Chapter 218

Cairn (?) , n. [Gael. carn , gen. cairn , a heap: cf. Ir. & W. carn .] 1. A rounded or conical heap of stones erected by early inhabitants of the British Isles, apparently as a sepulchral monument.

Now here let us place the gray stone of her cairn . Campbell.

2. A pile of stones heaped up as a landmark, or to arrest attention, as in surveying, or in leaving traces of an exploring party, etc.

C. Kingsley. Kane.

Cairngormstone <Xpage=202>

Cairn*gorm"stone` (?) . [Gael. carn a cairn + gorm azure.] (Min.) A yellow or smoky brown variety of rock crystal, or crystallized quartz, found esp, in the mountain of Cairngorm, in Scotland.

Caisson <Xpage=202>

Cais"son (?) , n. [F., fr. caisse , case, chest. See 1st Case .] 1. (Mil.) (a) A chest to hold ammunition. (b) A four-wheeled carriage for conveying ammunition, consisting of two parts, a body and a limber. In light field batteries there is one caisson to each piece, having two ammunition boxes on the body, and one on the limber. Farrow . (c) A chest filled with explosive materials, to be laid in the way of an enemy and exploded on his appoach.

2. (a) A water-tight box, of timber or iron within which work is carried on in building foundations or structures below the water level. (b) A hollow floating box, usually of iron, which serves to close the entrances of docks and basins. (c) A structure, usually with an air chamber, placed beneath a vessel to lift or float it.

3. (Arch.) A sunk panel of ceilings or soffits.

Pneumatic caisson (Engin.) , a caisson, closed at the top but open at the bottom, and resting upon the ground under water. The pressure of air forced into the caisson keeps the water out. Men and materials are admitted to the interior through an air lock. See Lock .

Caitiff <Xpage=202>

Cai"tiff (?) , a. [OE. caitif , cheitif , captive, miserable, OF. caitif , chaitif , captive, mean, wretched, F. ch\'82tif , fr. L. captivus captive, fr. capere to take, akin to E. heave . See Heave , and cf. Captive .] 1. Captive; wretched; unfortunate. [Obs.]

Chaucer.

2. Base; wicked and mean; cowardly; despicable.

Arnold had sped his caitiff flight. W. Irving.

Caitiff <Xpage=202>

Cai"tiff , n. A captive; a prisoner. [Obs.]

Avarice doth tyrannize over her caitiff and slave. Holland.

2. A wretched or unfortunate man. [Obs.]

Chaucer.

3. A mean, despicable person; one whose character meanness and wickedness meet.

The deep-felt conviction of men that slavery breaks down the moral character . . . speaks out with . . . distinctness in the change of meaning which caitiff has undergone signifying as it now does, one of a base, abject disposition, while there was a time when it had nothing of this in it.

Trench.

Cajeput <Xpage=202>

Caj"e*put (?) , n. See Cajuput .

Cajole <Xpage=202>

Ca*jole" (?) , v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Cajoled (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Cajoling .] [F. cajoler , orig., to chatter like a bird in a cage, to sing; hence, to amuse with idle talk, to flatter, from the source of OF. goale , jaiole , F. ge\'93le , dim. of cage a cage. See Cage , Jail .] To deceive with flattery or fair words; to wheedle.

I am not about to cajole or flatter you into a reception of my views. F. W. Robertson.

Syn. -- To flatter; wheedle; delude; coax; entrap.

Cajolement <Xpage=202>

Ca*jole"ment (?) , n. The act of cajoling; the state of being cajoled; cajolery.

Coleridge.

Cajoler <Xpage=202>

Ca*jol"er (?) , n. A flatterer; a wheedler.

Cajolery <Xpage=202>

Ca*jol"er*y (?) , n. ; pl. Cajoleries (<?/) . A wheedling to delude; words used in cajoling; flattery. "Infamous cajoleries ."

Evelyn.

Cajuput <Xpage=202>

Caj"u*put (?) , n. [Of Malayan origin; k\'beyu tree + p\'d4tih white.] (Med.) A highly stimulating volatile infammable oil, distilled from the leaves of an East Indian tree ( Melaleuca cajuputi , etc.) It is greenish in color and has a camphoraceous odor and pungent taste.

Cajuputene <Xpage=202>

Caj"u*put*ene` (?) , n. (Chem.) A colorlees or greenish oil extracted from cajuput.

Cake <Xpage=202>

Cake (?) , n. [OE. cake , kaak ; akin to Dan. kage , Sw. & Icel. kaka , D. koek , G. kuchem , OHG. chuocho .]

1. A small mass of dough baked; especially, a thin loaf from unleavened dough; as, an oatmeal cake ; johnny cake .

2. A sweetened composition of flour and other ingredients, leavened or unleavened, baked in a loaf or mass of any size or shape.

3. A thin wafer-shaped mass of fried batter; a griddlecake or pancake; as buckwheat cakes .

4. A mass of matter concreted, congealed, or molded into a solid mass of any form, esp. into a form rather flat than high; as, a cake of soap; an ague cake .

Cakes of rusting ice come rolling down the flood. Dryden.

Cake urchin (Zo\'94l) , any species of flat sea urchins belonging to the Clypeastroidea . -- Oil cake the refuse of flax seed, cotton seed, or other vegetable substance from which oil has been expressed, compacted into a solid mass, and used as food for cattle, for manure, or for other purposes. -- To have one's cake dough , to fail or be disappointed in what one has undertaken or expected.

Shak.

Cake <Xpage=202>

Cake , v. i. To form into a cake, or mass.

Cake <Xpage=202>

Cake , v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Caked (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Caking .] To concrete or consolidate into a hard mass, as dough in an oven; to coagulate.

Clotted blood that caked within. Addison.

Cake <Xpage=202>

Cake , v. i. To cackle as a goose. [Prov. Eng.]

Caking coal <Xpage=202>

Cak"ing coal` (?) . See Coal .

Cal <Xpage=202>

Cal (?) , n. (Cornish Mines) Wolfram, an ore of tungsten.

Simmonds.

Calabar <Xpage=202>

Cal"a*bar (?) , n. A district on the west coast of Africa.

Calabar bean , The of a climbing legumious plant ( Physostigma venenosum ), a native of tropical Africa. It is highly poisonous. It is used to produce contraction of the pupil of the eye; also in tetanus, neuralgia, and rheumatic diseases; -- called also ordeal bean , being used by the negroes in trials for witchcraft.

Calabarine <Xpage=202>

Cal"a*bar*ine (?) , n. (Chem.) An alkaloid resembing physostigmine and occurring with it in the calabar bean.

Calabash <Xpage=202>

Cal"a*bash (?) , n. [Sp. calabaza , or Pg. calaba<?/a , caba<?/a (cf. F. Calebasse ), lit., a dry gourd, fr. Ar. qar' , fem., a kind of gourd + aibas dry.] 1. The common gourd (plant or fruit).

2. The fruit of the calabash tree.

3. A water dipper, bottle, backet, or other utensil, made from the dry shell of a calabash or gourd.

Calabash tree . (Bot.) , a tree of tropical America ( Crescentia cujete ), producing a large gourdike fruit, containing a purgative pulp. Its hard shell, after the removal of the pulp, is used for cups, bottles, etc. The African calabash tree is the baobab.

Calaboose <Xpage=202>

Cal`a*boose" (?) , n. [A corruption of Sp. calabozo dungeon.] A prison; a jail. [Local, U. S.]

Calade <Xpage=202>

Ca*lade" (?) , n. [F.] A slope or declivity in a manege ground down which a horse is made to gallop, to give suppleness to his haunches.

Caladium <Xpage=202>

Ca*la"di*um (?) , n. [NL.] A genus of aroideous plants, of which some species are cultivated for their immense leaves (which are often curiously blotched with white and red), and others (in Polynesia) for food.

Calaite <Xpage=202>

Cal"a*ite (?) , n. [L. cala\'8bs , Gr. <?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/, <?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/ ; cf. F. cala\'8bte .] A mineral. See Turquoise .

Calamanco <Xpage=202>

Cal`a*man"co (?) , n. [LL. calamancus , calamacus ; cf. camelaucum ; a head covering made of camel's hair, NGr. <?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/, and F. calmande a woolen stuff.] A glossy woolen stuff, plain, striped, or checked. "a gay calamanco waistcoat."

Tatler.

Calamander wood <Xpage=202>

Cal"a*man`der wood (?) . A valuable furniture wood from India and Ceylon, of a hazel-brown color, with black stripes, very hard in texture. It is a species of ebony, and is obtained from the Diospyros qusesita . Called also Coromandel wood .

Calamar, Calamary <Xpage=202>

Cal"a*mar (?) , Cal"a*ma*ry , n. [LL. calamarium inkstand, fr. L. calamus a reed pen: cf. F. calmar , calemar , pen case, calamar.] (Zo\'94l.) A cephalopod, belonging to the genus Loligo and related genera. There are many species. They have a sack of inklike fluid which they discharge from the siphon tube, when pursued or alarmed, in order to confuse their enemies. Their shell is a thin horny plate, within the flesh of back, shaped very much like a quill pen. In America they are called squids . See Squid .

Calambac <Xpage=202>

Cal"am*bac (?) , n. [F. calambac , calambour , from Malay Kalambaq a king of fragrant wood.] (Bot.) A fragrant wood; agalloch.

Calambour <Xpage=202>

Cal"am*bour (?) , n. [See Calambac .] A species of agalloch, or aloes wood, of a dusky or mottled color, of a light, friable texture, and less fragrant than calambac; -- used by cabinetmakers.

Calamiferous <Xpage=202>

Cal`a*mif"er*ous (?) , a. [L. calamus reed + ferous .] Producing reeds; reedy.

Calamine <Xpage=202>

Cal"a*mine (?) , n. [F. calamine , LL. calamina , fr. L. Cabmia . See Cadmia .] (min.) A mineral, the hydrous silicate of zinc.

&hand; The name was formerly applied to both the carbonate and silicate of zinc each of which is valuabic as an ore; but it is now usually restricted to the latter, the former being called smithsonite .

Calamint <Xpage=202>

Cal"a*mint (?) , n. [OE. calamint , calemente (cf. F. calament ) fr. L. calamintha , Gr. <?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/, <?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/<?/. See 1st Mint .] (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants ( Calamintha ) of the Mint family, esp. the C. Nepela and C. Acinos , which are called also basil thyme .

Calamist <Xpage=202>

Cal"a*mist (?) , n. [L. calamus a reed.] One who plays upon a reed or pipe. [Obs.]

Blount.

Calamistrate <Xpage=202>

Cal`a*mis"trate (?) , v. i. [L. calamistratus , curied with the curling iron, fr. calamistrum curling iron, fr. calamus a reed.] To curl or friz, as the hair. [Obs.]

Cotgrave.

Calamistration <Xpage=202>

Cal`amis*tra"tion (?) , n. The act or process of curling the hair. [Obs.]

burton.

Calamistrum <Xpage=202>

Cal`a*mis"trum (?) , n. [L., a curling iron.] (Zo\'94l.) A comblike structure on the metatarsus of the hind legs of certain spiders ( Ciniflonid\'91 ), used to curl certain fibers in the construction of their webs.

Calamite <Xpage=202>

Cal"a*mite (?) , n. [L. calamus a reed: cf. F. calamite .] (Paleon.) A fossil plant of the coal formation, having the general form of plants of the modern Equiseta (the Horsetail or Scouring Rush family) but sometimes attaining the height of trees, and having the stem more or less woody within. See Acrogen , and Asterophyllite .

Calamitous <Xpage=202>

Ca*lam"i*tous (?) , a. [L. Calamitosus ; cf. F. calamiteux .]

1. Suffering calamity; wretched; miserable. [Obs.]

Ten thousands of calamitous persons. South.

2. Producing, or attended with distress and misery; making wretched; wretched; unhappy. "This sad and calamitous condition." South . "A calamitous prison" Milton .

Syn. -- Miserable; deplorable; distressful; afflictive; grievous; baleful; disastrous; adverse; unhappy; severe; sad; unfortunate.

-- Ca*lam"i*tous*ly , adv. -- Ca*lam"i*tous*ness , n.

Calamity <Xpage=202>

Ca*lam"i*ty (?) n. ; pl. Calamities (#) . [L. calamitas , akin to in- columis unharmed: cf. F. calamit\'82 ] 1. Any great misfortune or cause of misery; -- generally applied to events or disasters which produce extensive evil, either to communities or individuals.

The word calamity was first derived from calamus when the corn could not get out of the stalk.

Bacon.

Strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul. W. Irving.

2. A state or time of distress or misfortune; misery.

The deliberations of calamity are rarely wise. Burke.

Where'er I came I brought calamity . Tennyson.

Syn. -- Disaster; distress; afflicition; adversity; misfortune; unhappiness; infelicity; mishap; mischance; misery; evil; extremity; exigency; downfall. -- Calamity , Disaster , Misfortune , Mishap , Mischance . Of these words, calamity is the strongest. It supposes a somewhat continuous state, produced not usually by the direct agency of man, but by natural causes, such as fire, flood, tempest, disease, etc, Disaster denotes literally ill-starred , and is some unforeseen and distressing event which comes suddenly upon us, as if from hostile planet. Misfortune is often due to no specific cause; it is simply the bad fortune of an individual; a link in the chain of events; an evil independent of his own conduct, and not to be charged as a fault. Mischance and mishap are misfortunes of a trivial nature, occurring usually to individuals. "A calamity is either public or private, but more frequently the former; a disaster is rather particular than private; it affects things rather than persons; journey, expedition, and military movements are often attended with disasters ; misfortunes are usually personal; they immediately affect the interests of the individual."

Crabb.

Calamus <Xpage=202>

Cal"a*mus (?) , n. ; pl. Calami (#) . [L., a reed. See Halm .] 1. (Bot.) The indian cane, a plant of the Palm family. It furnishes the common rattan. See Rattan , and Dragon's blood .

2. (Bot.) A species of Acorus ( A. calamus ), commonly called calamus , or sweet flag . The root has a pungent, aromatic taste, and is used in medicine as a stomachic; the leaves have an aromatic odor, and were formerly used instead of rushes to strew on floors.

3. (Zo\'94l.) The horny basal portion of a feather; the barrel or quill.

Calando <Xpage=202>

Ca*lan"do (?) , a. [It.] ( Mus .) Gradually diminishing in rapidity and loudness.

Calash <Xpage=202>

Ca*lash" (?) , n. [F. cal\'8ache ; of Slavonic origin; cf. Bohem. kolesa , Russ. koliaska calash, koleso , kolo , wheel.] 1. A light carriage with low wheels, having a top or hood that can be raised or lowered, seats for inside, a separate seat for the driver, and often a movable front, so that it can be used as either an open or a close carriage.

The baroness in a calash capable of holding herself, her two children, and her servants. W. Irving.

2. In Canada, a two-wheeled, one-seated vehicle, with a calash top, and the driver's seat elevated in front.

3. A hood or top of a carriage which can be thrown back at pleasure.

4. A hood, formerly worn by ladies, which could be drawn forward or thrown back like the top of a carriage.

<page="203"> Page 203

Calaverite <Xpage=203>

Ca`la*ve"rite (<?/) , n. (Min.) A bronze-yellow massive mineral with metallic luster; a telluride of gold; -- first found in Calaveras County California.

Calcaneal <Xpage=203>

Cal*ca"ne*al (?) , a. (Anal.) Pertaining to the calcaneum; as, calcaneal arteries .

Calcaneum <Xpage=203>

Cal*ca"ne*um (?) n. ; pl. E. - neums , L. - nea . [L. the heel, fr. calx , calcis , the heel.] (Anal.) One of the bones of the tarsus which in man, forms the great bone of the heel; -- called also fibulare .

Calcar <Xpage=203>

Cal"car (?) , n. [L. calcaria lime kiln, fr. calx , calcis , lime. See Calx .] (Glass manuf.) A kind of oven, or reverberatory furnace, used for the calcination of sand and potash, and converting them into frit.

Ure.

Calcar <Xpage=203>

Cal"car , n. ; L. pl. Calcaria (#) . [L., a pur, as worn on the heel, also the spur of a cock, fr. calx , calcis , the heel.] 1. (Bot.) A hollow tube or spur at the base of a petal or corolla.

2. (Zo\'94l.) A slender bony process from the ankle joint of bats, which helps to support the posterior part of the web, in flight.

3. (Anat.) (a) A spur, or spurlike prominence. (b) A curved ridge in the floor of the leteral ventricle of the brain; the calcar avis , hippocampus minor , or ergot .

Calcarate, Calcarated <Xpage=203>

Cal"ca*rate (?) , Cal"ca*ra`ted (?) , a. [LL. calcaratus , fr. L. calcar . See 2d Calcar .]

1. (Bot.) Having a spur, as the flower of the toadflax and larkspur; spurred.

Gray.

2. (Zo\'94l.) Armed with a spur.

Calcareo-argillaceous <Xpage=203>

Cal*ca"re*o-ar`gil*la"ceous (?) , a. consisting of, or containing, calcareous and argillaceous earths.

Calcareo-bituminous <Xpage=203>

Cal*ca"re*o-bi*tu"mi*nous (?) , a. Consisting of, or containing, lime and bitumen.

Lyell.

Calcareo-siliceous <Xpage=203>

Cal*ca"re*o-si*li"ceous (?) , a. Consisting of, or containing calcareous and siliceous earths.

Calcareous <Xpage=203>

Cal*ca"re*ous (?) , a. [L. calcarius pertaining to lime. See Calx .] Partaking of the nature ofcalcite or calcium carbonate; consisting of, or containg, calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime.

Clcareous spar . See as Calcite .

Calcareousness <Xpage=203>

Cal*ca"re*ous*ness , n. Quality of being calcareous.

Calcariferous <Xpage=203>

Cal`ca*rif"er*ous (?) , a. [L. calcarius of lime + ferous .] Lime-yielding; calciferous

Calcarine <Xpage=203>

Cal"ca*rine (?) , a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the calcar of the brain.

Calcavella <Xpage=203>

Cal`ca*vel"la (?) , n. A sweet wine from Portugal; -- so called from the district of Carcavelhos. [Written also Calcavellos or Carcavelhos .]

Calceated <Xpage=203>