Chapter 1668

3. The principal points or thoughts when viewed together; the amount; the substance; compendium; as, this is the sum of all the evidence in the case; this is the sum and substance of his objections .

4. Height; completion; utmost degree.

Thus have I told thee all my state, and brought My story to the sum of earthly bliss. Milton.

5. (Arith.) A problem to be solved, or an example to be wrought out.

Macaulay.

A sum in arithmetic wherein a flaw discovered at a particular point is ipso facto fatal to the whole. Gladstone.

A large sheet of paper . . . covered with long sums . Dickens.

Algebraic sum , as distinguished from arithmetical sum , the aggregate of two or more numbers or quantities taken with regard to their signs, as + or -, according to the rules of addition in algebra; thus, the algebraic sum of -2, 8, and -1 is 5. -- In sum , in short; in brief. [Obs.] " In sum , the gospel . . . prescribes every virtue to our conduct, and forbids every sin." Rogers.

Sum <Xpage=1444>

Sum , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Summed (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Summing .] [Cf. F. sommer , LL. summare .] 1. To bring together into one whole; to collect into one amount; to cast up, as a column of figures; to ascertain the totality of; -- usually with up .

The mind doth value every moment, and then the hour doth rather sum up the moments, than divide the day. Bacon.

2. To bring or collect into a small compass; to comprise in a few words; to condense; -- usually with up .

"Go to the ant, thou sluggard," in few words sums up the moral of this fable. L'Estrange.

He sums their virtues in himself alone. Dryden.

3. (Falconry) To have (the feathers) full grown; to furnish with complete, or full-grown, plumage.

But feathered soon and fledge They summed their pens [wings]. Milton.

Summing up , a compendium or abridgment; a recapitulation; a r\'82sum\'82; a summary.

Syn. -- To cast up; collect; comprise; condense; comprehend; compute.

Sumac, Sumach <Xpage=1444>

Su"mac , Su"mach (?) , n. [F. sumac , formerly sumach (cf. Sp. zumaque ), fr. Ar. summ\'beq .] [Written also shumac .] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Rhus , shrubs or small trees with usually compound leaves and clusters of small flowers. Some of the species are used in tanning, some in dyeing, and some in medicine. One, the Japanese Rhus vernicifera , yields the celebrated Japan varnish, or lacquer.

2. The powdered leaves, peduncles, and young branches of certain species of the sumac plant, used in tanning and dyeing.

Poison sumac . (Bot.) See under Poison .

Sumatran <Xpage=1444>

Su*ma"tran (?) , a. Of or pertaining to Sumatra or its inhabitants. -- n. A native of Sumatra.

Sumbul <Xpage=1444>

Sum"bul (?) , n. [Pers.] The musky root of an Asiatic umbelliferous plant, Ferula Sumbul . It is used in medicine as a stimulant. [Written also sumbal .] -- Sum*bul"ic , a.

Sumless <Xpage=1444>

Sum"less (?) , a. Not to be summed up or computed; so great that the amount can not be ascertained; incalculable; inestimable. "Sumless treasure."

Pope.

Summarily <Xpage=1444>

Sum"ma*ri*ly (?) , adv. In a summary manner.

Summarist <Xpage=1444>

Sum"ma*rist (?) , n. One who summarized.

Summarize <Xpage=1444>

Sum"ma*rize (?) , v. t. To comprise in, or reduce to, a summary; to present briefly.

Chambers.

Summary <Xpage=1444>

Sum"ma*ry (?) , a. [Cf. F. sommaire . See Sum .] 1. Formed into a sum; summed up; reduced into a narrow compass, or into few words; short; brief; concise; compendious; as, a summary statement of facts .

2. Hence, rapidly performed; quickly executed; as, a summary process; to take summary vengeance .

Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; compendious; succinct.

Summary <Xpage=1444>

Sum"ma*ry , n. ; pl. Summaries (#) . [F. sommaire , or L. summarium . See Summary , a .] A general or comprehensive statement; an abridged account; an abstract, abridgment, or compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller account.

Summation <Xpage=1444>

Sum*ma"tion (?) , n. [Cf. F. sommation . See Sum , v. t. ] The act of summing, or forming a sum, or total amount; also, an aggregate.

Of this series no summation is possible to a finite intellect. De Quincey.

Summer <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer (?) , n. [From Sum , v. ] One who sums; one who casts up an account.

Summer <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer , n. [F. sommier a rafter, the same word as sommier a beast of burden. See Sumpter .] (Arch.) A large stone or beam placed horizontally on columns, piers, posts, or the like, serving for various uses. Specifically: (a) The lintel of a door or window. (b) The commencement of a cross vault. (c) A central floor timber, as a girder, or a piece reaching from a wall to a girder. Called also summertree .

Summer <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer , n. [OE. sumer , somer , AS. sumor , sumer ; akin to OFries. sumur , D. zomer , OS. sumar , G. sommer , OHG. & Icel. sumar , Dan. sommer , Sw. sommar , W. haf , Zend hama , Skr. sam\'be year. \'fb292.] The season of the year in which the sun shines most directly upon any region; the warmest period of the year.

&hand; North of the equator summer is popularly taken to include the months of June, July, and August. Astronomically it may be considered, in the northern hemisphere, to begin with the summer solstice, about June 21st, and to end with the autumnal equinox, about September 22d.

Indian summer , in North America, a period of warm weather late in autumn, usually characterized by a clear sky, and by a hazy or smoky appearance of the atmosphere, especially near the horizon. The name is derived probably from the custom of the Indians of using this time in preparation for winter by laying in stores of food. -- Saint Martin's summer . See under Saint . -- Summer bird (Zo\'94l.) , the wryneck. [Prov. Eng.] -- Summer colt , the undulating state of the air near the surface of the ground when heated. [Eng.] -- Summer complaint (Med.) , a popular term for any diarrheal disorder occurring in summer, especially when produced by heat and indigestion. -- Summer coot (Zo\'94l.) , the American gallinule. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer cypress (Bot.) , an annual plant ( Kochia Scoparia ) of the Goosefoot family. It has narrow, ciliate, crowded leaves, and is sometimes seen in gardens. -- Summer duck . (Zo\'94l.) (a) The wood duck. (b) The garganey, or summer teal. See Illust . of Wood duck , under Wood . -- Summer fallow , land uncropped and plowed, etc., during the summer, in order to pulverize the soil and kill the weeds. -- Summer rash (Med.) , prickly heat. See under Prickly . -- Summer sheldrake (Zo\'94l.) , the hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer snipe . (Zo\'94l.) (a) The dunlin. (b) The common European sandpiper. (c) The green sandpiper. -- Summer tanager (Zo\'94l.) , a singing bird ( Piranga rubra ) native of the Middle and Southern United States. The male is deep red, the female is yellowish olive above and yellow beneath. Called also summer redbird . -- Summer teal (Zo\'94l.) , the blue-winged teal. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer wheat , wheat that is sown in the spring, and matures during the summer following. See Spring wheat . -- Summer yellowbird . (Zo\'94l.) See Yellowbird .

Summer <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer , v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Summered (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Summering .] To pass the summer; to spend the warm season; as, to summer in Switzerland .

The fowls shall summer upon them. Isa. xviii. 6.

Summer <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer , v. t. To keep or carry through the summer; to feed during the summer; as, to summer stock .

Summer-fallow <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer-fal"low (?) , v. t. To plow and work in summer, in order to prepare for wheat or other crop; to plow and let lie fallow.

Summerhouse <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer*house` (?) , n. ; pl. Summerhouses (<?/) . A rustic house or apartment in a garden or park, to be used as a pleasure resort in summer.

Shak.

Summerliness <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer*li*ness (?) , n. The quality or state of being like summer. [R.]

Fuller.

Summersault, Summerset <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer*sault (?) , Sum"mer*set (?) , n. See Somersault , Somerset .

Summerstir <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer*stir` (?) , v. t. To summer-fallow.

Summertide <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer*tide` (?) , n. Summer time.

Summertree <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer*tree` (?) , n. [ Summer a beam + tree .] (Arch.) A summer. See 2d Summer .

Summery <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mer*y (?) , a. Of or pertaining to summer; like summer; as, a summery day .

Summist <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mist (?) , n. One who sums up; one who forms an abridgment or summary.

Sir E. Dering.

Summit <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mit (?) , n. [F. sommet , dim. of OF. som , sum , top, from L. summum , from summus highest. See Sum , n. ] 1. The top; the highest point.

Fixed on the summit of the highest mount. Shak.

2. The highest degree; the utmost elevation; the acme; as, the summit of human fame .

3. (Zo\'94l.) The most elevated part of a bivalve shell, or the part in which the hinge is situated.

Summit level , the highest level of a canal, a railroad, or the like, in surmounting an ascent.

Summitless <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mit*less , a. Having no summit.

Summity <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mit*y (?) , n. [L. summitas , fr. summus highest: cf. F. sommit\'82 . See Sum , n. ] 1. The height or top of anything. [Obs.]

Swift.

2. The utmost degree; perfection. [Obs.]

Hallywell.

Summon <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mon (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Summoned (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Summoning .] [OE. somonen , OF. sumundre , semondre , F. semondre , from (assumed) LL. summon&ecr;re , for L. summon\'c7re to give a hint; sub under + monere to admonish, to warn. See Monition , and cf. Submonish .] 1. To call, bid, or cite; to notify to come to appear; -- often with up .

Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood. Shak.

Trumpets summon him to war. Dryden.

2. To give notice to, or command to appear, as in court; to cite by authority; as, to summon witnesses .

3. (Mil.) To call upon to surrender, as a fort.

Syn. -- To call; cite; notify; convene; convoke; excite; invite; bid. See Call .

Summoner <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mon*er (?) , n. [OE. somner , sompnour , OF. semoneor , F. semonneur . See Summon , v. t. ] One who summons; one who cites by authority; specifically, a petty officer formerly employed to summon persons to appear in court; an apparitor.

Summons <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mons (?) , n. ; pl. Summonses (#) . [OE. somouns , OF. sumunse , semonse , semonce , F. semonce , semondre to summon, OF. p.p. semons . See Summon , v. ] 1. The act of summoning; a call by authority, or by the command of a superior, to appear at a place named, or to attend to some duty.

Special summonses by the king. Hallam.

This summons . . . unfit either to dispute or disobey. Bp. Fell.

He sent to summon the seditious, and to offer pardon; but neither summons nor pardon was regarded. Sir J. Hayward.

2. (Law) A warning or citation to appear in court; a written notification signed by the proper officer, to be served on a person, warning him to appear in court at a day specified, to answer to the plaintiff, testify as a witness, or the like.

3. (Mil.) A demand to surrender.

Summons <Xpage=1444>

Sum"mons , v. t. To summon. [R. or Colloq.]

Swift.

Sumner <Xpage=1444>

Sum"ner (?) , n. A summoner. [Obs.]

Beau. & Fl.

Sumoom <Xpage=1444>

Su*moom" (?) , n. See Simoom .

Sump <Xpage=1444>

Sump (?) , n. [Cf. G. sumpf a sump in a mine, a swamp, akin to LG. sump , D. somp a swamp, Dan. & Sw. sump , and perhaps to E. swamp .] 1. (Metal.) A round pit of stone, lined with clay, for receiving the metal on its first fusion.

Ray.

2. The cistern or reservoir made at the lowest point of a mine, from which is pumped the water which accumulates there.

3. A pond of water for salt works.

Knight.

4. A puddle or dirty pool. [Prov. Eng.]

Sump fuse , a fuse used in blasting under water. -- Sump men (Mining) , the men who sink the sump in a mine.

Sumph <Xpage=1444>

Sumph (?) , n. A dunce; a blockhead. [Scot.]

Sumpitan <Xpage=1444>

Sum"pi*tan (?) , n. A kind of blowgun for discharging arrows, -- used by the savages of Borneo and adjacent islands.

Sumpter <Xpage=1444>

Sump"ter (?) , n. [OF. sommetier the driver of a pack horse; akin to OF. & F. sommier a pack horse, L. sagmarius , fr. sagma a pack saddle, in LL., a load, Gr. <?/ a pack saddle, fr. <?/ to pack, load; cf. Skr. saj , sa\'a4j , to hang on. Cf. Seam a weight, Summer a beam.] 1. The driver of a pack horse. [Obs.]

Skeat.

2. A pack; a burden. [Obs.]

Beau. & Fl.

3. An animal, especially a horse, that carries packs or burdens; a baggage horse.

Holinshed.

Sumpter <Xpage=1444>

Sump"ter , a. Carrying pack or burdens on the back; as, a sumpter horse; a sumpter mule.

Bacon.

Sumption <Xpage=1444>

Sump"tion (?) , n. [L. sumptio , fr. sumere , sumptum , to take.] 1. A taking. [Obs.]

Jer. Taylor.

2. (Logic) The major premise of a syllogism.

Sumptuary <Xpage=1444>

Sump"tu*a*ry (?) , a. [L. sumptuarius , fr. sumptus expense, cost, fr. sumere , sumptum , to take, use, spend; sub under + emere to take, buy: cf. F. somptuaire . See Redeem .] Relating to expense; regulating expense or expenditure.

Bacon.

Sumptuary laws &or; regulations , laws intended to restrain or limit the expenditure of citizens in apparel, food, furniture, etc.; laws which regulate the prices of commodities and the wages of labor; laws which forbid or restrict the use of certain articles, as of luxurious apparel.

Sumptuosity <Xpage=1444>

Sump`tu*os"i*ty (?) , n. [L. sumptuositas : cf. F. somptuosit\'82 .] Expensiveness; costliness; sumptuousness. [R.]

Sir W. Raleigh.

<page="1445"> Page 1445

Sumptuous <Xpage=1445>

Sump"tu*ous (?) , a. [L. sumptuosus , fr. sumptus expanse, cost: cf. F. somptueux . See Sumptuary .] Involving large outlay or expense; costly; expensive; hence, luxurious; splendid; magnificient; as, a sumptuous house or table; sumptuous apparel .

We are too magnificient and sumptuous in our tables and attendance. Atterbury.

She spoke, and turned her sumptuous head, with eyes Of shining expectation fixed on mine. Tennyson.

-- Sump"tu*ous*ly , adv. -- Sump"tu*ous*ness , n.

Sun <Xpage=1445>

Sun (?) , n. (Bot.) See Sunn .

Sun <Xpage=1445>

Sun (?) , n. [OE. sunne , sonne , AS. sunne ; akin to OFries. sunne , D. zon , OS. & OHG. sunna , G. sonne , Icel. sunna , Goth. sunna ; perh. fr. same root as L. sol . \'fb297. Cf. Solar , South .] 1. The luminous orb, the light of which constitutes day, and its absence night; the central body round which the earth and planets revolve, by which they are held in their orbits, and from which they receive light and heat. Its mean distance from the earth is about 92,500,000 miles, and its diameter about 860,000.

&hand; Its mean apparent diameter as seen from the earth is 32\'b7 4&sec;, and it revolves on its own axis once in 25<frac13/ days. Its mean density is about one fourth of that of the earth, or 1.41, that of water being unity. Its luminous surface is called the photosphere , above which is an envelope consisting partly of hydrogen, called the chromosphere , which can be seen only through the spectroscope, or at the time of a total solar eclipse. Above the chromosphere, and sometimes extending out millions of miles, are luminous rays or streams of light which are visible only at the time of a total eclipse, forming the solar corona .

2. Any heavenly body which forms the center of a system of orbs.

3. The direct light or warmth of the sun; sunshine.

Lambs that did frisk in the sun . Shak.

4. That which resembles the sun, as in splendor or importance; any source of light, warmth, or animation.

For the Lord God is a sun and shield. Ps. lxxiv. 11.

I will never consent to put out the sun of sovereignity to posterity. Eikon Basilike.