Chapter 1660

Sub`sphe*noid"al (?) , a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the body of the sphenoid bone.

Subspherical <Xpage=1436>

Sub*spher"ic*al (?) , a. Nearly spherical; having a figure resembling that of a sphere.

Subspinous <Xpage=1436>

Sub*spi"nous (?) , a. (a) (Anat.) Subvertebral. (b) (Med.) Situated beneath a spinous process, as that of the scapula; as, subspinous dislocation of the humerus .

Substance <Xpage=1436>

Sub"stance (?) , n. [F., fr. L. substantia , fr. substare to be under or present, to stand firm; sub under + stare to stand. See Stand .] 1. That which underlies all outward manifestations; substratum; the permanent subject or cause of phenomena, whether material or spiritual; that in which properties inhere; that which is real, in distinction from that which is apparent; the abiding part of any existence, in distinction from any accident; that which constitutes anything what it is; real or existing essence.

These cooks, how they stamp, and strain, and grind, And turn substance into accident! Chaucer.

Heroic virtue did his actions guide, And he the substance , not the appearance, chose. Dryden.

2. The most important element in any existence; the characteristic and essential components of anything; the main part; essential import; purport.

This edition is the same in substance with the Latin. Bp. Burnet.

It is insolent in words, in manner; but in substance it is not only insulting, but alarming. Burke.

3. Body; matter; material of which a thing is made; hence, substantiality; solidity; firmness; as, the substance of which a garment is made; some textile fabrics have little substance .

4. Material possessions; estate; property; resources.

And there wasted his substance with riotous living. Luke xv. 13.

Thy substance , valued at the highest rate, Can not amount unto a hundred marks. Shak.

We are destroying many thousand lives, and exhausting our substance , but not for our own interest. Swift.

5. (Theol.) Same as Hypostasis , 2.

Substance <Xpage=1436>

Sub"stance , v. t. To furnish or endow with substance; to supply property to; to make rich. [Obs.]

Substanceless <Xpage=1436>

Sub"stance*less , a. Having no substance; unsubstantial. [R.]

Coleridge.

Substant <Xpage=1436>

Sub"stant (?) , a. [L. substans , -antis , p.pr. of substare to be firm.] Substantial; firm. [R.] "[The glacier's] substant ice."

The Century.

Substantial <Xpage=1436>

Sub*stan"tial (?) , a. [F. substantiel , L. substantialis .] 1. Belonging to substance; actually existing; real; as, substantial life .

Milton.

If this atheist would have his chance to be real and substantial agent, he is more stupid than the vulgar. Bentley.

2. Not seeming or imaginary; not illusive; real; solid; true; veritable.

If happinessbe a substantial good. Denham.

The substantial ornaments of virtue. L'Estrange.

3. Corporeal; material; firm. "Most ponderous and substantial things."

Shak.

The rainbow [appears to be] a large substantial arch. I. Watts.

4. Having good substance; strong; stout; solid; firm; as, substantial cloth; a substantial fence or wall .

5. Possessed of goods or an estate; moderately wealthy; responsible; as, a substantial freeholder . " Substantial yeomen and burghers."

Sir W. Scott.

<page="1437"> Page 1437

Substantiality <Xpage=1437>

Sub*stan`ti*al"i*ty (?) , n. The quality or state of being substantial; corporiety; materiality.

The soul is a stranger to such gross substantiality . Glanvill.

Substantialize <Xpage=1437>

Sub*stan"tial*ize (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Substantialized (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Substantializing (?) .] To make substantial.

Substantially <Xpage=1437>

Sub*stan"tial*ly , adv. In a substantial manner; in substance; essentially.

In him all his Father shone, Substantially expressed. Milton.

The laws of this religion would make men, if they would truly observe them, substantially religious toward God, chastle, and temperate. Tillotson.

Substantialness <Xpage=1437>

Sub*stan"tial*ness , n. The quality or state of being substantial; as, the substantialness of a wall or column .

Substantials <Xpage=1437>

Sub*stan"tials (?) , n. pl. Essential parts.

Ayliffe.

Substantiate <Xpage=1437>

Sub*stan"ti*ate (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Substantiated (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Substantiating .] 1. To make to exist; to make real.

Ayliffe.

2. To establish the existence or truth of by proof or competent evidence; to verify; as, to substantiate a charge or allegation; to substantiate a declaration .

Observation is, in turn, wanted to direct and substantiate the course of experiment. Coleridge.

Substantiation <Xpage=1437>

Sub*stan`ti*a"tion (?) , n. The act of substantiating or proving; evidence; proof.

Substantival <Xpage=1437>

Sub`stan*ti"val (?) , a. Of or pertaining to a substantive; of the nature of substantive. -- Sub`stan*ti"val*ly , adv.

Substantive <Xpage=1437>

Sub"stan*tive (?) , a. [L. substantivus : cf. F. substantif .] 1. Betokening or expressing existence; as, the substantive verb, that is, the verb to be .

2. Depending on itself; independent.

He considered how sufficient and substantive this land was to maintain itself without any aid of the foreigner. Bacon.

3. Enduring; solid; firm; substantial.

Strength and magnitude are qualities which impress the imagination in a powerful and substantive manner. Hazlitt.

4. Pertaining to, or constituting, the essential part or principles; as, the law substantive .

Noun substantive (Gram.) , a noun which designates an object, material or immaterial; a substantive. -- Substantive color , one which communicates its color without the aid of a mordant or base; -- opposed to adjective color .

Substantive <Xpage=1437>

Sub"stan*tive , n. [Cf. F. substantif .] (Gram.) A noun or name; the part of speech which designates something that exists, or some object of thought, either material or immaterial; as, the words man , horse , city , goodness , excellence , are substantives .

Substantive <Xpage=1437>

Sub"stan*tive , v. t. To substantivize. [R.]

Cudworth.

Substantively <Xpage=1437>

Sub"stan*tive*ly , adv. 1. In a substantive manner; in substance; essentially.

2. (Gram.) As a substantive, name, or noun; as, an adjective may be used substantively .

Substantiveness <Xpage=1437>

Sub"stan*tive*ness , n. The quality or state of being substantive.

Substantivize <Xpage=1437>

Sub"stan*tiv*ize (?) , v. t. To convert into a substantive; as, to substantivize an adjective .

Fitzed. Hall.

Substile <Xpage=1437>

Sub"stile` (?) , n. (Dialing) See Substyle .

Substituent <Xpage=1437>

Sub*stit"u*ent (?) , n. [L. substituens , p.pr. See Substitute .] (Chem.) Any atom, group, or radical substituted for another, or entering a molecule in place of some other part which is removed.

Substitute <Xpage=1437>

Sub"stit"ute (?) , n. [L. substitutus , p.p. of substituere to put under, put in the place of; sub under + statuere to put, place: cf. F. substitut . See Statute .] One who, or that which, is substituted or put in the place of another; one who acts for another; that which stands in lieu of something else ; specifically (Mil.) , a person who enlists for military service in the place of a conscript or drafted man. <-- archaic, no longer legal. -->

Hast thou not made me here thy substitute ? Milton.

Ladies [in Shakespeare's age] . . . wore masks as the sole substitute known to our ancestors for the modern parasol. De Quincey.

Substitute <Xpage=1437>

Sub"stit"ute (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Substituted (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Substituting (?) .] [See Substitute , n. ] To put in the place of another person or thing; to exchange.

Some few verses are inserted or substituted in the room of others. Congreve.

Substituted <Xpage=1437>

Sub"stit"uted (?) , a. 1. Exchanged; put in the place of another.

2. (Chem.) Containing substitutions or replacements; having been subjected to the process of substitution, or having some of its parts replaced; as, alcohol is a substituted water; methyl amine is a substituted ammonia .

Substituted executor (Law) , an executor appointed to act in place of one removed or resigned.

Substitution <Xpage=1437>

Sub`sti*tu"tion (?) , n. [L. substitutio : cf. F. substitution .] 1. The act of substituting or putting one person or thing in the place of another; as, the substitution of an agent, attorney, or representative to act for one in his absense; the substitution of bank notes for gold and silver as a circulating medium.

2. The state of being substituted for another.

3. The office or authority of one acting for another; delegated authority. [R.]

Shak.

4. (Civil Law) The designation of a person in a will to take a devise or legacy, either on failure of a former devisee or legatee by incapacity or unwillingness to accept, or after him.

Burrill.

5. (Theol.) The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously, being substituted for the sinner, and that his sufferings were expiatory.

6. (Chem.) The act or process of substituting an atom or radical for another atom or radical; metethesis; also, the state of being so substituted. See Metathesis .

Substitutional <Xpage=1437>

Sub`sti*tu"tion*al (?) , a. Of or pertaining to substitution; standing in the place of another; substituted. -- Sub`sti*tu"tion*al*ly , adv.

Substitutionary <Xpage=1437>

Sub`sti*tu"tion*a*ry (?) , a. Of or pertaining to substitution; substitutional.

Substitutive <Xpage=1437>

Sub"sti*tu`tive (?) , a. [Cf. F. substitutif , L. substitutivus conditional.] Tending to afford or furnish a substitute; making substitution; capable of being substituted.

Bp. Wilkins.

Substract <Xpage=1437>

Sub*stract" (?) , v. t. [F. suostraire ; L. subtus below (from sub under) + trahere to draw. See Substract .] To subtract; to withdraw. [Obs.]

Barrow.

Substraction <Xpage=1437>

Sub*strac"tion (?) , n. [OF. substraction , F. soustraction . See Subtract .] 1. Subtraction; deduction. [Obs.]

2. (Law) See Subtraction , 3.

Substractor <Xpage=1437>

Sub*stract"or (?) , n. 1. One who subtracts.

2. A detractor; a slanderer. [Obs.]

Shak.

Substrate <Xpage=1437>

Sub"strate (?) , n. A substratum. [R.]

Substrate <Xpage=1437>

Sub"strate , a. Having very slight furrows. [R.]

Substrate <Xpage=1437>

Sub*strate" (?) , v. t. [L. substratus , p.p. of substrahere . See Substratum .] To strew or lay under anything. [Obs.]

The melted glass being supported by the substrated sand. Boyle.

Substratum <Xpage=1437>

Sub*stra"tum (?) , n. ; pl. Substrata (#) . [L. substratus , p.p. of substernere to strew under; sub under + sternere to strew. See Stratum .] 1. That which is laid or spread under; that which underlies something, as a layer of earth lying under another; specifically (Agric.) , the subsoil.

2. (Metaph.) The permanent subject of qualities or cause of phenomena; substance.

Substruct <Xpage=1437>

Sub*struct" (?) , v. t. [See Substruction .] To build beneath something; to lay as the foundation. [R.]

He substructs the religion of Asia as the base. Emerson.

Substruction <Xpage=1437>

Sub*struc"tion (?) , n. [L. substructio , fr. substruere , substructum , to build beneath; sub under + struere to build.] (Arch.) Underbuilding; the foundation, or any preliminary structure intended to raise the lower floor or basement of a building above the natural level of the ground.

It is a magnificent strong building, with a substruction very remarkable. Evelyn.

Substructure <Xpage=1437>

Sub*struc"ture (?) , n. [Pref. sub- + structure .] 1. (Arch.) Same as Substruction .

2. An under structure; a foundation; groundwork.

Substylar <Xpage=1437>

Sub*sty"lar (?) , a. Pertaining to the substyle.

Substyle <Xpage=1437>

Sub"style` (?) , n. (Dialing) A right line on which the style, or gnomon, of a dial is erected; being the common section of the face of the dial and a plane perpendicular to it passing through the style. [Written also substile .]

Hutton.

Subsulphate <Xpage=1437>

Sub*sul"phate (?) , n. (Chem.) A sulphate with an excess of the base.

Subsulphide <Xpage=1437>

Sub*sul"phide (?) , n. (Chem.) A nonacid compound consisting of one equivalent of sulphur and more than one equivalent of some other body, as a metal.

Subsultive <Xpage=1437>

Sub*sul"tive (?) , a. Subsultory. [R.]

Berkley.

Subsultory <Xpage=1437>

Sub*sul"to*ry (?) , a. [L. subsilire , subsultum , to spring up; sub under + salire to leap.] Bounding; leaping; moving by sudden leaps or starts. [R.] -- Sub*sul"to*ri*ly , adv. [R.]

Flippancy opposed to solemnity, the subsultory to the continuous, -- these are the two frequent extremities to which the French manner betrays men. De Quincey.

Subsultus <Xpage=1437>

Sub*sul"tus (?) , n. [NL. See Subsultory .] (Med.) A starting, twitching, or convulsive motion.

Subsumable <Xpage=1437>

Sub*sum"a*ble (?) , a. Capable of being subsumed.

J. B. Stallo.

Subsume <Xpage=1437>

Sub*sume" (?) , v. t. [Pref. sub- + L. sumere to take.] To take up into or under, as individual under species, species under genus, or particular under universal; to place (any one cognition) under another as belonging to it; to include under something else.

To subsume one proposition under another. De Quincey.

A principle under which one might subsume men's most strenuous efforts after righteousness. W. Pater.

Subsumption <Xpage=1437>

Sub*sump"tion (?) , n. 1. The act of subsuming, or of including under another.

The first act of consciousness was a subsumption of that of which we were conscious under this notion. Sir W. Hamilton.

2. That which is subsumed, as the minor clause or premise of a syllogism.

But whether you see cause to go against the rule, or the subsumption under the rule. De Quincey.

Subsumptive <Xpage=1437>

Sub*sump"tive (?) , a. Relating to, or containing, a subsumption.

Coleridge.

Subtangent <Xpage=1437>

Sub*tan"gent (?) , n. (Geom.) The part of the axis contained between the ordinate and tangent drawn to the same point in a curve.

Subtartarean <Xpage=1437>

Sub`tar*ta"re*an (?) , a. Being or living under Tartarus; infernal. " Subtartarean powers."

Pope.

Subtectacle <Xpage=1437>

Sub*tec"ta*cle (?) , n. [Pref. sub- + L. tectum a roof.] A space under a roof; a tabernacle; a dwelling. [Obs.]

Davies (Holy Roode).

Subtegulaneous <Xpage=1437>

Sub*teg`u*la"ne*ous (?) , a. [L. subtegulaneus ; sub under + tegulare tiles for a roof.] Under the roof or eaves; within doors. [R.]

Subtenant <Xpage=1437>

Sub*ten"ant (?) , n. (Law) One who rents a tenement, or land, etc., of one who is also a tenant; an undertenant.

Subtend <Xpage=1437>

Sub*tend" (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Subtended ; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtending .] [L. subtendere ; sub under + tendere to stretch, extend. See Tend .] To extend under, or be opposed to; as, the line of a triangle which subtends the right angle; the chord subtends an arc .

Subtense <Xpage=1437>

Sub*tense" (?) , n. [L. subtendere , subtentum . See Subtend , Tense , a. ] (Geom.) A line subtending, or stretching across; a chord; as, the subtense of an arc .

Subtepid <Xpage=1437>

Sub*tep"id (?) , a. Slightly tepid.

Subterete <Xpage=1437>

Sub`te*rete" (?) , a. Somewhat terete.

Subterfluent, Subterfluous <Xpage=1437>

Sub*ter"flu*ent (?) , Sub*ter"flu*ous (?) , a. [L. subterfluens , p.pr. of subterfluere to flow beneath; subter under + fluere to flow.] Running under or beneath. [R.]

Subterfuge <Xpage=1437>

Sub"ter*fuge (?) , n. [F., from LL. subterfugium , fr. L. subterfugere to flee secretly, to escape; subter under + fugere to flee. See Fugitive .] That to which one resorts for escape or concealment; an artifice employed to escape censure or the force of an argument, or to justify opinions or conduct; a shift; an evasion.

Affect not little shifts and subterfuges , to avoid the force of an argument. I. Watts.

By a miserable subterfuge , they hope to render this position safe by rendering it nugatory. Burke.

Subterrane <Xpage=1437>

Sub"ter*rane (?) , n. [Cf. L. subterraneum , F. souterrain . See Subterranean .] A cave or room under ground. [R.]

J. Bryant.

Subterraneal <Xpage=1437>

Sub`ter*ra"ne*al (?) , a. Subterranean. [Obs.]

Subterranean, Subterraneous <Xpage=1437>