Chapter 270

Chou"an (?) , n. [F.] One of the royalist insurgents in western France (Brittany, etc.), during and after the French revolution.

Chough <Xpage=252>

Chough (?) , n. [OE. choughe , kowe (and cf. OE. ca ), fr. AS. ce\'a2 ; cf. also D. kauw , OHG. ch\'beha ; perh. akin to E. caw . \'fb22. Cf. Caddow .] (Zo\'94l.) A bird of the Crow family ( Fregilus graculus ) of Europe. It is of a black color, with a long, slender, curved bill and red legs; -- also called chauk , chauk-daw , chocard , Cornish chough , red-legged crow . The name is also applied to several allied birds, as the Alpine chough .

Cornish chough (Her.) , a bird represented black, with red feet, and beak; -- called also aylet and sea swallow .

Chouicha <Xpage=252>

Chou"i*cha (?) , n. [Native name] (Zo\'94l.) The salmon of the Columbia River or California. See Quinnat .

Chouka <Xpage=252>

Chou"ka (?) , n. [Native name] (Zo\'94l.) The Indian four-horned antelope; the chikara.

Choule <Xpage=252>

Choule (?) , n. [Obs.] See Jowl .

Sir W. Scott.

Choultry <Xpage=252>

Choul"try (?) , n. See Choltry .

Chouse <Xpage=252>

Chouse (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Choused (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chousing .] [From Turk. ch\'be\'d4sh a messenger or interpreter, one of whom, attached to the Turkish embassy, in 1609 cheated the Turkish merchants resident in England out of \'9c4,000.] To cheat, trick, defraud; -- followed by of , or out of ; as, to chouse one out of his money . [Colloq.]

The undertaker of the afore-cited poesy hath choused your highness. Landor.

Chouse <Xpage=252>

Chouse , n. 1. One who is easily cheated; a tool; a simpleton; a gull.

Hudibras.

2. A trick; sham; imposition.

Johnson.

3. A swindler.

B. Jonson.

Chout <Xpage=252>

Chout (?) , n. [Mahratta chauth one fourth part.] An assessment equal to a fourth part of the revenue. [India]

J. Mill.

Chowchow <Xpage=252>

Chow"chow` (?) , a. [Chin.] Consisting of several kinds mingled together; mixed; as, chowchow sweetmeats (preserved fruits put together) .

<page="253"> Page 253

Chowchow chop , the last lighter containing the small sundry packages sent off to fill up a ship.

S. W. Williams.

Chowchow <Xpage=253>

Chow"chow` (?) , n. (Com.) A kind of mixed pickles.

Chowder <Xpage=253>

Chow"der (?) , n. [F. chaudi\'8are a kettle, a pot. Cf. Caldron .] 1. (Cookery) A dish made of fresh fish or clams, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed together.

2. A seller of fish. [Prov. Eng.]

Halliwell.

Chowder beer , a liquor made by boiling black spruce in water and mixing molasses with the decoction.

Chowder <Xpage=253>

Chow"der , v. t. To make a chowder of.

Chowry <Xpage=253>

Chow"ry (?) , n. [Hind. chaunri .] A whisk to keep off files, used in the East Indies.

Malcom.

Chowter <Xpage=253>

Chow"ter (?) , v. t. [Cf. OE. chowre , and Prov. E. chow , to grumble.] To grumble or mutter like a froward child. [Obs.]

E. Phillips.

Choy root <Xpage=253>

Choy" root` (?) . See Chay root .

Chrematistics <Xpage=253>

Chre`ma*tis"tics (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ 9sc. <?/) the art of traffic, fr. <?/ goods, money, fr. <?/ to use.] The science of wealth; the science, or a branch of the science, of political economy.

Chreotechnics <Xpage=253>

Chre`o*tech"nics (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ useful + <?/ art.] The science of the useful arts, esp. agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. [R.]

Chrestomathic <Xpage=253>

Chres`to*math"ic (?) , a. Teaching what is useful. "A chrestomathic school."

Southey.

Chrestomathy <Xpage=253>

Chres*tom"a*thy (?) , n. [Gr. <?/; <?/ useful + <?/, <?/, to learn.] A selection of passages, with notes, etc., to be used in acquiring a language; as, a Hebrew chrestomathy .

Chrism <Xpage=253>

Chrism (?) , n. [OE. crisme , from AS. crisma ; also OE. creme , fr. OF. cresme , like the AS. word fr. LL. chrisma , fr. Gr. <?/, fr. <?/ to anoint; perh. akin to L. friare , fricare , to rub, Skr. gharsh , E. friable , friction . Cf. Chrisom .] (Gr. & R. C. Church<?/s)

1. Olive oil mixed with balm and spices, consecrated by the bishop on Maundy Thursday, and used in the administration of baptism, confirmation, ordination, etc.

2. The same as Chrisom .

Chrismal <Xpage=253>

Chris"mal (?) , a. [LL. chrismalis .] Of or pertaining to or used in chrism.

Chrismation <Xpage=253>

Chris*ma"tion (?) , n. [LL. chrismatio .] The act of applying the chrism, or consecrated oil.

Chrismation or cross-signing with ointment, was used in baptism. Jer. Taylor.

Chrismatory <Xpage=253>

Chris"ma*to*ry (?) , n. [LL. chrismatorium .] A cruet or vessel in which chrism is kept.

Chrisom <Xpage=253>

Chris"om (?) , n. [See Chrism .]

1. A white cloth, anointed with chrism, or a white mantle thrown over a child when baptized or christened. [Obs.]

2. A child which died within a month after its baptism; -- so called from the chrisom cloth which was used as a shroud for it. [Obs.]

Blount.

Christ <Xpage=253>

Christ (?) , n. [L. Christus , Gr. <?/, fr. <?/ anointed, fr. chri`ein to anoint. See Chrism .] The Anointed ; an appellation given to Jesus, the Savior. It is synonymous with the Hebrew Messiah .

Christcross <Xpage=253>

Christ"cross` (?) , n. 1. The mark of the cross, as cut, painted, written, or stamped on certain objects, -- sometimes as the sign of 12 o'clock on a dial.

The fescue of the dial is upon the christcross of noon. Old Play. Nares.

2. The beginning and the ending. [Obs.]

Quarles.

Christcross-row <Xpage=253>

Christ"cross-row` (?) , The alphabet; -- formerly so called, either from the cross usually set before it, or from a superstitious custom, sometimes practiced, of writing it in the form of a cross, by way of a charm.

From infant conning of the Christcross-row . Wordsworth.

Christen <Xpage=253>

Chris"ten (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Christened (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Christening .] [AS. cristnian to make a Christian, fr. cristen a Christian.]

1. To baptize and give a Christian name to.

2. To give a name; to denominate. " Christen the thing what you will."

Bp. Burnet.

3. To Christianize. [Obs.]

Jer. Taylor.

4. To use for the first time. [Colloq.]

Christendom <Xpage=253>

Chris"ten*dom (?) , n. [AS. cristend<?/m ; cristen a Christian + -dom .] 1. The profession of faith in Christ by baptism; hence, the Christian religion, or the adoption of it. [Obs.]

Shak.

2. The name received at baptism; or, more generally, any name or appelation. [Obs.]

Pretty, fond, adoptious christendoms . Shak.

3. That portion of the world in which Christianity prevails, or which is governed under Christian institutions, in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands.

The Arian doctrine which then divided Christendom . Milton

A wide and still widening Christendom . Coleridge.

4. The whole body of Christians.

Hooker.

Christian <Xpage=253>

Chris"tian (?) , n. [L. christianus , Gr. <?/; cf. AS. cristen . See Christ .]

1. One who believes, or professes or is assumed to believe, in Jesus Christ, and the truth as taught by Him; especially, one whose inward and outward life is conformed to the doctrines of Christ.

The disciples were called Christians first in Antioch. Acts xi. 26.

2. One born in a Christian country or of Christian parents, and who has not definitely becomes an adherent of an opposing system.

3. (Eccl.) (a) One of a Christian denomination which rejects human creeds as bases of fellowship, and sectarian names. They are congregational in church government, and baptize by immersion. They are also called Disciples of Christ , and Campbellites . (b) One of a sect (called Christian Connection ) of open-communion immersionists. The Bible is their only authoritative rule of faith and practice.

&hand; In this sense, often pronounced, but not by the members of the sects, kr\'c6s"ch a n .

Christian <Xpage=253>

Chris"tian (?) , a. 1. Pertaining to Christ or his religion; as, Christian people .

3. Pertaining to the church; ecclesiastical; as, a Christian court .

Blackstone.

4. Characteristic of Christian people; civilized; kind; kindly; gentle; beneficent.

The graceful tact; the Christian art. Tennyson.

Christian Commission . See under Commission . -- Christian court . Same as Ecclesiastical court . -- Christian era , the present era, commencing with the birth of Christ. It is supposed that owing to an error of a monk (Dionysius Exiguus, d. about 556) employed to calculate the era, its commencement was fixed three or four years too late, so that 1890 should be 1893 or 1894. -- Christian name , the name given in baptism, as distinct from the family name, or surname.

Christianism <Xpage=253>

Chris`tian*ism (?) , n. [L. christianismus , Gr. <?/: cf. F. christianisme .] 1. The Christian religion. [Obs.]

Milton.

2. The Christian world; Christendom. [Obs.]

Johnson

Christianite <Xpage=253>

Chris"tian*ite (?) , n. [In sense ( a ) named after Christian Frederic, of Denmark; in sense ( b ) after Christian VII., of Denmark.] (Min.) (a) Same as Anorthite . [R.] (b) See Phillipsite .

Christianity <Xpage=253>

Chris*tian"i*ty (?) , n. [OE. cristiente , OF. cristient\'82 , F. chr\'82tient\'82 , fr. L. christianitas . ]

1. The religion of Christians; the system of doctrines and precepts taught by Christ.

2. Practical conformity of one's inward and outward life to the spirit of the Christian religion

3. The body of Christian believers. [Obs.]

To Walys fled the christianitee Of olde Britons. Chaucer.

Christianization <Xpage=253>

Chris`tian*i*za"tion (?) , n. The act or process of converting or being converted to a true Christianity.

Christianize <Xpage=253>

Chris"tian*ize (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Christianized (<?/) ; p. pr. vb. n. Christianizing .] [Cf. F. christianiser , L. christianizare , fr. Gr. <?/.]

1. To make Christian; to convert to Christianity; as, to Christianize pagans.

2. To imbue with or adapt to Christian principles.

Christianized philosophers. I. Taylor.

Christianize <Xpage=253>

Chris"tian*ize , v. i. To adopt the character or belief of a Christian; to become Christian.

The pagans began to Christianize . Latham.

Christianlike <Xpage=253>

Chris"tian*like` (?) , a. Becoming to a Christian.

A virtuous and a Christianlike conclusion. Shak.

Christianly <Xpage=253>

Chris"tian*ly , adv. In a manner becoming the principles of the Christian religion.

Sufferings . . . patiently and Christianly borne. Sharp.

Christianly <Xpage=253>

Chris"tian*ly , a. Christianlike.

Longfellow.

Christianness <Xpage=253>

Chris"tian*ness , n. Consonance with the doctrines of Christianity. [Obs.]

Hammond.

Christless <Xpage=253>

Christ"less (?) , a. Without faith in Christ; unchristian.

Tennyson.

Christlike <Xpage=253>

Christ"like` (?) , a. Resembling Christ in character, actions, etc. -- Christ"like`ness , n.

Christly <Xpage=253>

Christ"ly , a. Christlike.

H. Bushnell.

Christmas <Xpage=253>

Christ"mas (?) , n. [ Christ + mass .] An annual church festival (December 25) and in some States a legal holiday, in memory of the birth of Christ, often celebrated by a particular church service, and also by special gifts, greetings, and hospitality.

Christmas box . (a) A box in which presents are deposited at Christmas. (b) A present or small gratuity given to young people and servants at Christmas; a Christmas gift. -- Christmas carol , a carol sung at, or suitable for, Christmas. -- Christmas day . Same as Christmas . -- Christmas eve , the evening before Christmas. -- Christmas fern (Bot.) , an evergreen North American fern ( Aspidium acrostichoides ), which is much used for decoration in winter. -- Christmas flower , Christmas rose , the black hellebore, a poisonous plant of the buttercup family, which in Southern Europe often produces beautiful roselike flowers midwinter. -- Christmas tree , a small evergreen tree, set up indoors, to be decorated with bonbons, presents, etc., and illuminated on Christmas eve.

Christmastide <Xpage=253>

Christ"mas*tide` (?) , n. [ Christmas + tide time.] The season of Christmas.

Christocentric <Xpage=253>

Chris"to*cen"tric (?) , a. [ Christ + centric .] Making Christ the center, about whom all things are grouped, as in religion or history; tending toward Christ, as the central object of thought or emotion.

J. W. Chadwick.

Christology <Xpage=253>

Chris*tol"o*gy (?) , n. [ Crist + -logy .] A treatise on Christ; that department of theology which treats of the personality, attributes, or life of Christ.

Christom <Xpage=253>

Chris"tom (?) , n. See Chrisom . [Obs.]

Shak.

Christophany <Xpage=253>

Chris*toph"a*ny (?) , n. [ Christ + Gr. <?/ to show.] An appearance of Christ, as to his disciples after the crucifixion.

Christ's-thorn <Xpage=253>

Christ's-thorn` (?) , n. (Bot.) One of several prickly or thorny shrubs found in Palestine, especially the Paliurus aculeatus , Zizyphus Spina-Christi , and Z. vulgaris . The last bears the fruit called jujube , and may be considered to have been the most readily obtainable for the Crown of Thorns.

Chromascope <Xpage=253>

Chro"ma*scope (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ color + -scope .] An instrument for showing the optical effects of color.

Chromate <Xpage=253>

Chro"mate (?) , n. [Cf. F. chromate . See Chrome .] (Chem.) A salt of chromic acid.

Chromatic <Xpage=253>

Chro*mat"ic (?) , a. [L. chromaticus , Gr. <?/, suited for color, fr. <?/, <?/, color; akin to <?/ color, <?/ skin, color of the skin.] 1. Relating to color, or to colors.

2. (Mus.) Proceeding by the smaller intervals (half steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale.

&hand; The intermediate tones were formerly written and printed in colors.

Chromatic aberration . (Opt.) See Aberration , 4 . -- Chromatic printing , printing from type or blocks covered with inks of various colors. -- Chromatic scale (Mus.) , the scale consisting of thirteen tones, including the eight scale tones and the five intermediate tones.

Chromatical <Xpage=253>

Chro*mat"ic*al (?) , a. Chromatic. [Obs.]

Chromatically <Xpage=253>

Chro*mat"ic*al*ly , adv. In a chromatic manner.

Chromatics <Xpage=253>

Chro*mat"ics (?) , n. The science of colors; that part of optics which treats of the properties of colors.

Chromatin <Xpage=253>

Chro"ma*tin (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/, color.] (Biol.) Tissue which is capable of being stained by dyes.

Chromatism <Xpage=253>

Chro"ma*tism (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ a coloring.]

1. (Optics) The state of being colored, as in the case of images formed by a lens.

2. (Bot.) An abnormal coloring of plants.

Chromatogenous <Xpage=253>

Chro`ma*tog"e*nous (?) , a. [Gr. <?/, <?/, color + -genous .] Producing color.

Chromatography <Xpage=253>

Chro`ma*tog"ra*phy (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/, color + -graphy .] A treatise on colors

Chromatology <Xpage=253>

Chro`ma*tol"o*gy (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/, color + -logy .] A treatise on colors.

Chromatophore <Xpage=253>

Chro"ma*to*phore` (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/, color + <?/ to bear.] 1. (Zo\'94l.) A contractile cell or vesicle containing liquid pigment and capable of changing its form or size, thus causing changes of color in the translucent skin of such animals as possess them. They are highly developed and numerous in the cephalopods.

2. (Bot.) One of the granules of protoplasm, which in mass give color to the part of the plant containing them.

Chromatoscope <Xpage=253>

Chro"ma*to*scope` (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/, color + -scope .] (Astron.) A reflecting telescope, part of which is made to rotate eccentrically, so as to produce a ringlike image of a star, instead of a point; -- used in studying the scintillation of the stars.

Chromatosphere <Xpage=253>

Chro"ma*to*sphere` (?) , n. A chromosphere. [R.]

Chromatrope <Xpage=253>

Chro"ma*trope (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ color + <?/ turn, rotation, <?/ tu turn.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for exhibiting certain chromatic effects of light (depending upon the persistence of vision and mixture of colors) by means of rapidly rotating disks variously colored.

2. A device in a magic lantern or stereopticon to produce kaleidoscopic effects.

Chromatype <Xpage=253>

Chro"ma*type (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ color + <?/ type.]

1. (Photog.) A colored photographic picture taken upon paper made sensitive with potassium bichromate or some other salt of chromium.

2. The process by which such picture is made.

Chrome <Xpage=253>

Chrome (?) , n. Same as Chromium .