Chapter 254

Cha"ja (?) , n. [Native name.] (Zo\'94l.) The crested screamer of Brazil ( Palamedea, ∨ Chauna, chavaria ), so called in imitation of its notes; -- called also chauna , and faithful kamichi . It is often domesticated and is useful in guarding other poultry. See Kamichi .

Chalaza <Xpage=237>

Cha*la"za (?) , n. ; pl. E. Chalazas , L. Chalaz\'91 (#) . [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ hail, pimple.] 1. (Bot.) The place on an ovule, or seed, where its outer coats cohere with each other and the nucleus.

2. (Biol.) A spiral band of thickened albuminous substance which exists in the white of the bird's egg, and serves to maintain the yolk in its position; the treadle.

Chalazal <Xpage=237>

Cha*la"zal (?) , a. Of or pertaining to the chalaza.

Chalaze <Xpage=237>

Cha*laze" (?) , n. Same as Chalaza .

Chalaziferous <Xpage=237>

Chal`a*zif"er*ous (?) , a. [ Chalaza + -ferous .] Having or bearing chalazas.

Chalazion <Xpage=237>

Cha*la"zi*on (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ dim. of <?/ hail, pimple.] (Med.) A small circumscribed tumor of the eyelid caused by retention of secretion, and by inflammation of the Melbomian glands.

Chalcanthite <Xpage=237>

Chal*can"thite (?) , n. [L. chalcanthum a solution of blue vitriol, Gr. <?/.] (Min.) Native blue vitriol. See Blue vitriol , under Blue .

Chalcedonic <Xpage=237>

Chal"ce*don"ic (?) , a. Of or pertaining to chalcedony.

Chalcedony <Xpage=237>

Chal*ced"o*ny (?) , n. ; pl. Chalcedonies (#) . [ L. chalcedonius , fr. Gr. <?/ Chalcedon, a town in Asia Minor, opposite to Byzantium: cf. calc\'82doine , OE. calcidoine , casidoyne . Cf. Cassidony .] (Min.) A cryptocrystalline, translucent variety of quartz, having usually a whitish color, and a luster nearly like wax. [Written also calcedony .]

&hand; When chalcedony is variegated with with spots or figures, or arranged in differently colored layers, it is called agate ; and if by reason of the thickness, color, and arrangement of the layers it is suitable for being carved into cameos, it is called onyx . Chrysoprase is green chalcedony; carnelian , a flesh red, and sard , a brownish red variety.

Chalchihuitl <Xpage=237>

Chal`chi*huitl (?) , n. (Min.) The Mexican name for turquoise. See Turquoise .

Chalcid fly <Xpage=237>

Chal"cid fly` (?) . [From Gr. <?/ copper; in allusion to its color.] (Zo\'94l.) One of a numerous family of hymenopterous insects ( Chalcidid\'91 . Many are gallflies, others are parasitic on insects.

Chalcidian <Xpage=237>

Chal*cid"i*an (?) , n. [L. chalcis a lizard, Gr. <?/.] (Zo\'94l.) One of a tropical family of snakelike lizards ( Chalcid\'91 ), having four small or rudimentary legs.

Chalcocite <Xpage=237>

Chal"co*cite (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ brass.] (Min.) Native copper sulphide, called also copper glance , and vitreous copper ; a mineral of a black color and metallic luster. [Formerly written chalcosine .]

Chalcographer, Chalcographist <Xpage=237>

Chal*cog"ra*pher (?) , Chal*cog"ra*phist (?) , n. An engraver on copper or brass; hence, an engraver of copper plates for printing upon paper.

Chalcography <Xpage=237>

Chal*cog"ra*phy (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ copper, brass + -graphy .] The act or art of engraving on copper or brass, especially of engraving for printing.

Chalcopyrite <Xpage=237>

Chal`co*pyr"ite (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ brass + E. pyrite . So named from its color.] (Min.) Copper pyrites, or yellow copper ore; a common ore of opper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur. It occurs massive and in tetragonal crystals of a bright brass yellow color.

Chaldaic <Xpage=237>

Chal*da"ic (?) , a. [L. Chaldaicus .] Of or pertaining to Chaldes. -- n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; Chaldee.

Chaldaism <Xpage=237>

Chal"da*ism (?) , n. An idiom or peculiarity in the Chaldee dialect.

Chaldean <Xpage=237>

Chal*de"an (?) , a. [L. Chaldaeus .] Of or pertaining to Chaldea. -- n. (a) A native or inhabitant of Chaldea. (b) A learned man, esp. an astrologer; -- so called among the Eastern nations, because astrology and the kindred arts were much cultivated by the Chaldeans. (c) Nestorian.

Chaldee <Xpage=237>

Chal"dee (?) , a. Of or pertaining to Chaldea. -- n. The language or dialect of the Chaldeans; eastern Aramaic, or the Aramaic used in Chaldea.

Chaldee Paraphrase , A targum written in Aramaic.

Chaldrich, Chalder <Xpage=237>

Chal"drich (?) , Chal"der (?) , n. [Icel. tjaldr .] (Zo\'94l.) A kind of bird; the oyster catcher.

Chaldron <Xpage=237>

Chal"dron (?) , n. [OF. chaldron , F. chaudron kettle. The same word as caldron .] An English dry measure, being, at London, 36 bushels heaped up, or its equivalent weight, and more than twice as much at Newcastle. Now used exlusively for coal and coke.

&hand; In the United States the chaldron is ordinarily 2,940 lbs, but at New York it is 2,500 lbs.

De Colange.

Chalet <Xpage=237>

Cha*let" (?) , n. [F.] 1. A herdsman's hut in the mountains of Switzerland.

Chalets are summer huts for the Swiss herdsmen. Wordsworth.

2. A summer cottage or country house in the Swiss mountains; any country house built in the style of the Swiss cottages.

Chalice <Xpage=237>

Chal"ice (?) , n. [OR. chalis , calice , OF. chalice , calice , F. calice , fr. L. calix , akin to Gr. <?/ and E. helmet . Cf. Calice , Calyx .] A cup or bowl; especially, the cup used in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper.

Chaliced <Xpage=237>

Chal"iced (?) , a. Having a calyx or cup; cupshaped. " Chaliced flowers."

Shak.

Chalk <Xpage=237>

Chalk (?) , n. [AS. cealc lime, from L. calx limestone. See Calz , and Cawk .] 1. (Min.) A soft, earthy substance, of a white, grayish, or yellowish white color, consisting of calcium carbonate, and having the same composition as common limestone.

2. (Fine Arts) Finely prepared chalk, used as a drawing implement; also, by extension, a compound, as of clay and black lead, or the like, used in the same manner. See Crayon .

Black chalk , a mineral of a bluish color, of a slaty texture, and soiling the fingers when handled; a variety of argillaceous slate. -- By a long chalk , by a long way; by many degrees. [Slang] Lowell . -- Chalk drawing (Fine Arts) , a drawing made with crayons. See Crayon . -- Chalk formation . See Cretaceous formation , under Cretaceous . -- Chalk line , a cord rubbed with chalk, used for making straight lines on boards or other material, as a guide in cutting or in arranging work. -- Chalk mixture , a preparation of chalk, cinnamon, and sugar in gum water, much used in diarrheal affection, esp. of infants. -- Chalk period . (Geol.) See Cretaceous period , under Cretaceous . -- Chalk pit , a pit in which chalk is dug. -- Drawing chalk . See Crayon , n. , 1. -- French chalk , steatite or soapstone, a soft magnesian mineral. -- Red chalk , an indurated clayey ocher containing iron, and used by painters and artificers; reddle.

Chalk <Xpage=237>

Chalk , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Chalked (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chalking .] 1. To rub or mark with chalk.

2. To manure with chalk, as land.

Morimer.

3. To make white, as with chalk; to make pale; to bleach.

Tennyson.

Let a bleak paleness chalk the door. Herbert.

To chalk out , to sketch with, or as with, chalk; to outline; to indicate; to plan. [Colloq.] "I shall pursue the plan I have chalked out ."

Burke.

Chalkcutter <Xpage=237>

Chalk"cut`ter (?) , n. A man who digs chalk.

Chalkiness <Xpage=237>

Chalk"i*ness (?) , n. The state of being chalky.

Chalkstone <Xpage=237>

Chalk"stone` (?) , n. 1. A mass of chalk.

As chalkstones . . . beaten in sunder. Isa. xxvii. 9.

2. (Med.) A chalklike concretion, consisting mainly of urate of sodium, found in and about the small joints, in the external ear, and in other situations, in those affected with gout; a tophus.

Chalky <Xpage=237>

Chalk"y (?) , a. Consisting of, or resembling, chalk; containing chalk; as, a chalky cliff; a chalky taste.

Challenge <Xpage=237>

Chal"lenge (?) , n. [OE. chalenge claim, accusation, challenge, OF. chalenge , chalonge , claim, accusation, contest, fr. L. calumnia false accusation, chicanery. See Calumny .] 1. An invitation to engage in a contest or controversy of any kind; a defiance; specifically, a summons to fight a duel; also, the letter or message conveying the summons.

A challenge to controversy. Goldsmith.

2. The act of a sentry in halting any one who appears at his post, and demanding the countersign.

3. A claim or demand. [Obs.]

There must be no challenge of superiority. Collier.

4. (Hunting) The opening and crying of hounds at first finding the scent of their game.

5. (Law) An exception to a juror or to a member of a court martial, coupled with a demand that he should be held incompetent to act; the claim of a party that a certain person or persons shall not sit in trial upon him or his cause.

Blackstone

6. An exception to a person as not legally qualifed to vote. The challenge must be made when the ballot is offered. [U. S.]

Challenge to the array (Law) , an exception to the whole panel. -- Challenge to the favor , the alleging a special cause, the sufficiency of which is to be left to those whose duty and office it is to decide upon it. -- Challenge to the polls , an exception taken to any one or more of the individual jurors returned. -- Peremptory challenge , a privilege sometimes allowed to defendants, of challenging a certain number of jurors (fixed by statute in different States) without assigning any cause. -- Principal challenge , that which the law allows to be sufficient if found to be true.

Challenge <Xpage=237>

Chal"lenge , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Challenged (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Challenging .] [OE. chalengen to accuse, claim, OF. chalengier , chalongier , to claim, accuse, dispute, fr. L. calumniar to attack with false accusations. See Challenge , n. , and cf. Calumniate .] 1. To call to a contest of any kind; to call to answer; to defy.

I challenge any man to make any pretense to power by right of fatherhood. Locke.

2. To call, invite, or summon to answer for an offense by personal combat.

By this I challenge him to single fight. Shak.

3. To claim as due; to demand as a right.

Challenge better terms. Addison.

4. To censure; to blame. [Obs.]

He complained of the emperors . . . and challenged them for that he had no greater revenues . . . from them. Holland.

5. (Mil.) To question or demand the countersign from (one who attempts to pass the lines); as, the sentinel challenged us, with "Who comes there?"

6. To take exception to; question; as, to challenge the accuracy of a statement or of a quotation .

7. (Law) To object to or take exception to, as to a juror, or member of a court.

8. To object to the reception of the vote of, as on the ground that the person in not qualifed as a voter. [U. S.]

To challenge to the array , favor , polls . See under Challenge , n.

Challenge <Xpage=237>

Chal"lenge , v. i. To assert a right; to claim a place.

Where nature doth with merit challenge . Shak.

Challengeable <Xpage=237>

Chal"lenge*a*ble (?) , a. That may be challenged.

Challenger <Xpage=237>

Chal"len*ger (?) , n. One who challenges.

Challis <Xpage=237>

Chal"lis (?) , n. [F. chaly , challis , a stuff made of goat's hair.] A soft and delicate woolen, or woolen and silk, fabric, for ladies' dresses. [Written also chally .]

Chalon <Xpage=237>

Cha"lon (?) , n. A bed blanket. [Obs.]

Chaucer.

Chalybean <Xpage=237>

Cha*lyb"e*an (?) , a. [L. chalybe\'8bus , fr. chalybs steel, Gr. <?/.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Chalybes, an ancient people of Pontus in Asia Minor, celebrated for working in iron and steel.

2. Of superior quality and temper; -- applied to steel. [Obs.]

Milton.

Chalybeate <Xpage=237>

Cha*lyb"e*ate (?) , a. [NL. chalybeatus , fr. chalube\'8bus . See Chalubean .] Impregnated with salts of iron; having a taste like iron; as, chalybeate springs .

Chalybeate <Xpage=237>

Cha*lyb"e*ate , n. Any water, liquid, or medicine, into which iron enters as an ingredient.

Chalybeous <Xpage=237>

Cha*lyb"e*ous (?) , a. (Zo\'94l.) Steel blue; of the color of tempered steel.

Chalybite <Xpage=237>

Chal"y*bite (?) , n. (Min.) Native iron carbonate; -- usually called siderite .

Cham <Xpage=237>

Cham (?) , v. t. [See Chap .] To chew. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sir T. More.

Cham <Xpage=237>

Cham (?) , n. [See Khan .] The sovereign prince of Tartary; -- now usually written khan .

Shak.

Chamade <Xpage=237>

Cha*made (?) , n. [F. chamade , fr. Pg. chamada , fr. chamar to call, fr. L. clamare .] (Mil.) A signal made for a parley by beat of a drum.

They beat the chamade , and sent us carte blanche. Addison.

Chamal <Xpage=237>

Cha"mal (?) , n. [Native name.] (Zo\'94l.) The Angora goat. See Angora goat , under Angora .

Chamber <Xpage=237>

Cham"ber (?) , n. [F. chambre , fr. L. camera vault, arched roof, in LL. chamber, fr. Gr. <?/ anything with a vaulted roof or arched covering; cf. Skr. kmar to be crooked. Cf. Camber , Camera , Comrade .]

1. A retired room, esp. an upper room used for sleeping; a bedroom; as, the house had four chambers .

<page="238"> Page 238

2. pl. Apartments in a lodging house. "A bachelor's life in chambers ."

Thackeray.

3. A hall, as where a king gives audience, or a deliberative body or assembly meets; as, presence chamber ; senate chamber .

4. A legislative or judicial body; an assembly; a society or association; as, the Chamber of Deputies; the Chamber of Commerce.

5. A compartment or cell; an inclosed space or cavity; as, the chamber of a canal lock; the chamber of a furnace; the chamber of the eye.

6. pl. (Law.) A room or rooms where a lawyer transacts business; a room or rooms where a judge transacts such official business as may be done out of court.

7. A chamber pot. [Colloq.]

8. (Mil.) (a) That part of the bore of a piece of ordnance which holds the charge, esp. when of different diameter from the rest of the bore; -- formerly, in guns, made smaller than the bore, but now larger, esp. in breech-loading guns. (b) A cavity in a mine, usually of a cubical form, to contain the powder. (c) A short piece of ornance or cannon, which stood on its breech, without any carriage, formerly used chiefly for rejoicings and theatrical cannonades.

Air chamber . See Air chamber , in the Vocabulary. -- Chamber of commerce , a board or association to protect the interests of commerce, chosen from among the merchants and traders of a city. -- Chamber council , a secret council. Shak . -- Chamber counsel &or; counselor , a counselor who gives his opinion in private, or at his chambers, but does not advocate causes in court. -- Chamber fellow , a chamber companion; a roommate; a chum. -- Chamber hangings , tapestry or hangings for a chamber. -- Chamber lye , urine. Shak . -- Chamber music , vocal or instrumental music adapted to performance in a chamber or small apartment or audience room, instead of a theater, concert hall, or chuch. -- Chamber practice (Law.) , the practice of counselors at law, who give their opinions in private, but do not appear in court. -- To sit at chambers , to do business in chambers, as a judge.

Chamber <Xpage=238>

Cham"ber (?) , v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Chambered (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Chambering .] 1. To reside in or occupy a chamber or chambers.

2. To be lascivious. [Obs.]

Chamber <Xpage=238>

Cham"ber , v. t. 1. To shut up, as inn a chamber.

Shak.

2. To furnish with a chamber; as, to chamber a gun .

Chambered <Xpage=238>

Cham"bered (?) , a. Having a chamber or chambers; as, a chambered shell; a chambered gun.

Chamberer <Xpage=238>

Cham"ber*er (?) , n. 1. One who attends in a chamber; a chambermaid. [Obs.]

Chaucer.

2. A civilian; a carpetmonger. [Obs.]

Chambering <Xpage=238>

Cham"ber*ing , n. Lewdness. [Obs.]

Rom. xiii. 13.

Chamberlain <Xpage=238>

Cham"ber*lain (?) , n. [OF. chamberlain , chambrelencF . chambellon , OHG. chamerling , chamarlinc , G. k\'84mmerling , kammer chamber (fr. L. camera ) + -ling . See Chamber , and -ling .] [Formerly written chamberlin .] 1. An officer or servant who has charge of a chamber or chambers.

2. An upper servant of an inn. [Obs.]

3. An officer having the direction and management of the private chambers of a nobleman or monarch; hence, in Europe, one of the high officers of a court.

4. A treasurer or receiver of public money; as, the chamberlain of London, of North Wales, etc.

The lord chamberlain of England , an officer of the crown, who waits upon the sovereign on the day of coronation, and provides requisites for the palace of Westminster, and for the House of Lords during the session of Parliament. Under him are the gentleman of the black rod and other officers. His office is distinct from that of the lord chamberlain of the Household , whose functions relate to the royal housekeeping.

Chamberlainship <Xpage=238>