Chapter 1226

Pro`to*ver"te*bra (?) , n. ; pl. Protovertebr\'91 . [ Proto- + vertebra .] (Anat.) One of the primitive masses, or segments, into which the mesoblast of the vertebrate embryo breaks up on either side of the anterior part of the notochord; a mesoblastic, or protovertebral, somite. See Illust . of Ectoderm .

&hand; The protovertebr\'91 were long regarded as rudiments of the permanent vertebr\'91, but they are now known to give rise to the dorsal muscles and other structures as well as the vertebral column. See Myotome .

Protovertebral <Xpage=1153>

Pro`to*ver"te*bral (?) , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the protovertebr\'91.

Protoxide <Xpage=1153>

Pro*tox"ide (?) , n. [ Proto- + oxide : cf. F. protoxide .] (Chem.) That one of a series of oxides having the lowest proportion of oxygen. See Proto- , 2 (b) .

protoxide of nitrogen , laughing gas, now called hyponitrous oxide <--, used as an anaesthetic in dentistry; now (1950-1996) called nitrous oxide, NO -->. See under Laughing .

Protoxidize <Xpage=1153>

Pro*tox"i*dize (?) , v. t. (Chem.) To combine with oxygen, as any elementary substance, in such proportion as to form a protoxide.

Protozoa <Xpage=1153>

Pro`to*zo"a (?) , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ first + <?/ an animal.] (Zo\'94l.) The lowest of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom.

&hand; The entire animal consists of a single cell which is variously modified; but in many species a number of these simple zooids are united together so as to form a compound body or organism, as in the Foraminifera and Vorticell\'91. The reproduction takes place by fission, or by the breaking up of the contents of the body after encystment, each portion becoming a distinct animal, or in other ways, but never by true eggs. The principal divisions are Rhizopoda, Gregarin\'91, and Infusoria. See also Foraminifera , Heliozoa , Protoplasta , Radiolaria , Flagellata , Ciliata .

Protozoan <Xpage=1153>

Pro`to*zo"an (?) , a. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the Protozoa . -- n. One of the Protozoa.

Protozoic <Xpage=1153>

Pro`to*zo"ic (?) , a. 1. (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the Protozoa.

2. (Geol.) Containing remains of the earliest discovered life of the globe, which included mollusks, radiates and protozoans.

Protozo\'94n <Xpage=1153>

Pro`to*zo"\'94n (-&ocr;n) , n. ; pl. Protozoa (#) . [NL.] (Zo\'94l.) (a) One of the Protozoa. (b) A single zooid of a compound protozoan.

Protozo\'94nite <Xpage=1153>

Pro`to*zo"\'94*nite (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) One of the primary, or first-formed, segments of an embryonic arthropod.

Protracheata <Xpage=1153>

Pro*tra`che*a"ta (?) , n. pl. [NL. See Pro- , and Trachea .] (Zo\'94l.) Same as Malacopoda .

<page="1154"> Page 1154

Protract <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tract" (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Protracted ; p. pr. vb. n. Protracting .] [L. protractus , p. p. of protrahere to forth, protract; pro forward + trahere to draw. See Portrait , Portray .] 1. To draw out or lengthen in time or (rarely) in space; to continue; to prolong; as, to protract an argument; to protract a war.

2. To put off to a distant time; to delay; to defer; as, to protract a decision or duty .

Shak.

3. (Surv.) To draw to a scale; to lay down the lines and angles of, with scale and protractor; to plot.

4. (Zo\'94l.) To extend; to protrude; as, the cat can protract its claws ; -- opposed to retract .

Protract <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tract" , n. [L. protractus .] Tedious continuance or delay. [Obs.]

Spenser.

Protracted <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tract`ed (?) , a. Prolonged; continued.

Protracted meeting , a religious meeting continued for many successive days. [U. S.]

-- Pro*tract"ed*ly , adv. -- Pro*tract"ed*ness , n.

Protracter <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tract"er (?) , n. A protractor.

Protractile <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tract"ile (?) , a. Capable of being protracted, or protruded; protrusile.

Protraction <Xpage=1154>

Pro*trac"tion (?) , n. [L. protractio .] 1. A drawing out, or continuing; the act of delaying the termination of a thing; prolongation; continuance; delay; as, the protraction of a debate .

A protraction only of what is worst in life. Mallock.

2. (Surv.) (a) The act or process of making a plot on paper. (b) A plot on paper.

Protractive <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tract"ive (?) , a. Drawing out or lengthening in time; prolonging; continuing; delaying.

He suffered their protractive arts. Dryden.

Protractor <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tract"or (?) , n. 1. One who, or that which, protracts, or causes protraction.

2. A mathematical instrument for laying down and measuring angles on paper, used in drawing or in plotting. It is of various forms, semicircular, rectangular, or circular.

3. (Surg.) An instrument formerly used in extracting foreign or offensive matter from a wound.

4. (Anat.) A muscle which extends an organ or part; -- opposed to retractor .

5. An adjustable pattern used by tailors.

Knight.

Protreptical <Xpage=1154>

Pro*trep"tic*al (?) , a. [Gr. <?/, fr. <?/ to turn forward, to urge on.] Adapted to persuade; hortatory; persuasive. [Obs.]

Bp. Ward.

Protrudable <Xpage=1154>

Pro*trud"a*ble (?) , a. That may be protruded; protrusile.

Darwin.

Protrude <Xpage=1154>

Pro*trude" (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Protruded ; p. pr. & vb. n. Protruding .] [L. protrudere , protrusum ; pro forward + trudere to thrust. See Threat .]

1. To thrust forward; to drive or force along.

Locke.

2. To thrust out, as through a narrow orifice or from confinement; to cause to come forth.

When . . . Spring protrudes the bursting gems. Thomson.

Protrude <Xpage=1154>

Pro*trude" , v. i. To shoot out or forth; to be thrust forward; to extend beyond a limit; to project.

The parts protrude beyond the skin. Bacon.

Protrusile <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tru"sile (?) , a. Capable of being protruded or thrust out; protractile; protrusive.

Protrusion <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tru"sion (?) , n. 1. The act of protruding or thrusting forward, or beyond the usual limit.

2. The state of being protruded, or thrust forward.

Protrusive <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tru"sive (?) , a. 1. Thrusting or impelling forward; as, protrusive motion .

E. Darwin.

2. Capable of being protruded; protrusile.

Protrusively <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tru"sive*ly , adv. In a protrusive manner.

Protuberance <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tu"ber*ance (?) , n. [Cf. F. protub\'82rance . See Protuberant .] That which is protuberant swelled or pushed beyond the surrounding or adjacent surface; a swelling or tumor on the body; a prominence; a bunch or knob; an elevation.

Solar protuberances (Astron.) , certain rose-colored masses on the limb of the sun which are seen to extend beyond the edge of the moon at the time of a solar eclipse. They may be discovered with the spectroscope on any clear day. Called also solar prominences . See Illust . in Append.

Syn. -- Projection , Protuberance . protuberance differs from projection , being applied to parts that rise from the surface with a gradual ascent or small angle; whereas a projection may be at a right angle with the surface.

Protuberancy <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tu"ber*an*cy (?) , n. The quality or state of being protuberant; protuberance; prominence.

Protuberant <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tu"ber*ant (?) , a. [L. protuberans , -antis , p. pr. of protuberare . See Protuberate .] Prominent, or excessively prominent; bulging beyond the surrounding or adjacent surface; swelling; as, a protuberant joint; a protuberant eye. -- Pro*tu"ber*ant*ly , adv.

Protuberate <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tu"ber*ate (?) , v. i. [L. protuberare ; pro forward + tuber a hump, protuberance. See Tuber .] To swell, or be prominent, beyond the adjacent surface; to bulge out.

S. Sharp.

Protuberation <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tu`ber*a"tion (?) , n. The act of swelling beyond the surrounding surface.

Cooke (1615).

Protuberous <Xpage=1154>

Pro*tu"ber*ous (?) , a. Protuberant. [R.]

Protureter <Xpage=1154>

Pro`tu*re"ter (?) , n. [NL. See Proto- , Ureter .] (Anat.) The duct of a pronephros.

Haeckel.

Protyle <Xpage=1154>

Pro"tyle (?) , n. [ Proto- + Gr. <?/ stuff, material.] (Chem. & Astron.) The hypothetical homogeneous cosmic material of the original universe, supposed to have been differentiated into what are recognized as distinct chemical elements.

Proud <Xpage=1154>

Proud (?) , a. [ Compar. Prouder (?) ; superl. Proudest .] [OE. proud , prout , prud , prut , AS. pr&umac;t ; akin to Icel. pr&umac;&edh;r stately, handsome, Dan. prud handsome. Cf. Pride .] 1. Feeling or manifesting pride, in a good or bad sense ; as: (a) Possessing or showing too great self-esteem; overrating one's excellences; hence, arrogant; haughty; lordly; presumptuous.

Nor much expect A foe so proud will first the weaker seek. Milton.

O death, made proud with pure and princely beauty ! Shak.

And shades impervious to the proud world's glare. Keble.

(b) Having a feeling of high self-respect or self-esteem; exulting (in); elated; -- often with of ; as, proud of one's country . " Proud to be checked and soothed."

Keble.

Are we proud men proud of being proud ? Thackeray.

2. Giving reason or occasion for pride or self-gratulation; worthy of admiration; grand; splendid; magnificent; admirable; ostentatious. "Of shadow proud ." Chapman . " Proud titles." Shak. " The proud temple's height."

Dryden.

Till tower, and dome, and bridge-way proud Are mantled with a golden cloud. Keble.

3. Excited by sexual desire; -- applied particularly to the females of some animals.

Sir T. Browne.

&hand; Proud is often used with participles in the formation of compounds which, for the most part, are self-explaining; as, proud -crested, proud -minded, proud -swelling.

Proud flesh (Med.) , a fungous growth or excrescence of granulations resembling flesh, in a wound or ulcer.

Proudish <Xpage=1154>

Proud"ish (?) , a. Somewhat proud.

Ash.

Proudling <Xpage=1154>

Proud"ling , n. A proud or haughty person.

Sylvester.

Proudly <Xpage=1154>

Proud"ly , adv. In a proud manner; with lofty airs or mien; haughtily; arrogantly; boastfully.

Proudly he marches on, and void of fear. Addison.

Proudness <Xpage=1154>

Proud"ness , n. The quality of being proud; pride.

Set aside all arrogancy and proudness . Latimer.

Proustite <Xpage=1154>

Proust"ite (?) , n. [From the French chemist, J. L. Proust .] (Min.) A sulphide of arsenic and silver of a beautiful cochineal-red color, occurring in rhombohedral crystals, and also massive; ruby silver.

Provable <Xpage=1154>

Prov"a*ble (?) , a. [See Prove , and cf. Probable .] Capable of being proved; demonstrable. -- Prov"a*ble*ness , n. -- Prov"a*bly , adv.

Provand, Proant <Xpage=1154>

Prov"and (?) , Pro"ant (?) , n. [See Provender .] Provender or food. [Obs.]

One pease was a soldier's provant a whole day. Beau. & Fl.

Provant <Xpage=1154>

Pro*vant" (?) , v. t. To supply with provender or provisions; to provide for. [Obs.]

Nash.

Provant <Xpage=1154>

Prov"ant (?) , a. Provided for common or general use, as in an army; hence, common in quality; inferior. "A poor provant rapier."

B. Jonson.

Prove <Xpage=1154>

Prove (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Proved (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Proving .] [OE. prover , F. prouver , fr. L. probare to try, approve, prove, fr. probus good, proper. Cf. Probable , Proof , Probe .] 1. To try or to ascertain by an experiment, or by a test or standard; to test; as, to prove the strength of gunpowder or of ordnance; to prove the contents of a vessel by a standard measure.

Thou hast proved mine heart. Ps. xvii. 3.

2. To evince, establish, or ascertain, as truth, reality, or fact, by argument, testimony, or other evidence.

They have inferred much from slender premises, and conjectured when they could not prove . J. H. Newman.

3. To ascertain or establish the genuineness or validity of; to verify; as, to prove a will .

4. To gain experience of the good or evil of; to know by trial; to experience; to suffer.

Where she, captived long, great woes did prove . Spenser.

5. (Arith.) To test, evince, ascertain, or verify, as the correctness of any operation or result; thus, in subtraction, if the difference between two numbers, added to the lesser number, makes a sum equal to the greater, the correctness of the subtraction is proved .

6. (Printing) To take a trial impression of; to take a proof of; as, to prove a page .

Syn. -- To try; verify; justify; confirm; establish; evince; manifest; show; demonstrate.

Prove <Xpage=1154>

Prove , v. i. 1. To make trial; to essay.

2. To be found by experience, trial, or result; to turn out to be; as, a medicine proves salutary; the report proves false. "The case proves mortal." Arbuthnot .

So life a winter's morn may prove . Keble.

3. To succeed; to turn out as expected. [Obs.] "The experiment proved not."

Bacon.

Provect <Xpage=1154>

Pro*vect" (?) , a. [L. provectus , p. p. of provehere to carry forward.] Carried forward; advanced. [Obs.] " Provect in years."

Sir T. Flyot.

Provection <Xpage=1154>

Pro*vec"tion (?) , n. [L. provectio an advancement.] (Philol.) A carrying forward, as of a final letter, to a following word; as, for example, a nickname for an ekename .

Proveditor <Xpage=1154>

Pro*ved"i*tor (?) , n. [It. proveditore , provveditore , fr. provedere , L. providere . See Provide , and cf. Purveyor , Provedore .] One employed to procure supplies, as for an army, a steamer, etc.; a purveyor; one who provides for another.

Jer. Taylor.

Provedore <Xpage=1154>

Prov"e*dore (?) , n. [Cf. Sp. proveedor . See Proveditor .] A proveditor; a purveyor.

Busied with the duties of a provedore . W. Irving.

Proven <Xpage=1154>

Prov"en (?) , p. p. &or; a. Proved. "Accusations firmly proven in his mind."

Thackeray.

Of this which was the principal charge, and was generally believed to be proven , he was acquitted. Jowett (Thucyd. ).

Not proven (Scots Law) , a verdict of a jury that the guilt of the accused is not made out, though not disproved.

Mozley & W.

Proven&cced;al <Xpage=1154>

Pro`ven`&cced;al" (?) , a. [F., fr. Provence , fr. L. provincia province. See Provincial .] Of or pertaining to Provence or its inhabitants.

Proven&cced;al <Xpage=1154>

Pro`ven`&cced;al" , n. [F.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Provence in France.

2. The Provencal language. See Langue d'oc .

Provence rose <Xpage=1154>

Prov"ence rose` (?) . [ Provence the place + rose .] (a) The cabbage rose ( Rosa centifolia ). (b) A name of many kinds of roses which are hybrids of Rosa centifolia and R. Gallica .

Provencial <Xpage=1154>

Pro*ven"cial (?) , a. [See Proven&cced;al .] Of or pertaining to Provence in France.

Provend <Xpage=1154>

Prov"end (?) , n. See Provand . [Obs.]

Provender <Xpage=1154>

Prov"en*der (?) , n. [OE. provende , F. provende , provisions, provender, fr. LL. praebenda ( prae and pro being confused), a daily allowance of provisions, a prebend. See Prebend .] 1. Dry food for domestic animals, as hay, straw, corn, oats, or a mixture of ground grain; feed. "Hay or other provender ."

Mortimer.

Good provender laboring horses would have. Tusser.

2. Food or provisions. [R or Obs.]

Provent <Xpage=1154>

Prov"ent (?) , n. See Provand . [Obs.]

Proventricle <Xpage=1154>

Pro*ven"tri*cle (?) , n. (Anat.) Proventriculus.

Proventriulus <Xpage=1154>

Pro`ven*tri"u*lus (?) , n. [NL. See Pro- , and Ventricle .] (Anat.) The glandular stomach of birds, situated just above the crop.

Prover <Xpage=1154>

Prov"er (?) , n. One who, or that which, proves.

Proverb <Xpage=1154>

Prov"erb (?) , n. [OE. proverbe , F. proverbe , from L. proverbium ; pro before, for + verbum a word. See Verb .] 1. An old and common saying; a phrase which is often repeated; especially, a sentence which briefly and forcibly expresses some practical truth, or the result of experience and observation; a maxim; a saw; an adage.

Chaucer. Bacon.

2. A striking or paradoxical assertion; an obscure saying; an enigma; a parable.

His disciples said unto him, Lo, now speakest thou plainly, and speakest no proverb . John xvi. 29.

3. A familiar illustration; a subject of contemptuous reference.

Thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb , and a by word, among all nations. Deut. xxviii. 37.

4. A drama exemplifying a proverb.

Book of Proverbs , a canonical book of the Old Testament, containing a great variety of wise maxims.

Syn. -- Maxim; aphorism; apothegm; adage; saw.

Proverb <Xpage=1154>

Prov"erb , v. t. 1. To name in, or as, a proverb. [R.]