Chapter 1787

The faith they have in tennis, and tall stockings, Short blistered breeches, and those types of travel. Shak.

2. Form or character impressed; style; semblance.

Thy father bears the type of king of Naples. Shak.

3. A figure or representation of something to come; a token; a sign; a symbol; -- correlative to antitype .

A type is no longer a type when the thing typified comes to be actually exhibited. South.

4. That which possesses or exemplifies characteristic qualities; the representative. Specifically: (a) (Biol.) A general form or structure common to a number of individuals; hence, the ideal representation of a species, genus, or other group, combining the essential characteristics; an animal or plant possessing or exemplifying the essential characteristics of a species, genus, or other group. Also, a group or division of animals having a certain typical or characteristic structure of body maintained within the group.

Since the time of Cuvier and Baer . . . the whole animal kingdom has been universally held to be divisible into a small number of main divisions or types . Haeckel.

(b) (Fine Arts) The original object, or class of objects, scene, face, or conception, which becomes the subject of a copy; esp., the design on the face of a medal or a coin.

(c) (Chem.) A simple compound, used as a mode or pattern to which other compounds are conveniently regarded as being related, and from which they may be actually or theoretically derived.

&hand; The fundamental types used to express the simplest and most essential chemical relations are hydrochloric acid, HCl ; water, H2O ; ammonia, NH3 ; and methane, CH4 .

5. (Typog.) (a) A raised letter, figure, accent, or other character, cast in metal or cut in wood, used in printing. (b) Such letters or characters, in general, or the whole quantity of them used in printing, spoken of collectively; any number or mass of such letters or characters, however disposed.

&hand; Type are mostly made by casting type metal in a mold, though some of the larger sizes are made from maple, mahogany, or boxwood. In the cut, a is the body ; b , the face , or part from which the impression is taken; c , the shoulder , or top of the body; d , the nick (sometimes two or more are made), designed to assist the compositor in distinguishing the bottom of the face from the top; e , the groove made in the process of finishing, -- each type as cast having attached to the bottom of the body a jet, or small piece of metal (formed by the surplus metal poured into the mold), which, when broken off, leaves a roughness that requires to be removed. The fine lines at the top and bottom of a letter are technically called ceriphs , and when part of the face projects over the body, as in the letter f , the projection is called a kern .

The type which compose an ordinary book font consist of Roman CAPITALS , small capitals , and lower-case letters, and Italic CAPITALS and lower-case letters, with accompanying figures, points, and reference marks, -- in all about two hundred characters. Including the various modern styles of fancy type, some three or four hundred varieties of face are made. Besides the ordinary Roman and Italic , some of the most important of the varieties are --

Old English. Black Letter. Old Style. French Elzevir. Boldface. Antique. Clarendon. Gothic. Typewriter. Script.

The smallest body in common use is diamond; then follow in order of size, pearl, agate, nonpareil, minion, brevier, bourgeois (or two-line diamond), long primer (or two-line pearl), small pica (or two-line agate), pica (or two-line nonpareil), English (or two-line minion), Columbian (or two-line brevier), great primer (two-line bourgeois), paragon (or two-line long primer), double small pica (or two-line small pica), double pica (or two-line pica), double English (or two-line English), double great primer (or two-line great primer), double paragon (or two-line paragon), canon (or two-line double pica). Above this, the sizes are called five-line pica, six-line pica, seven-line pica, and so on, being made mostly of wood. The following alphabets show the different sizes up to great primer.

Brilliant . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- brilliant l = 1.0 mm --> Diamond . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- l = 1.1 mm --> Pearl . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- l = mm --> Agate . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- l = mm --> Nonpareil . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- l = mm --> Minion . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- l = mm --> Brevier . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- l = mm --> Bourgeois . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- l = mm --> Long primer . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- l = mm --> Small pica . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- small pica l = 2.5 mm --> Pica . . . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- l = 2.9 mm --> English . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- l = 3.3 mm --> Columbian . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- l = 3.6 mm --> Great primer . . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <-- Great primer l = 4.0 mm -->

The foregoing account is conformed to the designations made use of by American type founders, but is substantially correct for England. Agate , however, is called ruby , in England, where, also, a size intermediate between nonpareil and minion is employed, called emerald .

Point system of type bodies (Type Founding) , a system adopted by the type founders of the United States by which the various sizes of type have been so modified and changed that each size bears an exact proportional relation to every other size. The system is a modification of a French system, and is based on the pica body. This pica body is divided into twelfths, which are termed "points," and every type body consist of a given number of these points. Many of the type founders indicate the new sizes of type by the number of points, and the old names are gradually being done away with. By the point system type founders cast type of a uniform size and height, whereas formerly fonts of pica or other type made by different founders would often vary slightly so that they could not be used together. There are no type in actual use corresponding to the smaller theoretical sizes of the point system. In some cases, as in that of ruby , the term used designates a different size from that heretofore so called.

<-- Here is inserted a two-column table, in which the sizes of the bodies of the various types are represented by a 2.5 cm long bar of the corresponding height; the two columns are separated by a thin vertical line. --> <-- pica (12 pt.) = 4.3 mm tall -->

1 American 9 Bourgeois &bar; &bar; 1<frac12/ German <point1.5>&bar;</point1.5> 2 Saxon 10 Long Primer &bar; &bar; 2<frac12/ Norse <point2.5>&bar;</point2.5> 3 Brilliant 11 Small Pica &bar; &bar; 3<frac12/ Ruby 12 Pica <point3.5>&bar;</point3.5> &bar; 4 Excelsior &bar; 4<frac12/ Diamond 14 English <point4.5>&bar;</point4.5> &bar; 5 Pearl 16 Columbian &bar; &bar; 5<frac12/ Agate <point5.5>&bar;</point5.5> 6 Nonpareil 18 Great Primer &bar; &bar; 7 Minion &bar; 8 Brevier 20 Paragon &bar; &bar; Diagram of the "points" by which sizes of Type are graduated in the "Point System".

Type founder , one who casts or manufacture type. -- Type foundry , Type foundery , a place for the manufacture of type. -- Type metal , an alloy used in making type, stereotype plates, etc., and in backing up electrotype plates. It consists essentially of lead and antimony, often with a little tin, nickel, or copper. -- Type wheel , a wheel having raised letters or characters on its periphery, and used in typewriters, printing telegraphs, etc. -- Unity of type (Biol.) , that fundamental agreement in structure which is seen in organic beings of the same class, and is quite independent of their habits of life.

Darwin.

Type <Xpage=1558>

Type (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Typed (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Typing .] 1. To represent by a type, model, or symbol beforehand; to prefigure. [R.]

White (Johnson).

2. To furnish an expression or copy of; to represent; to typify. [R.]

Let us type them now in our own lives. Tennyson.

Typesetter <Xpage=1558>

Type"set`ter (?) , n. One who, or that which, sets type; a compositor; a machine for setting type.

Typesetting <Xpage=1558>

Type"set`ting , n. The act or art of setting type.

Typewrite <Xpage=1558>

Type"write` (?) , v. t. & i. To write with a typewriter. [Recent]

Typewriter <Xpage=1558>

Type"writ`er (?) , n. 1. An instrument for writing by means of type, a typewheel, or the like, in which the operator makes use of a sort of keyboard, in order to obtain printed impressions of the characters upon paper.

2. One who uses such an instrument.

Typewriting <Xpage=1558>

Type"writ`ing , n. The act or art of using a typewriter; also, a print made with a typewriter.

Typhlitis <Xpage=1558>

Typh*li"tis (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ blind, closed (as applied to the c\'91cum) + -itis .] (Med.) Inflammation of the c\'91cum.

Typhlosole <Xpage=1558>

Typh"lo*sole (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ blind + <?/ channel.] (Zo\'94l.) A fold of the wall which projects into the cavity of the intestine in bivalve mollusks, certain annelids, starfishes, and some other animals.

Typho\'89an <Xpage=1558>

Ty*pho"\'89*an (?) , a. [L. Typhoius , from Typhoeus , Gr. <?/, <?/.] Of or pertaining to Typhoeus (t&isl;*f&omac;"&umac;s) , the fabled giant of Greek mythology, having a hundred heads; resembling Typhoeus.

&hand; Sometimes incorrectly written and pronounced Ty-ph&oe;\'b6an (<?/) , or Ty-phe\'b6 an.

Typhoid <Xpage=1558>

Ty"phoid (?) , a. [ Typhus + -oid : cf. F. typho\'8bde , Gr. <?/. See Typhus .] (Med.) Of or pertaining to typhus; resembling typhus; of a low grade like typhus; as, typhoid symptoms .

Typhoid fever , a disease formerly confounded with typhus, but essentially different from the latter. It is characterized by fever, lasting usually three or more weeks, diarrh\'91a with evacuations resembling pea soup in appearance, and prostration and muscular debility, gradually increasing and often becoming profound at the acme of the disease. Its local lesions are a scanty eruption of spots, resembling flea bites, on the belly, enlargement of the spleen, and ulceration of the intestines over the areas occupied by Peyer's glands. The virus, or contagion, of this fever is supposed to be a microscopic vegetable organism, or bacterium. Called also enteric fever . See Peyer's glands .<-- caused by the gram-negative bacillus, Salmonella typhosa (syn. Salmonella typhi), also called typhoid bacillus. The organism is often ingested by drinking contaminated water. --> -- Typhoid state , a condition common to many diseases, characterized by profound prostration and other symptoms resembling those of typhus.

<page="1559"> Page 1559

Typhomalarial <Xpage=1559>

Ty`pho*ma*la"ri*al (?) , a. (Med.) Pertaining to typhoid fever and malaria; as, typhomalarial fever, a form of fever having symptoms both of malarial and typhoid fever .

Typhomania <Xpage=1559>

Ty`pho*ma"ni*a (?) , n. [NL. See Typhus , and Mania .] (Med.) A low delirium common in typhus fever.

Typhon <Xpage=1559>

Ty"phon (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, and <?/. See Typhoon .] (Class. Mythol.) 1. According to Hesiod, the son of Typhoeus, and father of the winds, but later identified with him. <-- father of Cerberus, the Chimera, and the Sphinx -->

&hand; By modern writers, Typhon is identified with the Egyptian Set, who represents physical evil.

Encyc. Brit.

2. A violent whirlwind; a typhoon. [Obs.]

The circling typhon whirled from point to point. Thomson.

Typhoon <Xpage=1559>

Ty*phoon" (?) , n. [Earlier tuffoon , tuffon , Pg. tuf&atil;o , Ar. tuf\'ben a violent storm; probably fr. Gr. tyfw^n , tyfw^s , a violent whirlwind, that rushes upward from the earth, whirling clouds of dust (cf. Typhus ); or perhaps from Chin. t'ai-fung a cyclonic wind.] A violent whirlwind; specifically, a violent whirlwind occurring in the Chinese seas. <-- 2. a tropical cyclone of the Chinese seas. (2 senses confounded in W1913) -->

Typhos <Xpage=1559>

Ty"phos (?) , n. [NL.] (Med.) Typhus. [Obs.]

Typhotoxin <Xpage=1559>

Ty`pho*tox"in (?) , n. [ Typh oid + -toxic .] (Physiol. Chem.) A basic substance, C7H17NO2 , formed from the growth of the typhoid bacillus on meat pulp. It induces in small animals lethargic conditions with liquid dejecta.

Typhous <Xpage=1559>

Ty"phous (?) , a. [Cf. F. typheux .] (Med.) Of or pertaining to typhus; of the nature of typhus.

Typhus <Xpage=1559>

Ty"phus (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ smoke, cloud, stupor arising from fever; akin to <?/ to smoke, Skr. dh<?/pa smoke.] (Med.) A contagious continued fever lasting from two to three weeks, attended with great prostration and cerebral disorder, and marked by a copious eruption of red spots upon the body. Also called jail fever , famine fever , putrid fever , spottled fever , etc. See Jail fever , under Jail . <-- caused by various species of Rickettsia -->

Typic <Xpage=1559>

Typ"ic (?) , a. Typical. " Typic shades."

Boyle.

Typical <Xpage=1559>

Typ"ic*al (?) , a. [L. typicus , Gr. <?/, from <?/ type: cf. F. typique . See Type .] 1. Of the nature of a type; representing something by a form, model, or resemblance; emblematic; prefigurative.

The Levitical priesthood was only typical of the Christian. Atterbury.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Combining or exhibiting the essential characteristics of a group; as, a typical genus .

-- Typ"ic*al*ly , adv. -- Typ"ic*al*ness , n.

Typification <Xpage=1559>

Typ`i*fi*ca"tion (?) , n. The act of typifying, or representing by a figure.

Typifier <Xpage=1559>

Typ"i*fi`er (?) , n. One who, or that which, typifies.

Bp. Warburton.

Typify <Xpage=1559>

Typ"i*fy (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Typified (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Typifying .] [ Type + -fy .] To represent by an image, form, model, or resemblance.

Our Savior was typified , indeed, by the goat that was slain, and the scapegoat in the wilderness. Sir T. Browne.

Typo <Xpage=1559>

Ty"po (?) , n. [An abbreviation of typographer .] A compositor. [Colloq.]

Typocosmy <Xpage=1559>

Typ"o*cos`my (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ type + <?/ the world.] A representation of the world. [R.]

Typographer <Xpage=1559>

Ty*pog"ra*pher (?; 277) , n. [Cf. F. typographe . See Typography .] A printer.

T. Warton.

Typographic; 277, Typographical <Xpage=1559>

Ty`po*graph"ic (?; 277) , Ty`po*graph"ic*al (?; 277) , a. [Cf. F. typographique .] 1. Of or pertaining to the act or act of representing by types or symbols; emblematic; figurative; typical. [Obs.]

Johnson.

2. Of or pertaining to typography or printing; as, the typographic art .

-- Ty`po*graph"ic*al*ly , adv.

Typography <Xpage=1559>

Ty*pog"ra*phy (?) , n. [ Type + -graphy : cf. F. typographie .] 1. The act or art of expressing by means of types or symbols; emblematical or hieroglyphic representation. [Obs.]

Sir T. Browne.

2. The art of printing with types; the use of types to produce impressions on paper, vellum, etc.

Typolite <Xpage=1559>

Typ"o*lite (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ image, type + -lite : cf. F. typolithe .] (Min.) A stone or fossil which has on it impressions or figures of plants and animals.

Typology <Xpage=1559>

Ty*pol"o*gy (?) , n. [ Type + -logy .] 1. (Theol.) A discourse or treatise on types.

2. (Theol.) The doctrine of types.

Typothet\'91 <Xpage=1559>

Ty*poth"e*t\'91 (?) , n. pl. [NL., fr. E. type + Gr. <?/ to put, set.] Printers; -- used in the name of an association of the master printers of the United States and Canada, called The United Typothet\'91 of America.

Tyran <Xpage=1559>

Ty"ran (?) , n. [See Tyrant .] A tyrant. [Obs.]

Lordly love is such a tyran fell. Spenser.

Tyranness <Xpage=1559>

Ty"ran*ness (?) , n. A female tyrant. [Obs.] "That proud tyranness ."

Spenser. Akenside.

Tyrannic; 277, Tyrannical <Xpage=1559>

Ty*ran"nic (?; 277) , Ty*ran"nic*al (?) , a. [L. tyrannicus , Gr. <?/: cf. F. tyrannique . See Tyrant .] Of or pertaining to a tyrant; suiting a tyrant; unjustly severe in government; absolute; imperious; despotic; cruel; arbitrary; as, a tyrannical prince; a tyrannical master; tyrannical government. "A power tyrannical ."

Shak.

Our sects a more tyrannic power assume. Roscommon.

The oppressor ruled tyrannic where he durst. Pope.

-- Ty*ran"nic*al*ly , adv. -- Ty*ran"nic*al*ness , .

Tyrannicidal <Xpage=1559>

Ty*ran"ni*ci`dal (?) , a. Of or pertaining to tyrannicide, or the murder of a tyrant.

Booth.

Tyrannicide <Xpage=1559>

Ty*ran"ni*ci`de (?) , n. [L. tyrannicidium the killing of a tyrant, tyrannicida the killer of a tyrant; tyrannus a tyrant + caedere to kill: cf. F. tyrannicide .] 1. The act of killing a tyrant.

Hume.

2. One who kills a tyrant.

Tyrannish <Xpage=1559>

Tyr"an*nish (?) , a. Like a tyrant; tyrannical. [Obs.] "The proud tyrannish Roman."

Gower.

Tyrannize <Xpage=1559>

Tyr"an*nize (?) , v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Tyrannized (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Tyrannizing (?) .] [Cf. F. tyranniser , Gr. <?/ to take the part of tyrants.] To act the tyrant; to exercise arbitrary power; to rule with unjust and oppressive severity; to exercise power others not permitted by law or required by justice, or with a severity not necessary to the ends of justice and government; as, a prince will often tyrannize over his subjects; masters sometimes tyrannize over their servants or apprentices .

Tyrannize <Xpage=1559>

Tyr"an*nize , v. t. To subject to arbitrary, oppressive, or tyrannical treatment; to oppress.

Tyrannous <Xpage=1559>

Tyr"an*nous (?) , a. Tyrannical; arbitrary; unjustly severe; despotic. Sir P. Sidney . -- Tyr"an*nous*ly , adv.

Tyranny <Xpage=1559>