Chapter 1383

Ro*tif"e*ra (?) , n. ; pl . [NL., from L. rota <?/ wheel + ferre to bear.] (Zo\'94l.) An order of minute worms which usually have one or two groups of vibrating cilia on the head, which, when in motion, often give an appearance of rapidly revolving wheels. The species are very numerous in fresh waters, and are very diversified in form and habits.

Rotiform <Xpage=1253>

Ro"ti*form (?) , a. [L. rota wheel + -form .] 1. Wheel-shaped; as, rotiform appendages .

2. (Bot.) Same as Rotate .

Rotta <Xpage=1253>

Rot"ta (?) , n. (Mus.) See Rota .

Rotten <Xpage=1253>

Rot"ten (?) , a. [Icel. rotinn ; akin to Sw. rutten , Dan. radden . See Rot .] Having rotted; putrid; decayed; as, a rotten apple; rotten meat . Hence: (a) Offensive to the smell; fetid; disgusting.

You common cry or curs! whose breath I hate As reek of the rotten fens. Shak.

(b) Not firm or trusty; unsound; defective; treacherous; unsafe; as, a rotten plank, bone, stone . "The deepness of the rotten way."

Knolles.

Rotten borough . See under Borough . -- Rotten stone (Min.) , a soft stone, called also Tripoli (from the country from which it was formerly brought), used in all sorts of finer grinding and polishing in the arts, and for cleaning metallic substances. The name is also given to other friable siliceous stones applied to like uses.

Syn. -- Putrefied; decayed; carious; defective; unsound; corrupt; deceitful; treacherous.

-- Rot"ten*ly , adv. -- Rot"ten*ness , n.

Rotula <Xpage=1253>

Rot"u*la (?) , n. [L., a little wheel; cf. It. rotula .] (Anat.) The patella, or kneepan.

Rotular <Xpage=1253>

Rot"u*lar (?) , a. [L. rotula , dim. of rota wheel.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the rotula, or kneepan.

Rotund <Xpage=1253>

Ro*tund" (?) , a. [L. rotundus . See Round , and cf. Rotunda .] 1. Round; circular; spherical.

2. Hence; complete; entire.

3. (Bot.) orbicular, or nearly so.

Gray.

Rotund <Xpage=1253>

Ro*tund" , n. A rotunds. [Obs.]

Burke.

Rotunda <Xpage=1253>

Ro*tun"da (?) , n. [Cf. It. rotonda , F. rotonde ; both fr. L. rotundus round. See Rotund , a. ] (Arch.) A round building; especially, one that is round both on the outside and inside, like the Pantheon at Rome. Less properly, but very commonly, used for a large round room; as, the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington .

Rotundate <Xpage=1253>

Ro*tund"ate (?) , a. Rounded; especially, rounded at the end or ends, or at the corners.

Rotundifolious <Xpage=1253>

Ro*tund`i*fo"li*ous (?) , a. [L. rotundus round + folium a leaf.] (Bot.) Having round leaves.

Rotundity <Xpage=1253>

Ro*tund"i*ty (?) , n. [L. rotunditas : cf. F. rotondit\'82 .] 1. The state or quality of being rotu<?/; roundness; sphericity; circularity.

Smite flat the thick rotundity o'the world! Shak.

2. Hence, completeness; entirety; roundness.

For the more rotundity of the number and grace of the matter, it passeth for a full thousand. Fuller.

A boldness and rotundity of speech. Hawthorne.

Rotundness <Xpage=1253>

Ro*tund"ness , n. Roundness; rotundity.

Rotundo <Xpage=1253>

Ro*tun"do (?) , n. See Rotunda .

Roturer <Xpage=1253>

Ro*tur"er (?) , n. A roturier. [Obs.]

Howell.

Roturier <Xpage=1253>

Ro`tu`rier" (?) , n. [F.] A person who is not of noble birth; specif., a freeman who during the prevalence of feudalism held allodial land.

Roty <Xpage=1253>

Rot"y (?) , v. t. [See Rot .] To make rotten. [Obs.]

Well bet is rotten apple out of hoard, Than that it roty all the remenant. Chaucer.

Rouble <Xpage=1253>

Rou"ble (?) , n. A coin. See Ruble .

Rouche <Xpage=1253>

Rouche (?) , n. See Ruche .

Rou\'82 <Xpage=1253>

Rou`\'82" (?) , n. [F., properly p.p. of rouer to break upon the wheel, fr. roue a wheel, L. rota . See Rotate , Rotary .] One devoted to a life of sensual pleasure; a debauchee; a rake.

Rouet <Xpage=1253>

Rou`et" (?) , n. [F.] A small wheel formerly fixed to the pan of firelocks for discharging them.

Crabb.

Rouge <Xpage=1253>

Rouge (?) , a. [F., fr. L. rubeus red, akin to rubere to be red, ruber red. See Red .] red. [R.]

Rouge et noir (<?/) [F., red and black] , a game at cards in which persons play against the owner of the bank; -- so called because the table around which the players sit has certain compartments colored red and black, upon which the stakes are deposited.

Hoyle.

Rouge <Xpage=1253>

Rouge , n. [F.] 1. (Chem.) A red amorphous powder consisting of ferric oxide. It is used in polishing glass, metal, or gems, and as a cosmetic, etc. Called also crocus , jeweler's rouge , etc.

2. A cosmetic used for giving a red color to the cheeks or lips. The best is prepared from the dried flowers of the safflower, but it is often made from carmine.

Ure.

Rouge <Xpage=1253>

Rouge , v. i. [ imp. & p. p. Rouged (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rouging .] To paint the face or cheeks with rouge.

Rouge <Xpage=1253>

Rouge , v. t. To tint with rouge; as, to rouge the face or the cheeks .

Rougecroix <Xpage=1253>

Rouge`croix" (? &or; ?) , n. [F., literally, red cross.] (Her.) One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms.

Rouge dragon <Xpage=1253>

Rouge" drag`on (?) , n. [F., literally, red dragon.] (Her.) One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms.

<page="1254"> Page 1254

Rough <Xpage=1254>

Rough (?) , a. [ Compar. Rougher (?) ; superl. Roughest .] [OE. rou<?/ , rou , row , rugh , ruh , AS. r<?/h ; akin to LG. rug , D. rug , D. ruig , ruw , OHG. r<?/h , G. rauh , rauch ; cf. Lith. raukas wrinkle, rukti to wrinkle. &root; 18. Cf. Rug , n .] 1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points, on the surface; not smooth or plain; as, a rough board; a rough stone; rough cloth . Specifically: (a) Not level; having a broken surface; uneven; -- said of a piece of land, or of a road. "Rough, uneven ways."

Shak.

(b) Not polished; uncut; -- said of a gem; as, a rough diamond . (c) Tossed in waves; boisterous; high; -- said of a sea or other piece of water .

More unequal than the roughest sea. T. Burnet.

(d) Marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; disordered; -- said of dress, appearance, or the like; as, a rough coat . "A visage rough ." Dryden. " Rough satyrs." Milton.

2. Hence, figuratively, lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish. Specifically: (a) Not courteous or kind; harsh; rude; uncivil; as, a rough temper .

A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough . Shak.

A surly boatman, rough as wayes or winds. Prior.

(b) Marked by severity or violence; harsh; hard; as, rough measures or actions .

On the rough edge of battle. Milton.

A quicker and rougher remedy. Clarendon.

Kind words prevent a good deal of that perverseness which rough and imperious usage often produces. Locke.

(c) Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating; -- said of sound, voice, and the like; as, a rough tone; rough numbers .

Pope.

(d) Austere; harsh to the taste; as, rough wine . (e) Tempestuous; boisterous; stormy; as, rough weather; a rough day .

He stayeth his rough wind. Isa. xxvii. 8.

Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. Shak.

(f) Hastily or carelessly done; wanting finish; incomplete; as, a rough estimate; a rough draught .

Rough diamond , an uncut diamond; hence, colloquially, a person of intrinsic worth under a rude exterior. <-- = diamond in the rough --> -- Rough and ready . (a) Acting with offhand promptness and efficiency . "The rough and ready understanding."

Lowell.

(b) Produced offhand . "Some rough and ready theory."

Tylor.

Rough <Xpage=1254>

Rough , n. 1. Boisterous weather. [Obs.]

Fletcher.

2. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy.

In the rough , in an unwrought or rude condition; unpolished; as, a diamond or a sketch in the rough .

Contemplating the people in the rough . Mrs. Browning.

Rough <Xpage=1254>

Rough , adv. In a rough manner; rudely; roughly.

Sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Sir W. Scott.

Rough <Xpage=1254>

Rough , v. t. 1. To render rough; to roughen.

2. To break in, as a horse, especially for military purposes.

Crabb.

3. To cut or make in a hasty, rough manner; -- with out; as, to rough out a carving, a sketch .

Roughing rolls , rolls for reducing, in a rough manner, a bloom of iron to bars. -- To rough it , to endure hard conditions of living; to live without ordinary comforts.

Roughcast <Xpage=1254>

Rough`cast" (?) , v. t. 1. To form in its first rudiments, without revision, correction, or polish.

Dryden.

2. To mold without nicety or elegance; to form with asperities and inequalities.

3. To plaster with a mixture of lime and shells or pebbles; as, to roughcast a building .

Roughcast <Xpage=1254>

Rough"cast` , n. 1. A rude model; the rudimentary, unfinished form of a thing.

2. A kind of plastering made of lime, with a mixture of shells or pebbles, used for covering buildings.

Shak.

Roughcaster <Xpage=1254>

Rough"cast`er (?) , n. One who roughcasts.

Roughdraw <Xpage=1254>

Rough"draw` (?) , v. t. To draw or delineate rapidly and by way of a first sketch.

Roughdry <Xpage=1254>

Rough"dry` (?) , v. t. in laundry work, to dry without smoothing or ironing.

Roughen <Xpage=1254>

Rough"en (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Roughened (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Roughening .] [From Rough .] To make rough.

Roughen <Xpage=1254>

Rough"en , v. i. To grow or become rough.

Rough-footed <Xpage=1254>

Rough"-foot`ed (?) , a. (Zo\'94l.) Feather-footed; as, a rough-footed dove . [R.]

Sherwood.

Rough-grained <Xpage=1254>

Rough"-grained (?) , a. Having a rough grain or fiber; hence, figuratively, having coarse traits of character; not polished; brisque.

Roughhead <Xpage=1254>

Rough"head` (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) The redfin.

Roughhew <Xpage=1254>

Rough"hew` (?) , v. t. 1. To hew coarsely, without smoothing; as, to roughhew timber .

2. To give the first form or shape to; to form rudely; to shape appromaxitely and rudely; to roughcast.

There's a divinity that shapes our ends, Roughhew them how we will. Shak.

Roughhewer <Xpage=1254>

Rough"hew`er (?) , n. One who roughhews.

Roughhewn <Xpage=1254>

Rough"hewn` (?) , a. 1. Hewn coarsely without smoothing; unfinished; not polished.

2. Of coarse manners; rude; uncultivated; rough-grained. "A roughhewn seaman."

Bacon.

Roughing-in <Xpage=1254>

Rough"ing-in` (?) , n. The first coat of plaster laid on brick; also, the process of applying it.

Roughings <Xpage=1254>

Rough"ings (?) , n. pl. Rowen . [Prov. Eng.]

Roughish <Xpage=1254>

Rough"ish , a. Somewhat rough.

Roughleg <Xpage=1254>

Rough"leg` (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) Any one of several species of large hawks of the genus Archibuteo , having the legs feathered to the toes. Called also rough-legged hawk , and rough-legged buzzard .

&hand; The best known species is Archibuteo lagopus of Northern Europe, with its darker American variety ( Sancti-johannis ). The latter is often nearly or quite black. The ferruginous roughleg ( Archibuteo ferrugineus ) inhabits Western North America.

Rough-legged <Xpage=1254>

Rough"-legged` (?) , a. (Zo\'94l.) Having the legs covered with feathers; -- said of a bird.

rough-legged hawk . (Zo\'94l.) See Roughleg .

Roughly <Xpage=1254>

Rough"ly , adv. In a rough manner; unevenly; harshly; rudely; severely; austerely.

Roughness <Xpage=1254>

Rough"ness , n. The quality or state of being rough.

Roughrider <Xpage=1254>

Rough"rid`er (?) , n. One who breaks horses; especially (Mil.) , a noncommissioned officer in the British cavalry, whose duty is to assist the riding master.

Roughscuff <Xpage=1254>

Rough"scuff (?) , n. [ Rough + scuff .] A rough, coarse fellow; collectively, the lowest class of the people; the rabble; the riffraff. [Colloq. U.S.]

Roughsetter <Xpage=1254>

Rough"set`ter (?) , n. A mason who builds rough stonework.

Roughshod <Xpage=1254>

Rough"shod (?) , a. Shod with shoes armed with points or calks; as, a roughshod horse .

To ride roughshod , to pursue a course regardless of the pain or distress it may cause others. <-- usu. with "over" -->

Roughstrings <Xpage=1254>

Rough"strings` (?) , n. pl. (Capr.) Pieces of undressed timber put under the steps of a wooden stair for their support.

Rought <Xpage=1254>

Rought (?) , obs. imp. of Reach .

Rought <Xpage=1254>

Rought , obs. imp. of Reck , to care.

Chaucer.

Roughtail <Xpage=1254>

Rough"tail` (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) Any species of small ground snakes of the family Uropeltid\'91 ; -- so called from their rough tails .

Roughwork <Xpage=1254>

Rough"work` (?) , v. t. To work over coarsely, without regard to nicety, smoothness, or finish.

Moxon.

Roughwrought <Xpage=1254>

Rough"wrought` (?) , a. Wrought in a rough, unfinished way; worked over coarsely.

Rouk <Xpage=1254>

Rouk (?) , v. i. See 5th Ruck , and Roke . [Obs.]

Roulade <Xpage=1254>

Rou`lade" (?) , n. [F.] (Mus.) A smoothly running passage of short notes (as semiquavers, or sixteenths) uniformly grouped, sung upon one long syllable, as in Handel's oratorios.

Rouleau <Xpage=1254>

Rou`leau" (?) , n. ; pl. F. Rouleaux (F. <?/; E. <?/) , E. Rouleaus (#) . [F., a roll, dim. fr. fr. r\'93le , formerly also spelt roulle . See Roll .] A little roll; a roll of coins put up in paper, or something resembling such a roll.

Roulette <Xpage=1254>

Rou*lette" (?) , n. [F., properly, a little wheel or ball. See Rouleau , Roll .] 1. A game of chance, in which a small ball is made to move round rapidly on a circle divided off into numbered red and black spaces, the one on which it stops indicating the result of a variety of wagers permitted by the game.

2. (Fine Arts) (a) A small toothed wheel used by engravers to roll over a plate in order to order to produce rows of dots. (b) A similar wheel used to roughen the surface of a plate, as in making alterations in a mezzotint.

3. (Geom.) the curve traced by any point in the plane of a given curve when the latter rolls, without sliding, over another fixed curve. See Cycloid , and Epycycloid .

Rouly-pouly <Xpage=1254>

Rou"ly-pou`ly (?) , n. See Rolly-pooly .

Roun, Rown <Xpage=1254>

Roun , Rown (?) , v. i. & t. [AS. r<?/nian , fr. r<?/n a rune, secret, mystery; akin to G. raunen to whisper. See Rune .] To whisper. [obs.]

Gower.

Another rouned to his fellow low. Chaucer.

Rounce <Xpage=1254>

Rounce (?) , n. [Cf. F. ronce bramble, brier, thorn, ranche a round, step, rack, or E. round .] (Print.) The handle by which the bed of a hand press, holding the form of type, etc., is run in under the platen and out again; -- sometimes applied to the whole apparatus by which the form is moved under the platen.

Rounceval <Xpage=1254>

Roun"ce*val (?) , a. [F. Ronceval , Roncevaux , a town at the foot of the foot of the Pyrenees, Sp. Roncesvalles .] Large; strong; -- from the gigantic bones shown at Roncesvalles, and alleged to be those of old heroes. [Obs.]

Rounceval <Xpage=1254>

Roun"ce*val , n. A giant; anything large; a kind of pea called also marrowfat . [Obs.]

Rouncy <Xpage=1254>

Roun"cy (?) , n. A common hackney horse; a nag. [Obs.]

he rode upon a rouncy as he could. Chaucer.

Round <Xpage=1254>

Round (?) , v. i. & t. [From Roun .] To whisper. [obs.]

Shak. Holland.

The Bishop of Glasgow rounding in his ear, "Ye are not a wise man," . . . he rounded likewise to the bishop, and said, "Wherefore brought ye me here?" Calderwood.

Round <Xpage=1254>

Round , a. [OF. roond , roont , reond , F. rond , fr. L. rotundus , fr. rota wheel. See Rotary , and cf. Rotund , roundel , Rundlet .] 1. Having every portion of the surface or of the circumference equally distant from the center; spherical; circular; having a form approaching a spherical or a circular shape; orbicular; globular; as, a round ball . "The big, round tears."

Shak.

Upon the firm opacous globe Of this round world. Milton.

2. Having the form of a cylinder; cylindrical; as, the barrel of a musket is round .

3. Having a curved outline or form; especially, one like the arc of a circle or an ellipse, or a portion of the surface of a sphere; rotund; bulging; protuberant; not angular or pointed; as, a round arch; round hills. "Their round haunches gored."

Shak.