra*tu"i*tous*ness , n.

Gratuity <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Gra*tu"i*ty (?) , n. ; pl. Gtratuities (#) . [F. gratuit\'82 , or LL. gratuitas .] 1. Something given freely or without recompense; a free gift; a present.

Swift.

2. Something voluntarily given in return for a favor or service, as a recompense or acknowledgment. <-- usually money. In particular, the money given to a waiter, cab driver, bellhop, etc. as a reward for good service = tip -->

Gratulate <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"u*late (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Grqatulated (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Gratulating (?) .] [L. gratulatus , p. p. of gratulari to congratulate, fr. gratus pleasing, agreeable. See Grate , a. ] To salute with declaration of joy; to congratulate. [R.]

Shak.

Gratulate <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"u*late (?) , a. Worthy of gratulation. [Obs.]

There's more behind that is more gratulate . Shak.

Gratulation <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"u*la"tion (?) , n. [L. gratulatio.] The act of gratulating or felicitating; congratulation.

I shall turn my wishes into gratulations. South.

Gratulatory <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grat"u*la*to*ry (?) , a. [L. gratulatorius.] Expressing gratulation or joy; congratulatory.

The usual groundwork of such gratulatory odes. Bp. Horsley.

Graunt <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Graunt (?) , v. & n. [Obs.] See Grant. Chaucer.

Grauwacke <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grau"wack*e (?) , n. [G.] Graywacke.

Gravamen <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Gra*va"men (?) , n. ; pl. L. Gravamina (#) , E. Gravamens (#) . [L., fr. gravare to load, burden, fr. gravis heavy, weighty. See Grave , a. ] (Law) The grievance complained of; the substantial cause of the action; also, in general, the ground or essence of a complaint. Bouvier.

-grave <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

-grave (?) . A final syllable signifying a ruler, as in landgrave, margrave. See Margrave.

Grave <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>

Grave (?) , v. t. (Naut.) To clean, as a vessel's bottom, of barnacles, grass, etc., and pay it over with pitch; -- so called because graves or greaves was formerly used for this purpose.

Grave <Xpage=<-- p. 647 this page badly done>