Chapter 1145

Pho"to*drome (?) , n. [ Photo- + Gr. <?/ to run.] (Physics) An apparatus consisting of a large wheel with spokes, which when turning very rapidly is illuminated by momentary flashes of light passing through slits in a rotating disk. By properly timing the succession of flashes the wheel is made to appear to be motionless, or to rotate more or less slowly in either direction.

Photo-electric <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to-e*lec"tric (?) , a. [ Photo- + electric .] Acting by the operation of both light and electricity; -- said of apparatus for producing pictures by electric light.

Photo-electrotype <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to-e*lec"tro*type (?) , n. (Print.) An electrotype plate formed in a mold made by photographing on prepared gelatine, etc.

Photo-engraving <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to-en*grav"ing (?) , n. [ Photo- + engraving .] The process of obtaining an etched or engraved plate from the photographic image, to be used in printing; also, a picture produced by such a process.

Photo-epinasty <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to-ep"i*nas`ty (?) , n. [See Photo- , and Epinastic .] (Bot.) A disproportionately rapid growth of the upper surface of dorsiventral organs, such as leaves, through the stimulus of exposure to light.

Encyc. Brit.

Photogalvanography <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*gal`va*nog"ra*phy (?) , n. [ Photo- + galvanography .] The art or process of making photo-electrotypes.

Sir D. Brewster.

Photogen <Xpage=1079>

Pho"to*gen (?) , n. [ Photo- + -gen .] (Chem.) A light hydrocarbon oil resembling kerosene. It is obtained by distilling coal, paraffin, etc., and is used as a lubricant, illuminant, etc. [Written also photogene .]

Photogene <Xpage=1079>

Pho"to*gene (?) , n. [See Photogen .] 1. A photograph. [Obsoles.]

2. A more or less continued impression or image on the retina.

H. Spencer.

Photogenic <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*gen"ic (?) , a. Of or pertaining to photogeny; producing or generating light.

Photogeny <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tog"e*ny (?) , n. [See Photogen .] See Photography . [Obsoles.]

Photoglyphic <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*glyph"ic (?) , a. [ Photo- + Gr. <?/ to engrave.] Pertaining to the art of engraving by the action of light. [Written also photoglyptic .]

Photoglyphic engraving , a process of etching on copper, steel, or zinc, by means of the action of light and certain chemicals, so that from the plate impressions may be taken.

Sir D. Brewster.

Photoglyphy <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tog"ly*phy (?) , n. Photoglyphic engraving. See under Photoglyphic .

Photoglyptic <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*glyp"tic (?) , a. Same as Photoglyphic .

Photogram <Xpage=1079>

Pho"to*gram (?) , n. [ Photo- + -gram .] A photograph. [R.]

Photograph <Xpage=1079>

Pho"to*graph (?) , n. [ Photo- + -graph .] A picture or likeness obtained by photography.

Photograph <Xpage=1079>

Pho"to*graph , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Photographed (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Photographing (?) .] To take a picture or likeness of by means of photography; as, to photograph a view; to photograph a group.

He makes his pen drawing on white paper, and they are afterwards photographed on wood. Hamerton.

Also used figuratively.

He is photographed on my mind. Lady D. Hardy.

Photograph <Xpage=1079>

Pho"to*graph , v. i. To practice photography; to take photographs.

Photographer <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tog"ra*pher (?) , n. One who practices, or is skilled in, photography.

Photographic, Photographical <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*graph"ic (?) , Pho`to*graph"ic*al (?) , a. [Cf. F. photographique .] Of or pertaining to photography; obtained by photography; used ib photography; as a photographic picture; a photographic camera. -- Pho`to*graph"ic*al*ly , adv.

Photographic printing , the process of obtaining pictures, as on chemically prepared paper, from photographic negatives, by exposure to light.

Photographist <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tog"ra*phist (?) , n. A photographer.

Photographometer <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tog"ra*phom"e*ter (?) , n. [ Photograph + -meter .] (Photog.) An instrument for determining the sensibility of the plates employed in photographic processes to luminous rays.

Photography <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tog"ra*phy (?) , n. [ Photo- + -graphy : cf. F. photographie .] 1. The science which relates to the action of light on sensitive bodies in the production of pictures, the fixation of images, and the like.

2. The art or process of producing pictures by this action of light.

&hand; The well-focused optical image is thrown on a surface of metal, glass, paper, or other suitable substance, coated with collodion or gelatin, and sensitized with the chlorides, bromides, or iodides of silver, or other salts sensitive to light. The exposed plate is then treated with reducing agents, as pyrogallic acid, ferrous sulphate, etc., to develop the latent image. The image is then fixed by washing off the excess of unchanged sensitive salt with sodium hyposulphite ( thiosulphate ) or other suitable reagents.

<-- color photography, the production of colored images by a photographic process. A variety of dyes are used to produced the colored images. Processes may or may not use silver to produce the colored image. -->

Photogravure <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*grav"ure (?) , n. [F.] A photoengraving; also, the process by which such a picture is produced.

Photoheliograph <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*he"li*o*graph (?) , n. [ Photo- + heliograph .] (Physics) A modified kind of telescope adapted to taking photographs of the sun.

Photolithograph <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*lith"o*graph (?) , n. [ Photo- + lithograph .] A lithographic picture or copy from a stone prepared by the aid of photography.

Photolithograph <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*lith"o*graph , v. t. To produce (a picture, a copy) by the process of photolithography.

Photolithographer <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*li*thog"ra*pher (?) , n. One who practices, or one who employs, photolithography.

Photolithographic <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*lith`o*graph"ic (?) , n. Of or pertaining to photolithography; produced by photolithography.

Photolithography <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*li*thog"ra*phy (?) , n. The art or process of producing photolithographs.

<-- The process by which the image of a pattern is transferred photographically to a sensitive surface, and the surface subsequently etched; used for printing or in the production of integrated circuits. -->

Photologic, Photological <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*log"ic (?) , Pho`to*log"ic*al (?) , a. Pertaining to photology, or the doctrine of light.

Photologist <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tol"o*gist (?) , n. One who studies or expounds the laws of light.

Photology <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tol"o*gy (?) , n. [ Photo- + -logy : cf. F. photologie .] The doctrine or science of light, explaining its nature and phenomena; optics.

Photomagnetic <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*mag*net"ic (?) , a. Of or pertaining to photomagnetism.

Photomagnetism <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*mag"net*ism (?) , n. The branch of science which treats of the relation of magnetism to light.

Photomechanical <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*me*chan"ic*al (?) , a. Pertaining to, or designating, any photographic process in which a printing surface is obtained without the intervention of hand engraving.

Photometer <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tom"e*ter (?) , n. [ Photo- + -meter : cf. F. photom\'8atre .] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the intensity of light, or, more especially, for comparing the relative intensities of different lights, or their relative illuminating power.

Photometric, Photometrical <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*met"ric (?) , Pho`to*met"ric*al (?) , a. [Cf. F. photom\'82trique .] Of or pertaining to photometry, or to a photometer.

Photometrician <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tom`e*tri"cian (?) , n. One engaged in the scientific measurement of light.

Photometry <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tom"e*try (?) , n. [Cf. F. photom\'82trie .] That branch of science which treats of the measurement of the intensity of light.

Photomicrograph <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*mi"cro*graph (?) , n. [ Photo- + micro + -graph .] 1. An enlarged or macroscopic photograph of a microscopic object. See Microphotograph .

2. A microscopically small photograph of an object.

Photomicrography <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*mi*crog"ra*phy (?) , n. The art of producing photomicrographs.

Photophobia <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*pho"bi*a (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/, <?/, light + <?/ fear.] (Med.) A dread or intolerance of light.

Sir T. Watson.

Photophone <Xpage=1079>

Pho"to*phone (?) , n. [ Photo- + Gr. <?/ sound.] (Physics) An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of rays of light.

A. G. Bell.

Photophonic <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*phon"ic (?) , a. Of or pertaining to photophone.

Photophony <Xpage=1079>

Pho*toph"o*ny (?) , n. The art or practice of using the photophone.

Photopsia <Xpage=1079>

Pho*top"si*a (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/, <?/, light + <?/ sight.] (Med.) An affection of the eye, in which the patient perceives luminous rays, flashes, coruscations, etc. See phosphene .

Photopsy <Xpage=1079>

Pho*top"sy (?) , n. Same as Photopsia .

Photorelief <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*re*lief" (?) , n. A printing surface in relief, obtained by photographic means and subsequent manipulations.

Knight.

Photoscope <Xpage=1079>

Pho"to*scope (?) , n. [ Photo- + -scope .] (Physics) Anything employed for the observation of light or luminous effects.

Photoscopic <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*scop"ic (?) , a. Of or pertaining to the photoscope or its uses.

Photosculpture <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*sculp"ture (?) , n. [ Photo- + sculpture .] A process in which, by means of a number of photographs simultaneously taken from different points of view on the same level, rough models of the figure or bust of a person or animal may be made with great expedition.

Photosphere <Xpage=1079>

Pho"to*sphere (?) , n. [ Photo- + sphere .] A sphere of light; esp., the luminous envelope of the sun.

Photospheric <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*spher"ic (?) , a. Of or pertaining to the photosphere.

Phototonus <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tot"o*nus (?) , n. [NL. See Photo- , and Tone .] (Bot.) A motile condition in plants resulting from exposure to light. -- Pho`to*ton"ic (#) , a.

Phototropic <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*trop"ic (?) , a. [ Photo- + Gr. <?/ to turn.] (Bot.) Same as Heliotropic .

Phototype <Xpage=1079>

Pho"to*type (?) , n. [ Photo- + -type .] A plate or block with a printing surface (usually in relief) obtained from a photograph; also, any one of the many methods of processes by which such a printing surface is obtained.

Phototypic <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*typ"ic (?) , a. Of or pertaining to a phototype or phototypy.

Phototypography <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*ty*pog"ra*phy (?) , n. [ Photo- + typography .] Same as Phototypy .

Phototypy <Xpage=1079>

Pho*tot"y*py (?) , n. The art or process of producing phototypes.

Photoxylography <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*xy*log"ra*phy (?) , n. [ Photo- + xylography .] The process of producing a representation of an object on wood, by photography, for the use of the wood engraver.

Photozincograph <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*zin"co*graph (?) , n. A print made by photozincography. -- Pho`to*zin`co*graph"ic , a.

Photozincography <Xpage=1079>

Pho`to*zin*cog"ra*phy (?) , n. [ Photo- + zincography .] A process, analogous to photolithography, for reproducing photographed impressions transferred to zinc plate.

Phragmocone <Xpage=1079>

Phrag"mo*cone (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/, a fence, an inclosure + <?/ a cone.] (Zo\'94l.) The thin chambered shell attached to the anterior end of a belemnite. [Written also phragmacone .]

Phragmosiphon <Xpage=1079>

Phrag`mo*si"phon (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) The siphon of a phragmocone.

Phrasal <Xpage=1079>

Phras"al (?) , a. Of the nature of a phrase; consisting of a phrase; as, a phrasal adverb .

Earlc.

Phrase <Xpage=1079>

Phrase (?) , n. [F., fr. L. phrasis diction, phraseology, Gr. <?/, fr. <?/ to speak.] 1. A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression by themselves, or being a portion of a sentence; as, an adverbial phrase .

"Convey" the wise it call. "Steal!" foh! a fico for the phrase . Shak.

2. A short, pithy expression; especially, one which is often employed; a peculiar or idiomatic turn of speech; as, to err is human .

3. A mode or form of speech; the manner or style in which any one expreses himself; diction; expression. " Phrases of the hearth."

Tennyson.

Thou speak'st In better phrase and matter than thou didst. Shak.

4. (Mus.) A short clause or portion of a period.

&hand; A composition consists first of sentences, or periods ; these are subdivided into sections , and these into phrases .

Phrase book , a book of idiomatic phrases.

J. S. Blackie.

Phrase <Xpage=1079>

Phrase , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Phrased (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Phrasing .] [Cf. F. phraser .] To express in words, or in peculiar words; to call; to style. "These suns -- for so they phrase 'em."

Shak.

Phrase <Xpage=1079>

Phrase , v. i. 1. To use proper or fine phrases. [R.]

2. (Mus.) To group notes into phrases; as, he phrases well . See Phrase , n. , 4.

Phraseless <Xpage=1079>

Phrase"less , a. Indescribable.

Shak.

Phraseogram <Xpage=1079>

Phra"se*o*gram (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ a phrase + -gram .] (Phonography) A symbol for a phrase.

Phraseologic, Phraseological <Xpage=1079>

Phra`se*o*log"ic (?) , Phra`se*o*log"ic*al (?) , a. Of or pertaining to phraseology; consisting of a peculiar form of words. "This verbal or phraseological answer."

Bp. Pearson.

Phraseologist <Xpage=1079>

Phra`se*ol"o*gist (?) , n. A collector or coiner of phrases.

Phraseology <Xpage=1079>

Phra`se*ol"o*gy (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/, phrase + -logy : cf. F. phras\'82ologie .] 1. Manner of expression; peculiarity of diction; style.

Most completely national in his . . . phraseology . I. Taylor.

2. A collection of phrases; a phrase book. [R.]

Syn. -- Diction; style. See Diction .

Phrasing <Xpage=1079>

Phras"ing (?) , n. 1. Method of expression; association of words.

2. (Mus.) The act or method of grouping the notes so as to form distinct musical phrases.

Phratry <Xpage=1079>

Phra"try (?) , n. ; pl. Phratries (#) . [Gr. <?/, <?/.] (Gr. Antiq.) A subdivision of a phyle, or tribe, in Athens.

Phreatic <Xpage=1079>

Phre*at"ic (?) , a. [F. phr\'82atique , from Gr. <?/, <?/, a well.] (Geol.) Subterranean; -- applied to sources supplying wells.

Phrenetic, Phrenetical <Xpage=1079>

Phre*net"ic (?) , Phre*net"ic*al (?) , a. [L. phreneticus , Gr. <?/, <?/: cf. F. phr\'82n\'82tique . See Frantic , and cf. Frenetic .] Relating to phrenitis; suffering from frenzy; delirious; mad; frantic; frenetic. -- Phre*net"ic*al*ly , adv.

Phrenetic <Xpage=1079>

Phre*net"ic , n. One who is phrenetic.

Harvey.

<page="1080"> Page 1080

<page="1080"> Page 1080

Phrenic <Xpage=1080>

Phren"ic (?) , a. [Gr. <?/, <?/, the midriff, or diaphragm, the heart, the mind: cf. F. phr\'82nique .] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the diaphragm; diaphragmatic; as, the phrenic nerve .

Phrenics <Xpage=1080>

Phren"ics (?) , n. That branch of science which relates to the mind; mental philosophy. [R.]

Phrenism <Xpage=1080>

Phre"nism (?) , n. [See Phrenic .] (Biol.) See Vital force , under Vital .

Phrenitis <Xpage=1080>

Phre*ni"tis (?) , n. [L., fr. Gr. <?/, fr. <?/, <?/.] 1. (Med.) Inflammation of the brain, or of the meninges of the brain, attended with acute fever and delirium; -- called also cephalitis .

2. See Frenzy .

Phrenograph <Xpage=1080>

Phre"no*graph (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/, the migriff + -graph .] (Physiol.) An instrument for registering the movements of the diaphragm, or midriff, in respiration.

Phrenologer <Xpage=1080>

Phre*nol"o*ger (?) , n. A phrenologist.

Phrenologic <Xpage=1080>

Phren`o*log"ic (?) , a. [Cf. F. phr\'82nologique .] Phrenological.

Phrenological <Xpage=1080>

Phren`o*log"ic*al (?) , a. Of or pertaining to phrenology. -- Phren`o*log"ic*al*ly , adv.

Phrenologist <Xpage=1080>

Phre*nol"o*gist (?) , n. [Cf. F. phr\'82nologiste .] One versed in phrenology; a craniologist.

Phrenology <Xpage=1080>

Phre*nol"o*gy (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/, the mind + -logy : cf. F. phr\'82nologie .] 1. The science of the special functions of the several parts of the brain, or of the supposed connection between the various faculties of the mind and particular organs in the brain.

2. In popular usage, the physiological hypothesis of Gall, that the mental faculties, and traits of character, are shown on the surface of the head or skull; craniology. <-- considered pseudo-science by all reputable medical personnel, but still believed by -->

&hand; Gall marked out on his model of the head the places of twenty-six organs, as round inclosures with vacant interspaces. Spurzheim and Combe divided the whole scalp into oblong and conterminous patches.

Encyc. Brit.

<-- Illustr. of a chart of phrenology, showing the areas of the skull as "mapped" by Gall. -->