Chapter 505

E*lec`tro-phys`i*o*log"ic*al (?) , a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to electrical results produced through physiological agencies, or by change of action in a living organism.

Electro-physiology <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-phys`i*ol"o*gy (?) , n. (Physiol.) That branch of physiology which treats of electric phenomena produced through physiological agencies.

Electroplate <Xpage=478>

E*lec"tro*plate` (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Electroplating .] (Mech.) To plate or cover with a coating of metal, usually silver, nickel, or gold, by means of electrolysis.

Electroplater <Xpage=478>

E*lec"tro*pla`ter (?) , n. One who electroplates.

Electroplating <Xpage=478>

E*lec"tro*pla`ting (?) , n. The art or process of depositing a coating (commonly) of silver, gold, or nickel on an inferior metal, by means of electricity.

Electro-polar <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-po"lar (?) , a. (Physics) Possessing electrical polarity; positively electrified at one end, or on one surface, and negatively at the other; -- said of a conductor.

Electro-positive <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-pos"i*tive (?) , a.

1. (Physics) Of such a nature relatively to some other associated body or bodies, as to tend to the negative pole of a voltaic battery, in electrolysis, while the associated body tends to the positive pole; -- the converse or correlative of electro-negative .

&hand; An element that is electro-positive in one compound may be electro-negative in another, and vice versa .

2. (Chem.) Hence: Positive; metallic; basic; -- distinguished from negative , nonmetallic , or acid .

Electro-positive <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-pos"i*tive , n. (Chem. & Physics) A body which passes to the negative pole in electrolysis.

Electro-puncturation, Electro-puncturing <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-punc`tu*ra"tion (?) , E*lec`tro-punc`tur*ing (?; 135) , n. (Med.) See Electropuncture .

Electro-puncture <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-punc`ture (?; 135) , n. (Med.) An operation that consists in inserting needless in the part affected, and connecting them with the poles of a galvanic apparatus.

Electroscope <Xpage=478>

E*lec"tro*scope (?) , n. [ Electro- + -scope : cf. F. \'82lectroscope .] (Physics) An instrument for detecting the presence of electricity, or changes in the electric state of bodies, or the species of electricity present, as by means of pith balls, and the like.

Condensing electroscope (Physics) , a form of electroscope in which an increase of sensibility is obtained by the use of a condenser.

Electroscopic <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro*scop"ic (?) , a. Relating to, or made by means of, the electroscope.

Electrostatic <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro*stat"ic (?) , a. Pertaining to electrostatics.

Electrostatics <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro*stat"ics (?) , n. (Physics) That branch of science which treats of statical electricity or electric force in a state of rest.

Electro-stereotype <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-ste"re*o*type (?) , n. Same as Electrotype .

Electro-telegraphic <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-tel`e*graph"ic (?) , a. Pertaining to the electric telegraph, or by means of it.

Electro-telegraphy <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-te*leg"ra*phy (?) , n. The art or science of constructing or using the electric telegraph; the transmission of messages by means of the electric telegraph.

Electro-therapeutics <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-ther`a*peu"tics (?) , n. (Med.) The branch of medical science which treats of the applications agent.

Electro-thermancy <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-ther"man*cy (?) , n. That branch of electrical science which treats of the effect of an electric current upon the temperature of a conductor, or a part of a circuit composed of two different metals.

Electro-tint <Xpage=478>

E*lec"tro-tint` (?) , n. (Fine Arts) A style of engraving in relief by means of voltaic electricity. A picture is drawn on a metallic plate with some material which resists the fluids of a battery; so that, in electro-typing, the parts not covered by the varnish, etc., receive a deposition of metal, and produce the required copy in intaglio. A cast of this is then the plate for printing.

Electrotonic <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro*ton"ic (?) , a. 1. (Physics) Of or pertaining to electrical tension; -- said of a supposed peculiar condition of a conducting circuit during its exposure to the action of another conducting circuit traversed by a uniform electric current when both circuits remain stationary.

Faraday.

2. (Physiol.) Relating to electrotonus; as, the electrotonic condition of a nerve .

Electrotonize <Xpage=478>

E`lec*trot"o*nize (?) , v. t. (Physiol.) To cause or produce electrotonus.

Electrotonous <Xpage=478>

E`lec*trot"o*nous (?) , a. Electrotonic.

Electrotonus <Xpage=478>

E`lec*trot"o*nus (?) , n. [NL., fr. combining form electro- + Gr. <?/ tension.] (Physiol.) The modified condition of a nerve, when a constant current of electricity passes through any part of it. See Anelectrotonus , and Catelectrotonus .

Electrotype <Xpage=478>

E*lec"tro*type (?) , n. [ Electro- + -type .] A facsimile plate made by electrotypy for use in printing; also, an impression or print from such plate. Also used adjectively.

&hand; The face of an electrotype consists of a shell of copper, silver, or the like, produced by the action of an electrical current upon a plate of metal and a wax mold suspended in an acid bath and connected with opposite poles of the battery. It is backed up with a solid filling of type metal.

Electrotype <Xpage=478>

E*lec"tro*type , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Electrotyped (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Electrotyping (?) .] To make facsimile plates of by the electrotype process; as to electrotype a page of type, a book, etc. See Electrotype , n.

Electrotyper <Xpage=478>

E*lec"tro*ty`per (?) , n. One who electrotypes.

Electrotypic <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro*typ"ic (?) , a. Pertaining to, or effected by means of, electrotypy.

Electrotyping <Xpage=478>

E*lec"tro*ty`ping (?) , n. The act or the process of making electrotypes.

Electrotypy <Xpage=478>

E*lec"tro*ty`py (?) , n. The process of producing electrotype plates. See Note under Electrotype , n.

Electro-vital <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-vi"tal (?) , a. Derived from, or dependent upon, vital processes; -- said of certain electric currents supposed by some physiologists to circulate in the nerves of animals.

Electro-vitalism <Xpage=478>

E*lec`tro-vi"tal*ism (?) , n. (Physiol.) The theory that the functions of living organisms are dependent upon electricity or a kindred force.

Electrum <Xpage=478>

E*lec"trum (?) , n. [L., fr. Gr. <?/. See Electric , and cf. Electre , Electron .]

1. Amber.

2. An alloy of gold and silver, of an amber color, used by the ancients.

3. German-silver plate. See German silver , under German .

Electuary <Xpage=478>

E*lec"tu*a*ry (?; 135) , n. ; pl. Electuaries (#) . [OE. letuaire , OF. lettuaire , electuaire , F. \'82lectuaire , L. electuarium , electarium . prob. fr. Gr. <?/, <?/ a medicine that is licked away, fr. Gr. <?/ to lick up; <?/ out + <?/ to lick. See Lick , and cf. Eclegm .] (Med.) A medicine composed of powders, or other ingredients, incorporated with some convserve, honey, or sirup; a confection. See the note under Confection .

Eleemosynarily <Xpage=478>

El`ee*mos"y*na*ri*ly (?) , adv. In an eleemosynary manner; by charity; charitably.

Eleemosynary <Xpage=478>

El`ee*mos"y*na*ry (?; 277) , a. [LL. eleemosynarius , fr. eleemosyna alms, Gr. <?/ alms. See Alms .]

1. Relating to charity, alms, or almsgiving; intended for the distribution of charity; as, an eleemosynary corporation .

2. Given in charity or alms; having the nature of alms; as, eleemosynary assistance . " Eleemosynary cures."

Boyle.

3. Supported by charity; as, eleemosynary poor .

Eleemosynary <Xpage=478>

El`ee*mos"y*na*ry , n. ; pl. Eleemosynaries (<?/) . One who subsists on charity; a dependent.

South.

Elegance, Elegancy <Xpage=478>

El"e*gance (?) , El"e*gan*cy (?) , n. [L. elegantia , fr. elegans , -antis , elegant: cf. F. \'82l\'82gance .]

1. The state or quality of being elegant; beauty as resulting from choice qualities and the complete absence of what deforms or impresses unpleasantly; grace given by art or practice; fine polish; refinement; -- said of manners, language, style, form, architecture, etc.

That grace that elegance affords. Drayton.

The endearing elegance of female friendship. Johnson.

A trait of native elegance , seldom seen in the masculine character after childhood or early youth, was shown in the General's fondness for the sight and fragrance of flowers. Hawthorne.

2. That which is elegant; that which is tasteful and highly attractive.

The beautiful wildness of nature, without the nicer elegancies of art. Spectator.

Syn. -- Elegance , Grace . Elegance implies something of a select style of beauty, which is usually produced by art, skill, or training; as, elegance of manners, composition, handwriting, etc.; elegant furniture; an elegant house, etc. Grace , as the word is here used, refers to bodily movements, and is a lower order of beauty. It may be a natural gift; thus, the manners of a peasant girl may be graceful , but can hardly be called elegant .

Elegant <Xpage=478>

El"e*gant (?) , a. [L. elegans , -antis ; akin to eligere to pick out, choose, select: cf. F. \'82l\'82gant . See Elect .]

1. Very choice, and hence, pleasing to good taste; characterized by grace, propriety, and refinement, and the absence of every thing offensive; exciting admiration and approbation by symmetry, completeness, freedom from blemish, and the like; graceful; tasteful and highly attractive; as, elegant manners; elegant style of composition; an elegant speaker; an elegant structure.

A more diligent cultivation of elegant literature. Prescott.

2. Exercising a nice choice; discriminating beauty or sensitive to beauty; as, elegant taste .

Syn. -- Tasteful; polished; graceful; refined; comely; handsome; richly ornamental.

Elegantly <Xpage=478>

El"e*gant*ly , adv. In a manner to please nice taste; with elegance; with due symmetry; richly.

Elegiac <Xpage=478>

E*le"gi*ac (?; 277) , a. [L. elegiacus , Gr. <?/: cf. F. \'82l\'82giaque . See Elegy .]

1. Belonging to elegy, or written in elegiacs; plaintive; expressing sorrow or lamentation; as, an elegiac lay; elegiac strains.

Elegiac griefs, and songs of love. Mrs. Browning.

2. Used in elegies; as, elegiac verse; the elegiac distich or couplet, consisting of a dactylic hexameter and pentameter.

Elegiac <Xpage=478>

E*le"gi*ac (?) , n. Elegiac verse.

Elegiacal <Xpage=478>

El`e*gi"a*cal (?) , a. Elegiac.

Elegiast <Xpage=478>

E*le"gi*ast (?) , n. One who composes elegies.

Goldsmith.

Elegiographer <Xpage=478>

El`e*gi*og"ra*pher (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ an elegy + -graph + -er .] An elegist. [Obs.]

Elegist <Xpage=478>

El"e*gist (?) , n. A write of elegies.

T. Warton.

Elegit <Xpage=478>

E*le"git (?) , n. [L., he has chosen, fr. eligere to choose. See Elect .] (Law) A judicial writ of execution, by which a defendant's goods are appraised and delivered to the plaintiff, and, if no sufficient to satisfy the debt, all of his lands are delivered, to be held till the debt is paid by the rents and profits, or until the defendant's interest has expired.

Elegize <Xpage=478>

El"e*gize (?) , v. t. To lament in an elegy; to celebrate in elegiac verse; to bewail.

Carlyle.

Elegy <Xpage=478>

El"e*gy (?) , n. ; pl. Elegies (#) . [L. elegia , Gr. <?/, fem. sing. (cf. <?/, prop., neut. pl. of <?/ a distich in elegiac verse), fr. <?/ elegiac, fr. <?/ a song of mourning.] A mournful or plaintive poem; a funereal song; a poem of lamentation.

Shak.

Eleidin <Xpage=478>

E*le"i*din (?) , n. (Biol.) Lifeless matter deposited in the form of minute granules within the protoplasm of living cells.

Element <Xpage=478>

El"e*ment (?) , n. [F. \'82l\'82ment , L. elementum .]

1. One of the simplest or essential parts or principles of which anything consists, or upon which the constitution or fundamental powers of anything are based.

2. One of the ultimate, undecomposable constituents of any kind of matter. Specifically: (Chem.) A substance which cannot be decomposed into different kinds of matter by any means at present employed; as, the elements of water are oxygen and hydrogen .

&hand; The elements are naturally classified in several families or groups, as the group of the alkaline elements, the halogen group, and the like. They are roughly divided into two great classes, the metals , as sodium, calcium, etc., which form basic compounds, and the nonmetals or metalloids , as oxygen, sulphur, chlorine, which form acid compounds; but the distinction is only relative, and some, as arsenic, tin, aluminium, etc., form both acid and basic compounds. The essential fact regarding every element is its relative atomic weight or equivalent . When the elements are tabulated in the order of their ascending atomic weights, the arrangement constitutes the series of the Periodic law of Mendelejeff. See Periodic law , under Periodic . This Periodic law enables us to predict the qualities of unknown elements. The number of elements known is about seventy-five, but the gaps in the Periodic law indicate the possibility of many more. Many of the elements with which we are familiar, as hydrogen, carbon, iron, gold, etc., have been recognized, by means of spectrum analysis, in the sun and the fixed stars. From certain evidence (as that afforded by the Periodic law, spectrum analysis, etc.) it appears that the chemical elements probably may not be simple bodies, but only very stable compounds of some simpler body or bodies. In formulas, the elements are designated by abbreviations of their names in Latin or New Latin.

<page="478"> Page 478

The Elements ------------------------------------------------------------ Name |Sym-|Atomic Weight| |bol | O=16 | H=1 | ------------------------------------------------------------ Aluminum | Al | 27.1 | 26.9| Antimony(Stibium) Argon Arsenic Barium Beryllium (see Glucinum) Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Caesium Calcium Carbon Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Columbium Copper ( Cuprum ) Erbium Fluorine Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Glucinum <--(now Beryllium)--> Gold Helium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron ( Ferrum ) Krypton Lanthanum Lead ( Plumbum ) Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury ( Hydrargyrum ) Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Nickel Niobium (see Columbium) Nirogen Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Potassium ( Kalium ) Praseodymium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium

<page="479"> Page 479 ----------------------------------------------------------- The Elements -- continued ------------------------------------------------------------ Name Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver ( Argentum ) Sodium ( Natrium ) Strontium Sulphur Tantalum Tellurium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin ( Stannum ) Titanium Tungsten ( Wolfram ium) Uranium Vanadium Wolfranium (see Tungsten ) Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium ------------------------------------------------------------

Several other elements have been announced, as holmium, vesbium, austrium, etc., but their properties, and in some cases their existence, have not yet been definitely established.

3. One of the ultimate parts which are variously combined in anything; as, letters are the elements of written language ; hence, also, a simple portion of that which is complex, as a shaft, lever, wheel, or any simple part in a machine; one of the essential ingredients of any mixture; a constituent part; as, quartz, feldspar, and mica are the elements of granite .

The simplicity which is so large an element in a noble nature was laughed to scorn. Jowett (Thucyd.).

4. (a) One out of several parts combined in a system of aggregation, when each is of the nature of the whole; as, a single cell is an element of the honeycomb . (b) (Anat.) One of the smallest natural divisions of the organism, as a blood corpuscle, a muscular fiber.

5. (Biol.) One of the simplest essential parts, more commonly called cells , of which animal and vegetable organisms, or their tissues and organs, are composed.

6. (Math.) (a) An infinitesimal part of anything of the same nature as the entire magnitude considered; as, in a solid an element may be infinitesimal portion between any two planes that are separated and indefinitely small distance . In the calculus, element is sometimes used as synonymous with differential . (b) Sometimes a curve, or surface, or volume is considered as described by a moving point, or curve, or surface, the latter being at any instant called an element of the former . (c) One of the terms in an algebraic expression.

7. One of the necessary data or values upon which a system of calculations depends, or general conclusions are based; as, the elements of a planet's orbit .

8. pl. The simplest or fundamental principles of any system in philosophy, science, or art; rudiments; as, the elements of geometry, or of music .

9. pl. Any outline or sketch, regarded as containing the fundamental ideas or features of the thing in question; as, the elemental of a plan .

10. One of the simple substances, as supposed by the ancient philosophers; one of the imaginary principles of matter . (a) The four elements were, air, earth, water, and fire; whence it is said, water is the proper element of fishes; air is the element of birds. Hence, the state or sphere natural to anything or suited for its existence.

Of elements The grosser feeds the purer: Earth the Sea; Earth and the Sea feed Air; the Air those Fires Ethereal. Milton.

Does not our life consist of the four elements ? Shak.

And the complexion of the element [ i. e. ,the sky or air] In favor's like the work we have in hand, Most bloody, fiery, and most terrible. Shak.

About twelve ounces [of food], with mere element for drink. Cheyne.

They show that they are out of their element . T. Baker.

Esp., the conditions and movements of the air. "The elements be kind to thee." (b) The elements of the alchemists were salt, sulphur, and mercury.

Brande & C.

11. pl. The whole material composing the world.

The elements shall melt with fervent heat. 2 Peter iii. 10.

12. pl. (Eccl.) The bread and wine used in the eucharist or Lord's supper.

Magnetic element , one of the hypothetical elementary portions of which a magnet is regarded as made up.

Element <Xpage=479>