Chapter 625

Foul (?) , a. [ Compar. Fouler (-&etil;r) ; superl. Foulest .] [OE. foul , ful , AS. f&umac;l ; akin to D. vuil , G. faul rotten, OHG. f&umac;l , Icel. f&umac;l foul, fetid; Dan. fuul , Sw. ful foul, Goth. f&umac;ls fetid, Lith. puti to be putrid, L. putere to stink, be putrid, pus pus, Gr. py`on pus, to cause to rot, Skr. p&umac;y to stink. \'fb82. Cf. Defile to foul, File to foul, Filth , Pus , Putrid .] 1. Covered with, or containing, extraneous matter which is injurious, noxious, offensive, or obstructive; filthy; dirty; not clean; polluted; nasty; defiled; as, a foul cloth; foul hands; a foul chimney; foul air; a ship's bottom is foul when overgrown with barnacles; a gun becomes foul from repeated firing; a well is foul with polluted water.

My face is foul with weeping. Job. xvi. 16.

2. Scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive; as, foul words; foul language.

3. Hateful; detestable; shameful; odious; wretched. "The foul with Sycorax."

Shak.

Who first seduced them to that foul revolt? Milton.

4. Loathsome; disgusting; as, a foul disease .

5. Ugly; homely; poor. [Obs.]

Chaucer.

Let us, like merchants, show our foulest wares. Shak.

6. Not favorable; unpropitious; not fair or advantageous; as, a foul wind; a foul road ; cloudy or rainy; stormy; not fair; -- said of the weather, sky, etc.

So foul a sky clears not without a storm. Shak.

7. Not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.; unfair; dishonest; dishonorable; cheating; as, foul play .

8. Having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement; entangled; -- opposed to clear ; as, a rope or cable may get foul while paying it out .

<page="590"> Page 590

Foul anchor . (Naut.) See under Anchor . -- Foul ball (Baseball) , a ball that first strikes the ground outside of the foul ball lines, or rolls outside of certain limits. -- Foul ball lines (Baseball) , lines from the home base, through the first and third bases, to the boundary of the field. -- Foul berth (Naut.) , a berth in which a ship is in danger of fouling another vesel. -- Foul bill , &or; Foul bill of health , a certificate, duly authenticated, that a ship has come from a place where a contagious disorder prevails, or that some of the crew are infected. -- Foul copy , a rough draught, with erasures and corrections; -- opposed to fair or clean copy . "Some writers boast of negligence, and others would be ashamed to show their foul copies ." Cowper. -- Foul proof , an uncorrected proof; a proof containing an excessive quantity of errors. -- Foul strike (Baseball) , a strike by the batsman when any part of his person is outside of the lines of his position. -- To fall foul , to fall out; to quarrel. [Obs.] "If they be any ways offended, they fall foul ." Burton. -- To fall, &or; run , foul of . See under Fall . -- To make foul water , to sail in such shallow water that the ship's keel stirs the mud at the bottom.

Foul <Xpage=590>

Foul (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Fouled (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Fouling .] 1. To make filthy; to defile; to daub; to dirty; to soil; as, to foul the face or hands with mire .

2. (Mil.) To incrust (the bore of a gun) with burnt powder in the process of firing.

3. To cover (a ship's bottom) with anything that impered its sailing; as, a bottom fouled with barnacles .

4. To entangle, so as to impede motion; as, to foul a rope or cable in paying it out ; to come into collision with; as, one boat fouled the other in a race .

Foul <Xpage=590>

Foul , v. i. 1. To become clogged with burnt powder in the process of firing, as a gun.

2. To become entagled, as ropes; to come into collision with something; as, the two boats fouled .

Foul <Xpage=590>

Foul , n. 1. An entanglement; a collision, as in a boat race.

2. (Baseball) See Foul ball , under Foul , a.

Foulard <Xpage=590>

Fou`lard" (?) , n. [F.] A thin, washable material of silk, or silk and cotton, originally imported from India, but now also made elsewhere.

Foulder <Xpage=590>

Foul"der (?) , v. i. [OE. fouldre lightning, fr. F. foudre , OF. also fouldre , fr. L. fulgur . See Fulgor .] To flash, as lightning; to lighten; to gleam; to thunder. [Obs.] "Flames of fouldering heat."

Spenser.

Foule <Xpage=590>

Foul"e (?) , adv. Foully. [Obs.]

Chaucer.

Foully <Xpage=590>

Foul"ly (?) , v. In a foul manner; filthily; nastily; shamefully; unfairly; dishonorably.

I foully wronged him; do forgive me, do. Gay.

Foul-mouthed <Xpage=590>

Foul"-mouthed` (?) , a. Using language scurrilous, opprobrious, obscene, or profane; abusive.

So foul-mouthed a witness never appeared in any cause. Addison.

Foulness <Xpage=590>

Foul"ness , n. [AS. f<?/lnes .] The quality or condition of being foul.

Foul-spoken <Xpage=590>

Foul"-spo`ken (?) , a. Using profane, scurrilous, slanderous, or obscene language.

Shak.

Foumart <Xpage=590>

Fou"mart` (?) , n. [OE. folmard , fulmard ; AS. f<?/l foul + mear<?/ , meard , marten: cf. F. marte , martre . See Foul , a. , and Marten the quadruped.] (Zo\'94l.) The European polecat; -- called also European ferret , and fitchew . See Polecat . [Written also foulmart , foulimart , and fulimart .]

Found <Xpage=590>

Found (?) , imp. & p. p. of Find .

Found <Xpage=590>

Found , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Founded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Founding .] [F. fondre , L. fundere to found, pour.] To form by melting a metal, and pouring it into a mold; to cast. "Whereof to found their engines."

Milton.

Found <Xpage=590>

Found , n. A thin, single-cut file for combmakers.

Found <Xpage=590>

Found , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Founded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Founding .] [F. fonder , L. fundare , fr. fundus bottom. See 1st Bottom , and cf. Founder , v. i. , Fund .] 1. To lay the basis of; to set, or place, as on something solid, for support; to ground; to establish upon a basis, literal or figurative; to fix firmly.

I had else been perfect, Whole as the marble, founded as the rock. Shak.

A man that all his time Hath founded his good fortunes on your love. Shak.

It fell not, for it was founded on a rock. Matt. vii. 25.

2. To take the ffirst steps or measures in erecting or building up; to furnish the materials for beginning; to begin to raise; to originate; as, to found a college; to found a family.

There they shall found Their government, and their great senate choose. Milton.

Syn. -- To base; ground; institute; establish; fix. See Predicate .

Foundation <Xpage=590>

Foun*da"tion (?) , n. [F. fondation , L. fundatio . See Found to establish.] 1. The act of founding, fixing, establishing, or beginning to erect.

2. That upon which anything is founded; that on which anything stands, and by which it is supported; the lowest and supporting layer of a superstructure; groundwork; basis.

Behold, I lay in Zion, for a foundation , a stone . . . a precious corner stone, a sure foundation . Is. xxviii. 16.

The foundation of a free common wealth. Motley.

3. (Arch.) The lowest and supporting part or member of a wall, including the base course (see Base course (a) , under Base , n. ) and footing courses; in a frame house, the whole substructure of masonry.

4. A donation or legacy appropriated to support a charitable institution, and constituting a permanent fund; endowment.

He was entered on the foundation of Westminster. Macaulay.

5. That which is founded, or established by endowment; an endowed institution or charity.

Against the canon laws of our foundation . Milton.

Foundation course . See Base course , under Base , n. -- Foundation muslin , an open-worked gummed fabric used for stiffening dresses, bonnets, etc. -- Foundation school , in England, an endowed school. -- To be on a foundation , to be entitled to a support from the proceeds of an endowment, as a scholar or a fellow of a college.

Foundationer <Xpage=590>

Foun*da"tion*er (?) , n. One who derives support from the funds or foundation of a college or school. [Eng.]

Foundationless <Xpage=590>

Foun*da"tion*less , a. Having no foundation.

Founder <Xpage=590>

Found"er (?) , n. [Cf. OF. fondeor , F. fondateur , L. fundator .] One who founds, establishes, and erects; one who lays a foundation; an author; one from whom anything originates; one who endows.

Founder <Xpage=590>

Found"er , n. [From Found to cast.] One who founds; one who casts metals in various forms; a caster; as, a founder of cannon, bells, hardware, or types .

Fonder's dust . Same as Facing , 4. -- Founder's sand , a kind of sand suitable for purposes of molding.

Founder <Xpage=590>

Found"er (?) , v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Foundered (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Foundering .] [OF. fondrer to fall in, cf. F. s'effondrer , fr. fond bottom, L. fundus . See Found to establish.] 1. (Naut.) To become filled with water, and sink, as a ship.

2. To fall; to stumble and go lame, as a horse.

For which his horse fear\'82 gan to turn, And leep aside, and foundrede as he leep. Chaucer.

3. To fail; to miscarry. "All his tricks founder ."

Shak.

Founder <Xpage=590>

Found"er , v. t. To cause internal inflammation and soreness in the feet or limbs of (a horse), so as to disable or lame him.

Founder <Xpage=590>

Found"er , n. (Far.) (a) A lameness in the foot of a horse, occasioned by inflammation; closh. (b) An inflammatory fever of the body, or acute rheumatism; as, chest founder . See Chest ffounder .

James White.

Founderous <Xpage=590>

Foun"der*ous (?) , a. Difficult to travel; likely to trip one up; as, a founderous road . [R.]

Burke.

Foundershaft <Xpage=590>

Found"er*shaft` (?) , n. (Mining) The first shaft sunk.

Raymond.

Foundery <Xpage=590>

Found"er*y (?) , n. ; pl. Founderies (#) . [F. fonderie , fr. fondre . See Found to cast, and cf. Foundry .] Same as Foundry .

Founding <Xpage=590>

Found"ing , n. The art of smelting and casting metals.

Foundling <Xpage=590>

Found"ling (?) , n. [OE. foundling , fundling ; finden to find + -ling ; cf. f\'81ndling , findling . See Find , v. t. , and -ling .] A deserted or exposed infant; a child found without a parent or owner.

Foundling hospital , a hospital for foundlings.

Foundress <Xpage=590>

Found"ress (?) , n. A female founder; a woman who founds or establishes, or who endows with a fund.

Foundry <Xpage=590>

Found"ry (?) , n. ; pl. Foundries (#) . [See Foundery .] 1. The act, process, or art of casting metals.

2. The buildings and works for casting metals.

Foundry ladle , a vessel for holding molten metal and conveying it from cupola to the molds.

Fount <Xpage=590>

Fount (?) , n. [See Font .] (Print.) A font.

Fount <Xpage=590>

Fount , n. [OF. font , funt , fr. L. fons , fontis , a fountain; of uncertain origin, perh. akin to fundere to pour, E. found to cast. Cf. Font .] A fountain.

Founttain <Xpage=590>

Fount"tain (?) , n. [F. fontaine , LL. fontana , fr. L. fons , fontis . See 2d Fount .] 1. A spring of water issuing from the earth.

2. An artificially produced jet or stream of water; also, the structure or works in which such a jet or stream rises or flows; a basin built and constantly supplied with pure water for drinking and other useful purposes, or for ornament.

3. A reservoir or chamber to contain a liquid which can be conducted or drawn off as needed for use; as, the ink fountain in a printing press, etc.

4. The source from which anything proceeds, or from which anything is supplied continuously; origin; source.

Judea, the fountain of the gospel. Fuller.

Author of all being, Fountain of light, thyself invisible. Milton.

Air fountain . See under Air . -- Fountain heead , primary source; original; first principle. Young. -- Fountain inkstand , an inkstand having a continual supply of ink, as from elevated reservoir. -- Fountain lamp , a lamp fed with oil from an elevated reservoir. -- Fountain pen , a pen with a reservoir in the handle which furnishes a supply of ink. -- Fountain pump . (a) A structure for a fountain, having the form of a pump. (b) A portable garden pump which throws a jet, for watering plants, etc. -- Fountain shell (Zo\'94l.) , the large West Indian conch shell ( Strombus gigas ). -- Fountain of youth , a mythical fountain whose waters were fabled to have the property of renewing youth.

Fountainless <Xpage=590>

Foun"tain*less , a. Having no fountain; destitute of springs or sources of water.

Barren desert, fountainless and dry. Milton.

Fountful <Xpage=590>

Fount"ful (?) , a. Full of fountains.

Pope.

Four <Xpage=590>

Four (?) , a. [OE. four , fower , feower , AS. fe\'a2wer ; akin to OS. fiwar , D. & G. vier , OHG. fior , Icel. fj<?/rir , Sw. fyra , Dan. fire , Goth. fidw<?/r , Russ. chetuire , chetvero , W. pedwar , L. quatuor , Gr. <?/, <?/, <?/, Skr. catur . <?/ 302. Cf. Farthing , Firkin , Forty , Cater four, Quater-cousin , Quatuor , Quire of paper, tetrarch .] One more than three; twice two.

Four <Xpage=590>

Four , n. 1. The sum of four units; four units or objects.

2. A symbol representing four units, as 4 or iv.

3. Four things of the same kind, esp. four horses; as, a chariot and four .

All fours . See All fours , in the Vocabulary.

Fourb, Fourbe <Xpage=590>

Fourb , Fourbe (?) , n. [F.] A trickly fellow; a cheat. [Obs.]

Evelyn. Denham.

Fourch\'82 <Xpage=590>

Four`ch\'82" (?) , a. [F. See Fo<?/ .] (Her.) Having the ends forked or branched, and the ends of the branches terminating abruptly as if cut off; -- said of an ordinary, especially of a cross.

Fourchette <Xpage=590>

Four`chette" (?) , n. [F., dim. of fourche . See Fork .] 1. A table fork.

2. (Anat.) (a) A small fold of membrane, connecting the labia in the posterior part of the vulva. (b) The wishbone or furculum of birds. (c) The frog of the hoof of the horse and allied animals.

3. (Surg.) An instrument used to raise and support the tongue during the cutting of the fr\'91num.

4. (Glove Making) The forked piece between two adjacent fingers, to which the front and back portions are sewed.

Knight.

Four-cornered <Xpage=590>

Four"-cor`nered (?) , a. Having four corners or angles.

Fourdrinier <Xpage=590>

Four`dri`nier" (?) , n. A machine used in making paper; -- so named from an early inventor of improvements in this class of machinery.

Fourfold <Xpage=590>

Four"fold` (?) , a. & adv. [AS. fe\'a2werfeold .] Four times; quadruple; as, a fourfold division .

He snall restore the lamb fourfold . 2 Sam. xii. 6.

Fourfold <Xpage=590>

Four"fold` , n. Four times as many or as much.

Fourfold <Xpage=590>

Four"fold` , v. t. To make four times as much or as many, as an assessment,; to quadruple.

Fourfooted <Xpage=590>

Four"foot`ed (?) , a. Having four feet; quadruped; as, fourfooted beasts .

Fourgon <Xpage=590>

Four`gon" (?) , n. [F.] (Mil.) (a) An ammunition wagon. (b) A French baggage wagon.

Fourhanded <Xpage=590>

Four"hand`ed (?) , a. 1. Having four hands; quadrumanous.

Goldsmith.

2. Requiring four "hands" or players; as, a fourhanded game at cards .

Fourierism <Xpage=590>

Fou"ri*er*ism (?) , n. The co\'94perative socialistic system of Charles Fourier , a Frenchman, who recommended the reorganization of society into small communities, living in common.

Fourierist, Fourierite <Xpage=590>

Fou"ri*er*ist , Fou"ri*er*ite (?) , n. One who adopts the views of Fourier.

Four-in-hand <Xpage=590>

Four"-in-hand (?) , a. Consisting of four horses controlled by one person; as, a four-in-hand team; drawn by four horses driven by one person; as, a four-in-hand coach . -- n. A team of four horses driven by one person; also, a vehicle drawn by such a team.

As quaint a four-in-hand As you shall see. Tennyson.

Fourling <Xpage=590>

Four"ling , n. 1. One of four children born at the same time.

2. (Crystallog.) A compound or twin crystal consisting of four individuals.

Fourneau <Xpage=590>

Four`neau" (?) , n. [F.] (Mil.) The chamber of a mine in which the powder is placed.

Four-o'clock <Xpage=590>

Four"-o'clock` (?) , n. 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Mirabilis . There are about half a dozen species, natives of the warmer parts of America. The common four-o'clock is M. Jalapa . Its flowers are white, yellow, and red, and open toward sunset, or earlier in cloudy weather; hence the name. It is also called marvel of Peru , and afternoon lady .