Chapter 277

Circumvolve <Xpage=259>

Cir`cum*volve" (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Circumvolved (?) ; p. pr. vb. n. Circumvolving .] [L. circumvolvere , -volutum ; circum + volvere to roll.] To roll round; to cause to revolve; to put into a circular motion.

Herrick.

Circumvolve <Xpage=259>

Cir`cum*volve" , v. i. To roll round; to revolve.

Circus <Xpage=259>

Cir"cus (?) , n. ; pl. Circuses (#) . [L. circus circle, ring, circus (in sense 1). See Circle , and cf. Cirque .]

1. (Roman Antiq.) A level oblong space surrounded on three sides by seats of wood, earth, or stone, rising in tiers one above another, and divided lengthwise through the middle by a barrier around which the track or course was laid out. It was used for chariot races, games, and public shows.

&hand; The Circus Maximus at Rome could contain more than 100,000 spectators.

Harpers' Latin Dict.

2. A circular inclosure for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship, acrobatic displays, etc. Also, the company of performers, with their equipage.

3. Circuit; space; inclosure. [R.]

The narrow circus of my dungeon wall. Byron.

Cirl bunting <Xpage=259>

Cirl" bun`ting (?) . [Cf. It. cirlo .] (Zo\'94l.) A European bunting ( Emberiza cirlus ).

Cirque <Xpage=259>

Cirque (?) , n. [F., fr. L. circus .]

1. A circle; a circus; a circular erection or arrangement of objects.

A dismal cirque Of Druid stones upon a forlorn moor. Keats.

2. A kind of circular valley in the side of a mountain, walled around by precipices of great height.

Cirrate <Xpage=259>

Cir"rate (?) , a. [L. cirratus having ringlets, fr. cirrus a curl.] (Zo\'94l.) Having cirri along the margin of a part or organ.

Cirrhiferous <Xpage=259>

Cir*rhif"er*ous (?) , a. See Cirriferous .

Cirrhose <Xpage=259>

Cir"rhose (?) , a. Same as Cirrose .

Cirrhosis <Xpage=259>

Cir*rho"sis (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ orange-colored: cf. F. cirrhose . So called from the yellowish appearance which the diseased liver often presents when cut.] (Med.) A disease of the liver in which it usually becomes smaller in size and more dense and fibrous in consistence; hence sometimes applied to similar changes in other organs, caused by increase in the fibrous framework and decrease in the proper substance of the organ.

Cirrhotic <Xpage=259>

Cir*rhot"ic (?) , a. Pertaining to, caused by, or affected with, cirrhosis; as, cirrhotic degeneration; a cirrhotic liver.

Cirrhous <Xpage=259>

Cir"rhous (?) , a. See Cirrose .

Cirrhus <Xpage=259>

Cir"rhus (?) , n. Same as Cirrus .

Cirri <Xpage=259>

Cir"ri (?) , n. pl. See Cirrus .

Cirriferous <Xpage=259>

Cir*rif"er*ous (?) , a. [ Cirrus + -ferous .] Bearing cirri, as many plants and animals.

Cirriform <Xpage=259>

Cir"ri*form (?) , a. [ Cirrus + -form .] (Biol.) Formed like a cirrus or tendril; -- said of appendages of both animals and plants.

Cirrigerous <Xpage=259>

Cir*rig"er*ous (?) , a. [ Cirrus + -gerous .] (Biol.) Having curled locks of hair; supporting cirri, or hairlike appendages.

Cirrigrade <Xpage=259>

Cir"ri*grade (?) , a. [ Cirrus + L. gradi to walk.] (Biol.) Moving or moved by cirri, or hairlike appendages.

Cirriped <Xpage=259>

Cir"ri*ped (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) One of the Cirripedia.

Cirripedia <Xpage=259>

Cir`ri*pe"di*a (?) , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. cirrus curl + pes , pedis , foot.] (Zo\'94l.) An order of Crustacea including the barnacles. When adult, they have a calcareous shell composed of several pieces. From the opening of the shell the animal throws out a group of curved legs, looking like a delicate curl, whence the name of the group. See Anatifa .

Cirrobranchiata <Xpage=259>

Cir`ro*bran`chi*a"ta (?) , n. pl. [NL., fr. E. cirrus + L. branchiae gills.] (Zo\'94l.) A division of Mollusca having slender, cirriform appendages near the mouth; the Scaphopoda.

Cirro-cumulus <Xpage=259>

Cir`ro-cu"mu*lus (?) , n. [ Cirrus + cumulus .] (Meteor.) See under Cloud .

Cirrose <Xpage=259>

Cir"rose (?) , a. [See Cirrus .] (Bot.) (a) Bearing a tendril or tendrils; as, a cirrose leaf . (b) Resembling a tendril or cirrus. [Spelt also cirrhose .]

Cirrostomi <Xpage=259>

Cir`ros"to*mi (?) , n. pl. [NL., fr. E. cirrus + Gr. <?/ mouth.] (Zo\'94l.) The lowest group of vertebrates; -- so called from the cirri around the mouth; the Leptocardia. See Amphioxus .

Cirro-stratus <Xpage=259>

Cir`ro-stra"tus (?) , n. [ Cirrus + stratus .] (Meteor.) See under Cloud .

Cirrous <Xpage=259>

Cir"rous (?) , a. 1. (Bot.) Cirrose.

2. (Zo\'94l.) Tufted; -- said of certain feathers of birds.

Cirrus <Xpage=259>

Cir"rus (?) , n. ; pl. Cirri (#) . [L., lock, curl, ringlet.] [Also written cirrhus .]

1. (Bot.) A tendril or clasper.

2. (Zo\'94l.) (a) A soft tactile appendage of the mantle of many Mollusca, and of the parapodia of Annelida. Those near the head of annelids are Tentacular cirri ; those of the last segment are caudal cirri . (b) The jointed, leglike organs of Cirripedia. See Annelida , and Polych\'91ta .

&hand; In some of the inferior animals the cirri aid in locomotion; in others they are used in feeding; in the Annelida they are mostly organs of touch. Some cirri are branchial in function.

3. (Zo\'94l.) The external male organ of trematodes and some other worms, and of certain Mollusca.

4. (Meteor.) See under Cloud .

Cirsocele <Xpage=259>

Cir"so*cele (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ a dilated vein + <?/ tumor.] (Med.) The varicose dilatation of the spermatic vein.

Cirsoid <Xpage=259>

Cir"soid (?) , a. [Gr. <?/ a dilated vein + -oid .] (Med.) Varicose.

Cirsoid aneurism , a disease of an artery in which it becomes dilated and elongated, like a varicose vein.

Cirsotomy <Xpage=259>

Cir*sot"o*my (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ a dilated vein + <?/ to cut.] (Surg.) Any operation for the removal of varices by incision.

Dunglison.

Cis- <Xpage=259>

Cis- (?) . A Latin preposition, sometimes used as a prefix in English words, and signifying on this side .

Cisalpine <Xpage=259>

Cis*al"pine (?) , a. [L. Cisalpinus ; cis on this side + Alpinus Alpine.] On the hither side of the Alps with reference to Rome, that is, on the south side of the Alps; -- opposed to transalpine .

Cisatlantic <Xpage=259>

Cis`at*lan"tic (?) , a. [Pref. cis- + Atlantic .] On this side of the Atlantic Ocean; -- used of the eastern or the western side, according to the standpoint of the writer.

Story.

Cisco <Xpage=259>

Cis"co (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) The Lake herring ( Coregonus Artedi ), valuable food fish of the Great Lakes of North America. The name is also applied to C. Hoyi , a related species of Lake Michigan.

Ciselure <Xpage=259>

Ci`se*lure" (?) , n. [F.] The process of chasing on metals; also, the work thus chased.

Weale.

Cisleithan <Xpage=259>

Cis*lei"than (?) , a. [Pref. cis- + Leitha .] On the Austrian side of the river Leitha; Austrian.

Cismontane <Xpage=259>

Cis*mon"tane (?) , a. [Pref. cis- + L. mons mountain.] On this side of the mountains. See under Ultramontane .

Cispadane <Xpage=259>

Cis"pa*dane` (?) , a. [Pref. cis- + L. Padanus , pert. to the Padus or Po.] On the hither side of the river Po with reference to Rome; that is, on the south side.

Cissoid <Xpage=259>

Cis"soid (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ like ivy; <?/ ivy + <?/ form.] (Geom.) A curve invented by Diocles, for the purpose of solving two celebrated problems of the higher geometry; viz., to trisect a plane angle, and to construct two geometrical means between two given straight lines.

Cist <Xpage=259>

Cist (?) , n. [L. cista box, chest, Gr. <?/ Cf. Chest .]

1. (Antiq.) A box or chest. Specifically: (a) A bronze receptacle, round or oval, frequently decorated with engravings on the sides and cover, and with feet, handles, etc., of decorative castings. (b) A cinerary urn. See Illustration in Appendix.

2. See Cyst .

Cisted <Xpage=259>

Cist"ed , a. Inclosed in a cyst. See Cysted .

Cistercian <Xpage=259>

Cis*ter"cian (?) , n. [LL. Cistercium . F. C\'8cteaux , a convent not far from Dijon, in France: cf. F. cistercien .] (Eccl.) A monk of the prolific branch of the Benedictine Order, established in 1098 at C\'8cteaux, in France, by Robert, abbot of Molesme. For two hundred years the Cistercians followed the rule of St. Benedict in all its rigor. -- a. Of or pertaining to the Cistercians.

<page="260"> Page 260

Cistern <Xpage=260>

Cis"tern (?) , n. [OE. cisterne , OF. cisterne , F. cisterne , fr. L. cisterna , fr. cista box, chest. See Cist , and cf. chest .] 1. An artificial reservoir or tank for holding water, beer, or other liquids.

2. A natural reservoir; a hollow place containing water. "The wide cisterns of the lakes." Blackmore .

Cistic <Xpage=260>

Cist"ic (?) , a. See Cystic .

Cit <Xpage=260>

Cit (<?/) , n. [Contr. fr. citizen .] A citizen; an inhabitant of a city; a pert townsman; -- used contemptuously. "Insulted as a cit ".

Johnson

Which past endurance sting the tender cit . Emerson.

Citable <Xpage=260>

Cit"a*ble (?) , a. Capable of being cited.

Citadel <Xpage=260>

Cit"a*del (?) , n. [F. citadelle , It. citadella , di<?/. of citt<?/ city, fr. L. civitas . See City .] A fortress in or near a fortified city, commanding the city and fortifications, and intended as a final point of defense.

Syn . - Stronghold. See Fortress .

Cital <Xpage=260>

Cit"al (?) , n. [From Cite ] 1. Summons to appear, as before a judge. [R.]

Johnson

2. Citation; quotation [R.]

Johnson.

Citation <Xpage=260>

Ci*ta"tion (?) , n. [F. citation , LL. citatio , fr.L. citare to cite. See Cite ] 1. An official summons or notice given to a person to appear; the paper containing such summons or notice.

2. The act of citing a passage from a book, or from another person, in his own words; also, the passage or words quoted; quotation.

This horse load of citations and fathers. Milton.

3. Enumeration; mention; as, a citation of facts .

4. (Law) A reference to decided cases, or books of authority, to prove a point in law.

Citator <Xpage=260>

Ci*ta"tor (?) , n. One who cites. [R]

Citatory <Xpage=260>

Ci"ta*to*ry (?) , a. [LL. citatirius .] Having the power or form of a citation; as, letters citatory .

Cite <Xpage=260>

Cite (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Cited ; p. pr. & vb. n. Citing ] [F. citer , fr. L. citare , intens. of cire , ci\'c7re , to put in motion, to excite; akin to Gr.<?/ to go, Skr. <?/ to sharpen.] 1. To call upon officially or authoritatively to appear, as before a court; to summon.

The cited dead, Of all past ages, to the general doom Shall hasten. Milton.

Cited by finger of God. De Quincey.

2. To urge; to enjoin. [R.]

Shak.

3. To quote; to repeat, as a passage from a book, or the words of another.

The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose. Shak.

4. To refer to or specify, as for support, proof, illustration, or confirmation.

The imperfections which you have cited . Shak.

5. To bespeak; to indicate. [Obs.]

Aged honor cites a virtuous youth. Shak.

6. (Law) To notify of a proceeding in court.

Abbot

Syn. -- To quote; mention, name; refer to; adduce; select; call; summon. See Quote .

Citer <Xpage=260>

Cit"er (?) , n. One who cites.

Citess <Xpage=260>

Cit"ess (?) , n. [From Cit .] A city woman [R.]

Cithara <Xpage=260>

Cith"a*ra (?) , n. [L. Cf. Cittern , Guitar .] (Mus.) An ancient instrument resembling the harp.

Citharistic <Xpage=260>

Cith`a*ris"tic (?) , a. [Gr.<?/, fr.<?/ cithara.] Pertaining, or adapted, to the cithara.

Cithern <Xpage=260>

Cith"ern (?) , n. See Cittern .

Citicism <Xpage=260>

Cit"i*cism (?) , n. [From cit .] The manners of a cit or citizen.

Citied <Xpage=260>

Cit"ied (?) , a. 1. Belonging to, or resembling, a city. "Smoky, citied towns" [R.]

Drayton.

2. Containing, or covered with, cities. [R.] "The citied earth."

Keats.

Citified <Xpage=260>

Cit"i*fied (?) , a. [ City + -fy .] Aping, or having, the manners of a city.

Citigrad\'91 <Xpage=260>

Cit`i*gra"d\'91 (?) , n. pl. [NL., fr. L. citus swift (p. p. of cire , ciere , to move) + gradi to walk. See Cite .] (Zo\'94l.) A suborder of Arachnoidea, including the European tarantula and the wolf spiders ( Lycosidae ) and their allies, which capture their prey by rapidly running and jumping. See Wolf spider .

Citigrade <Xpage=260>

Cit"i*grade (?) , a. [Cf. F. citigrade .] (Zo\'94l.) Pertaining to the Citigrad\'91. -- n. One of the Citigrad\'91.

Citiner <Xpage=260>

Cit"i*ner (?) , n. One who is born or bred in a city; a citizen. [Obs.]

Champan.

Citizen <Xpage=260>

Cit"i*zen (?) , n. [OE. citisein , OF. citeain , F. citoyen , fr. cit\'82 city. See City , and cf. Cit .] 1. One who enjoys the freedom and privileges of a city; a freeman of a city, as distinguished from a foreigner, or one not entitled to its franchises.

That large body of the working men who were not counted as citizens and had not so much as a vote to serve as an anodyne to their stomachs. G. Eliot.

2. An inhabitant of a city; a townsman.

Shak.

3. A person, native or naturalized, of either sex, who owes allegiance to a government, and is entitled to reciprocal protection from it.

&hand; This protection is . . . national protection, recognition of the individual, in the face of foreign nations, as a member of the state, and assertion of his security and rights abroad as well as at home.

Abbot

4. One who is domiciled in a country, and who is a citizen, though neither native nor naturalized, in such a sense that he takes his legal status from such country.

Citizen <Xpage=260>

Cit"i*zen , a. 1. Having the condition or qualities of a citizen, or of citizens; as, a citizen soldiery .

2. Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of a city; characteristic of citizens; effeminate; luxurious. [Obs.]

I am not well, But not so citizen a wanton as To seem to die ere sick. Shak.

Citizeness <Xpage=260>

Cit"i*zen*ess , n. A female citizen. [R.]

Citizenship <Xpage=260>

Cit"i*zen*ship , n. The state of being a citizen; the status of a citizen.

Citole <Xpage=260>

Cit"ole (?) , n. [OF. citole , fr. L. cithara . See Cittern .] (Mus.) A musical instrument; a kind of dulcimer. [Obs.]

Citraconic <Xpage=260>

Cit`ra*con"ic (?) , a. [ Citric + acon itic.] Pertaining to, derived from, or having certain characteristics of, citric and aconitic acids.

Citraconic acid (Chem.) , a white, crystalline, deliquescent substance, C3H4(CO2H)2 , obtained by distillation of citric acid. It is a compound of the ethylene series.

Citrate <Xpage=260>

Cit"rate (?) , n. [From Citric .] (Chem.) A salt of citric acid.

Citric <Xpage=260>

Cit"ric (?) , a. [Cf. F. citrique . See Citron .] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the citron or lemon; as, citric acid .

Citric acid (Chem.) , an organic acid, C3H4OH.(CO2H)3 , extracted from lemons, currants, gooseberies, etc., as a white crystalline substance, having a pleasant sour taste.

Citrination <Xpage=260>

Cit`ri*na"tion (?) , n. [See Citrine .] The process by which anything becomes of the color of a lemon; esp., in alchemy, the state of perfection in the philosopher's stone indicated by its assuming a deep yellow color.

Thynne.

Citrine <Xpage=260>

Cit"rine (?) , a. [F. citrin . See Citron .] Like a citron or lemon; of a lemon color; greenish yellow.

Citrine ointment (Med.) , a yellowish mercurial ointment, the unquentum hydrargyri nitratis .

Citrine <Xpage=260>

Cit"rine , n. A yellow, pellucid variety of quartz.

Citron <Xpage=260>

Cit"ron (?) , n. [F. citron , LL. citro , fr. L. citrus citron tree (cf. citreum , sc. malum, a citron), from Gr. <?/ citron] 1. (Bot) A fruit resembling a lemon, but larger, and pleasantly aromatic. The thick rind, when candied, is the citron of commerce.

2. A citron tree.

3. A citron melon.

Citron melon . (a) A small variety of muskmelon with sugary greenish flesh. (b) A small variety of watermelon, whose solid white flesh is used in making sweetmeats and preserves. -- Citron tree (Bot.) , the tree which bears citrons. It was probably a native of northern India, and is now understood to be the typical form of Citrus Medica .

Citrus <Xpage=260>

Cit"rus (?) , n. [L., a citron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including the orange, lemon, citron, etc., originally natives of southern Asia.

Cittern <Xpage=260>