Chapter 681

Knots, by the conflux of meeting sap, Infect the sound pine and divert his grain Tortive and errant from his course of growth. Shak.

8. The fiber which forms the substance of wood or of any fibrous material.

9. The hair side of a piece of leather, or the marking on that side.

Knight.

10. pl. The remains of grain, etc., after brewing or distillation; hence, any residuum. Also called draff.

11. (Bot.) A rounded prominence on the back of a sepal, as in the common dock. See Grained , a. , 4.

12. Temper; natural disposition; inclination. [Obs.]

Brothers . . . not united in grain. Hayward.

13. A sort of spice, the grain of paradise. [Obs.]

He cheweth grain and licorice, To smellen sweet. Chaucer.

Against the grain , against or across the direction of the fibers; hence, against one's wishes or tastes; unwillingly; unpleasantly; reluctantly; with difficulty. Swift. Saintsbury. -- A grain of allowance , a slight indulgence or latitude a small allowance. -- Grain binder , an attachment to a harvester for binding the grain into sheaves. -- Grain colors , dyes made from the coccus or kermes in sect. -- Grain leather . (a) Dressed horse hides. (b) Goat, seal, and other skins blacked on the grain side for women's shoes, etc. -- Grain moth (Zo\'94l.) , one of several small moths, of the family Tineid\'91 (as Tinea granella and Butalis cereAlella ), whose larv\'91 devour grain in storehouses. -- Grain side (Leather) , the side of a skin or hide from which the hair has been removed; -- opposed to flesh side. -- Grains of paradise , the seeds of a species of amomum. -- grain tin , crystalline tin ore metallic tin smelted with charcoal. -- Grain weevil (Zo\'94l.) , a small red weevil (Sitophilus granarius), which destroys stored wheat and othar grain, by eating out the interior. -- Grain worm (Zo\'94l.) , the larva of the grain moth. See grain moth , above. -- In grain , of a fast color; deeply seated; fixed; innate; genuine. "Anguish in grain." Herbert. -- To dye in grain , to dye of a fast color by means of the coccus or kermes grain [see Grain , n. , 5]; hence, to dye firmly; also, to dye in the wool, or in the raw material. See under Dye.

The red roses flush up in her cheeks . . . Likce crimson dyed in grain. Spenser.

-- To go against the grain of (a person), to be repugnant to; to vex, irritate, mortify, or trouble.

Grain <Xpage=643>

Grain , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Grained (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Graining. ]

1. To paint in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.

2. To form (powder, sugar, etc.) into grains.

3. To take the hair off (skins); to soften and raise the grain of (leather, etc.).

Grain <Xpage=643>

Grain , v. i. [F. grainer , grener. See Grain , n. ] 1. To yield fruit. [Obs.]

Gower.

2. To form grains, or to assume a granular ferm, as the result of crystallization; to granulate.

Grain <Xpage=643>

Grain (?) , n. [See Groin a part of the body.]

1. A branch of a tree; a stalk or stem of a plant. [Obs.]

G. Douglas.

2. A tine, prong, or fork. Specifically: (a) One the branches of a valley or of a river. (b) pl. An iron first speak or harpoon, having four or more barbed points.

3. A blade of a sword, knife, etc.

4. (Founding) A thin piece of metal, used in a mold to steady a core.

Grained <Xpage=643>

Grained (?) , a. 1. Having a grain; divided into small particles or grains; showing the grain; hence, rough.

2. Dyed in grain; ingrained.

Persons lightly dipped, not grained , in generous honesty, are but pale in goodness. Sir T. Browne.

3. Painted or stained in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.

4. (Bot.) Having tubercles or grainlike processes, as the petals or sepals of some flowers.

Grainer <Xpage=643>

Grain"er (?) , n. 1. An infusion of pigeon's dung used by tanners to neutralize the effects of lime and give flexibility to skins; -- called also grains and bate.

2. A knife for taking the hair off skins.

3. One who paints in imitation of the grain of wood, marble, etc.; also, the brush or tool used in graining.

Grainfield <Xpage=643>

Grain"field` (?) , n. A field where grain is grown.

Graining <Xpage=643>

Grain"ing , n. 1. Indentation; roughening; milling, as on edges of coins.

Locke.

2. A process in dressing leather, by which the skin is softened and the grain raised.

3. Painting or staining, in imitation of the grain of wood, atone, etc.

4. (Soap Making) The process of separating soap from spent lye, as with salt.

Graining <Xpage=643>

Grain"ing , n. (Zo\'94l.) A small European fresh-water fish (Leuciscus vulgaris); - called also dobule, and dace.

Grains <Xpage=643>

Grains (?) , n. pl. 1. See 5th Grain , n. , 2 (b) .

2. Pigeon's dung used in tanning. See Grainer. n. , 1.

Grainy <Xpage=643>

Grain"y (?) , a. Resembling grains; granular.

Graip <Xpage=643>

Graip (?) , n. [Perh. akin to grope, gripe.] A dungfork. [Scot.]

Burns.

Graith <Xpage=643>

Graith (?) , v. t. [Obs.] See Greith.

Chaucer.

Graith <Xpage=643>

Graith , n. Furniture; apparatus or accouterments for work, traveling, war, etc. [Scot.]

Jamieson.

Grakle <Xpage=643>

Gra"kle (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) See Grackle.

Grall\'91 <Xpage=643>

Gral"l\'91 (?) , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. grallae stilts, for gradulae , fr. gradus. See Grade. ] (Zo\'94l.) An order of birds which formerly included all the waders. By later writers it is usually restricted to the sandpipers, plovers, and allied forms; -- called also Grallatores.

Grallatores <Xpage=643>

Gral"la*to"res (?) , n. pl. [NL. from L. grallator one who runs on stilts.] (Zo&ouml;l.) See Grall\'91 .

Grallatorial, Grallatory <Xpage=643>

Gral`la*to"ri*al (?) , Gral"la*to*ry (?) , a. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the Grallatores, or waders.

Grallic <Xpage=643>

Gral"lic (?) , a. (Zo\'94l.) Pertaining to the Grall\'91.

Gralline <Xpage=643>

Gral"line (l&imac;n) , a. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the Grall\'91.

Gralloch <Xpage=643>

Gral"loch (?) , n. Offal of a deer. -- v. t. To remove the offal from (a deer).

-gram <Xpage=643>

-gram (?) . [Gr. ? a thing drawn or written, a letter, fr. gra`fein to draw, write. See Graphic. ] A suffix indicating something drawn or written, a drawing, writing; -- as, monogram, telegram, chronogram.

Gram <Xpage=643>

Gram (?) , a. [AS. gram; akin to E. grim. &root;35.] Angry. [Obs.]

Havelok, the Dane.

Gram <Xpage=643>

Gram , n. [Pg. gr?o grain. See Grain. ] (Bot.) The East Indian name of the chick-pea ( Cicer arietinum ) and its seeds; also, other similar seeds there used for food.

Gram, Gramme <Xpage=643>

Gram , Gramme (?) , n. [F. gramme , from Gr. ? that which is written, a letter, a small weight, fr. ? to write. See Graphic. ] The unit of weight in the metric system. It was intended to be exactly, and is very nearly, equivalent to the weight in a vacuum of one cubic centimeter of pure water at its maximum density. It is equal to 15.432 grains. See Grain , n. , 4.

Gram degree , &or; Gramme degree (Physics) , a unit of heat, being the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water one degree centigrade. -- Gram equivalent (Electrolysis) , that quantity of the metal which will replace one gram of hydrogen.

Grama grass <Xpage=643>

Gra"ma grass` (?) . [Sp. grama a sort of grass.] (Bot.) The name of several kinds of pasture grasses found in the Western United States, esp. the Bouteloua oligostachya .

Gramarye <Xpage=643>

Gram"a*rye (?) , n. [OE. gramer , grameri , gramori , grammar, magic, OF. gramaire , F. grammaire. See Grammar. ] Necromancy; magic.

Sir W. Scott.

Gramashes <Xpage=643>

Gra*mash"es (?) , n. pl. [See Gamashes. ] Gaiters reaching to the knee; leggings.

Strong gramashes, or leggings of thick gray cloth. Sir W. Scott.

Grame <Xpage=643>

Grame (?) , n. [See Gram , a. ] 1. Anger; wrath; scorn. [Obs.]

Chaucer.

2. Sorrow; grief; misery. [Obs.]

Chaucer.

Gramercy <Xpage=643>

Gra*mer"cy (?) , interj. [F. grand-merci . See Grand , and Mercy. ] A word formerly used to express thankfulness, with surprise; many thanks.

Gramercy, Mammon, said the gentle knight. Spenser.

<page="644"> Page 644

Graminaceous <Xpage=644>

Gram"i*na"ceous (?) , a. [L. gramen , graminis , grass.] Pertaining to, or resembling, the grasses; gramineous; as, graminaceous plants .

Gramineal <Xpage=644>

Gra*min"e*al (?) , a. Gramineous.

Gramineous <Xpage=644>

Gra*min"e*ous (?) , a. [L. gramineus , fr. gramen , graminis , grass.] (Bot.) Like, Or pertaining to, grass. See Grass , n. , 2.

Graminifolious <Xpage=644>

Gram"i*ni*fo"li*ous (?) , a. [L. gramen , graminis , grass + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Bearing leaves resembling those of grass.

Graminivorous <Xpage=644>

Gram"i*niv"o*rous (?) , a. [L. gramen , graminis , grass + vorare to eat greedily.] Feeding or subsisting on grass, and the like food; -- said of horses, cattle, and other animals.

Grammalogue <Xpage=644>

Gram"ma*logue (?) , n. [Gr. gra`mma letter + lo`gos word. Cf. Logogram .] (Phonography) Literally, a letter word ; a word represented by a logogram; as, it , represented by |, that is, t . pitman.

Grammar <Xpage=644>

Gram"mar (?) , n. [OE. gramere , OF. gramaire , F. grammaire Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr <?/, fem. of <?/ skilled in grammar, fr. <?/ letter. See Gramme , Graphic , and cf. Grammatical , Gramarye .] 1. The science which treats of the principles of language; the study of forms of speech, and their relations to one another; the art concerned with the right use aud application of the rules of a language, in speaking or writing.

&hand; The whole fabric of grammar rests upon the classifying of words according to their function in the sentence.

Bain.

2. The art of speaking or writing with correctness or according to established usage; speech considered with regard to the rules of a grammar.

The original bad grammar and bad spelling. Macaulay.

3. A treatise on the principles of language; a book containing the principles and rules for correctness in speaking or writing.

4. treatise on the elements or principles of any science; as, a grammar of geography .

Comparative grammar , the science which determines the relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing their grammatical forms. -- Grammar school . (a) A school, usually endowed, in which Latin and Greek grammar are taught, as also other studies preparatory to colleges or universities; as, the famous Rugby Grammar School . This use of the word is more common in England than in the United States.

When any town shall increase to the number of a hundred families or householders, they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the University. Mass. Records (1647).

(b) In the American system of graded common schools an intermediate grade between the primary school and the high school, in which the principles of English grammar are taught. <-- now = primary school -->

Grammar <Xpage=644>

Gram"mar , v. i. To discourse according to the rules of grammar; to use grammar. [Obs.]

Beau. & Fl.

Grammarian <Xpage=644>

Gram*ma"ri*an (?) , n. [Cf. F. grammairien .] 1. One versed in grammar, or the construction of languages; a philologist.

&hand; "The term was used by the classic ancients as a term of honorable distinction for all who were considered learned in any art or faculty whatever." Brande & C.

2. One who writes on, or teaches, grammar.

Grammarianism <Xpage=644>

Gram*ma"ri*an*ism (?) , n. The principles, practices, or peculiarities of grammarians. [R.]

Grammarless <Xpage=644>

Gram"mar*less (?) , a. Without grammar.

Grammates <Xpage=644>

Gram"mates (?) , n. pl. [From Gr. <?/ letters, written rules.] Rudiments; first principles, as of grammar. [Obs.]

Ford.

Grammatic <Xpage=644>

Gram*mat"ic (?) , a. Grammatical.

Grammatical <Xpage=644>

Gram*mat"ic*al (?) , a. [L. grammaticus , grammaticalis ; Gr. <?/ skilled in grammar, knowing one's letters, from <?/ a letter: cf. F. grammatical . See Grammar .] 1. Of or pertaining to grammar; of the nature of grammar; as, a grammatical rule .

2. According to the rules of grammar; grammatically correct; as, the sentence is not grammatical ; the construction is not grammatical.

-- Gram*mat"ic*al*ly , adv. -- Gram*mat"ic*al*ness , n.

Grammaticaster <Xpage=644>

Gram*mat"icas"ter (?) , n. [LL.] A petty grammarian; a grammatical pedant or pretender.

My noble Neophite, my little grammaticaster . B. Jonson.

Grammatication <Xpage=644>

Gram*mat"i*ca"tion (?) , n. A principle of grammar; a grammatical rule. [Obs.]

Dalgarno.

Grammaticism <Xpage=644>

Gram*mat"i*cism (?) , n. A point or principle of grammar.

Abp. Leighton.

Grammaticize <Xpage=644>

Gram*mat"i*cize (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Grammaticized (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Grammaticizing (?) .] To render grammatical.

Fuller.

Grammatist <Xpage=644>

Gram"ma*tist (?) , n. [L. grammatista schoolmaster, Gr. <?/, from <?/ to teach the letters, to be a scribe: cf. F. grammatiste . See Grammatical .] A petty grammarian. [R]

Tooke.

Gramme <Xpage=644>

Gramme (?) , n. Same as Gram the weight.

Gramme machine <Xpage=644>

Gramme" ma*chine" (?) . (Elec.) A kind of dynamo-electric machine; -- so named from its French inventor, M. Gramme .

Knight.

Grampus <Xpage=644>

Gram"pus (?) , n. ; pl. Grampuses (#) . [Probably corrupted from It. gran pesce great fish, or Sp. gran pez , or Pg. gran peixe , all fr. L. grandis piscis . See Grand , and Fish . the animal.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) A toothed delphinoid cetacean, of the genus Grampus , esp. G. griseus of Europe and America, which is valued for its oil. It grows to be fifteen to twenty feet long; its color is gray with white streaks. Called also cowfish . The California grampus is G. Stearnsii .

2. A kind of tongs used in a bloomery. [U.S.]

Granade, Granado <Xpage=644>

Gra*nade" (?) , Gra*na"do (?) , n. See Grenade .

Granadilla <Xpage=644>

Grana*dil"la (?) , n. [Sp., dim. of granada pomegranate. See Grenade , Garnet .] (Bot.) The fruit of certain species of passion flower (esp. Passiflora quadrangularis ) found in Brazil and the West Indies. It is as large as a child's head, and is a good dessert fruit. The fruit of Passiflora edulis is used for flavoring ices.

Granary <Xpage=644>

Gran"a*ry (?) , n. ; pl. Granaries (#) . [L. granarium , fr. granum grain. See Garner .] A storehouse or repository for grain, esp. after it is thrashed or husked; a cornbouse; also ( Fig .), a region fertile in grain.<-- in this sense, equivalent to "breadbasket", used figuratively -->

The exhaustless granary of a world. Thomson.

Granate <Xpage=644>

Gran"ate (?) , n. See Garnet .

Granatin <Xpage=644>

Gra*na"tin (?) , n. [L. granatum the pomegranate.] (Chem.) Mannite; -- so called because found in the pomegranate.

Granatite <Xpage=644>

Gran"a*tite (?) , n. See Staurolite .

Grand <Xpage=644>

Grand (?) , a. [ Compar. Grander (?) ; superl. Grandest .] [OE. grant , grount , OF. grant , F. grand , fr. L. grandis ; perh. akin to gravis heavy, E. grave , a. Cf. Grandee .] 1. Of large size or extent; great; extensive; hence, relatively great; greatest; chief; principal; as, a grand mountain; a grand army; a grand mistake. "Our grand foe, Satan."

Milton.

Making so bold . . . to unseal Their grand commission. Shak.

2. Great in size, and fine or imposing in appearance or impression; illustrious, dignifled, or noble (said of persons); majestic, splendid, magnificent, or sublime (said of things); as, a grand monarch; a grand lord; a grand general; a grand view; a grand conception.

They are the highest models of expression, the unapproached masters of the grand style. M. Arnold.

3. Having higher rank or more dignity, size, or importance than other persons or things of the same name; as, a grand lodge; a grand vizier; a grand piano, etc.

4. Standing in the second or some more remote degree of parentage or descent; -- generalIy used in composition; as, grandfather, grandson, grandchild, etc .

What cause Mov'd our grand parents, in that happy state, Favor'd of Heaven so highly, to fall off From their Creator. Milton.