Chapter 1143

Phi*los"o*phy (?) , n. ; pl. Philosophies (#) . [OE. philosophie , F. philosophie , L. philosophia , from Gr. <?/. See Philosopher .] 1. Literally, the love of, including the search after, wisdom; in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws.

&hand; When applied to any particular department of knowledge, philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy , when applied to God and the divine government, is called theology ; when applied to material objects, it is called physics ; when it treats of man, it is called anthropology and psychology , with which are connected logic and ethics ; when it treats of the necessary conceptions and relations by which philosophy is possible, it is called metaphysics .

&hand; " Philosophy has been defined: tionscience of things divine and human, and the causes in which they are contained; -- the science of effects by their causes; -- the science of sufficient reasons; -- the science of things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; -- the science of things evidently deduced from first principles; -- the science of truths sensible and abstract; -- the application of reason to its legitimate objects; -- the science of the relations of all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; -- the science of the original form of the ego, or mental self; -- the science of science; -- the science of the absolute; -- the scienceof the absolute indifference of the ideal and real."

Sir W. Hamilton.

2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained.

[Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie . Chaucer.

We shall in vain interpret their words by the notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our school. Locke.

3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment; equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune with philosophy .

Then had he spent all his philosophy . Chaucer.

4. Reasoning; argumentation.

Of good and evil much they argued then, . . . Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy . Milton.

5. The course of sciences read in the schools.

Johnson.

6. A treatise on philosophy.

Philosophy of the Academy , that of Plato, who taught his disciples in a grove in Athens called the Academy. -- Philosophy of the Garden , that of Epicurus, who taught in a garden in Athens. -- Philosophy of the Lyceum , that of Aristotle, the founder of the Peripatetic school, who delivered his lectures in the Lyceum at Athens. -- Philosophy of the Porch , that of Zeno and the Stoics; -- so called because Zeno of Citium and his successors taught in the porch of the Poicile, a great hall in Athens.

Philostorgy <Xpage=1077>

Phil`o*stor"gy (?) , n. [Gr. <?/; <?/ loving + <?/ affection.] Natural affection, as of parents for their children. [R.]

Philotechnic, Philotechnical <Xpage=1077>

Phil`o*tech"nic (?) , Phil`o*tech"nic*al (?) , a. [ Philo- + Gr. <?/ an art: cf. F. philotechnique .] Fond of the arts. [R.]

Philter <Xpage=1077>

Phil"ter (?) , n. [F. philtre , L. philtrum , Gr. <?/, fr. <?/ to love, <?/ dear, loving.] A potion or charm intended to excite the passion of love. [Written also philtre .]

Addison.

Philter <Xpage=1077>

Phil"ter , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Philtered (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Philtering .] 1. To impregnate or mix with a love potion; as, to philter a draught .

2. To charm to love; to excite to love or sexual desire by a potion.

Gov. of Tongue.

Phimosis <Xpage=1077>

Phi*mo"sis (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ a muzzling, fr. <?/ muzzle.] (Med.) A condition of the penis in which the prepuce can not be drawn back so as to uncover the glans penis.

Phitoness <Xpage=1077>

Phi"ton*ess (?) , n. Pythoness; witch. [Obs.]

Phiz <Xpage=1077>

Phiz (?) , n. ; pl. Phizes (#) . [Contr. fr. physiognomy .] The face or visage. [Colloq.]

Cowper.

Phlebitis <Xpage=1077>

Phle*bi"tis (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/, <?/, a vein + -itis .] (Med.) Inflammation of a vein.

Phlebogram <Xpage=1077>

Phleb"o*gram (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/ + -gram .] (Physiol.) A tracing (with the sphygmograph) of the movements of a vein, or of the venous pulse.

Phlebolite, Phlebolith <Xpage=1077>

Phleb"o*lite (?) , Phleb"o*lith (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/, a vein + -lite , -lith .] (Med.) A small calcareous concretion formed in a vein; a vein stone.

Phlebology <Xpage=1077>

Phle*bol"o*gy (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/, a vein + -logy .] A branch of anatomy which treats of the veins.

Phlebotomist <Xpage=1077>

Phle*bot"o*mist (?) , n. [Cf. F. phl\'82botomiste .] (Med.) One who practiced phlebotomy.

Phlebotomize <Xpage=1077>

Phle*bot"o*mize (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Phlebotomized (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Phlebotomizing (?) .] [Cf. F. phl\'82botomiser .] To let blood from by opening a vein; to bleed. [R.]

Howell.

Phlebotomy <Xpage=1077>

Phle*bot"o*my (?) , n. [L. phlebotomia , Gr. <?/; <?/, <?/, a vein + <?/ to cut: cf. F. phl\'82botomie . Cf. Fleam .] (Med.) The act or practice of opening a vein for letting blood, in the treatment of disease; venesection; bloodletting.

Phlegm <Xpage=1077>

Phlegm (?) , n. [F. phlegme , flegme , L. phlegma , fr. Gr. <?/ a flame, inflammation, phlegm, a morbid, clammy humor in the body, fr. <?/ to burn. Cf. Phlox , Flagrant , Flame , Bleak , a. , and Fluminate .] 1. One of the four humors of which the ancients supposed the blood to be composed. See Humor .

Arbuthnot.

2. (Physiol.) Viscid mucus secreted in abnormal quantity in the respiratory and digestive passages.

3. (Old Chem.) A watery distilled liquor, in distinction from a spirituous liquor.

Crabb.

4. Sluggishness of temperament; dullness; want of interest; indifference; coldness.

They judge with fury, but they write with phlegm . Pope.

Phlegmagogue <Xpage=1077>

Phleg"ma*gogue (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ carrying of phlegm; <?/ phlegm + <?/ to lead.] (Old Med.) A medicine supposed to expel phlegm.

Phlegmasia <Xpage=1077>

Phleg*ma"si*a (?) , n. [NL., from Gr. <?/. See Phlegm .] (Med.) An inflammation; more particularly, an inflammation of the internal organs.

Phlegmasia dolens (<?/) [NL.] , milk leg.

Phlegmatic <Xpage=1077>

Phleg*mat"ic (?) , a. [L. phlegmaticus , Gr. <?/: cf. F. phlegmatique .] 1. Watery. [Obs.] "Aqueous and phlegmatic ."

Sir I. Newton.

2. Abounding in phlegm; as, phlegmatic humors; a phlegmatic constitution.

Harvey.

3. Generating or causing phlegm. "Cold and phlegmatic habitations."

Sir T. Browne.

4. Not easily excited to action or passion; cold; dull; sluggish; heavy; as, a phlegmatic person .

Addison.

Phlegmatic temperament (Old Physiol.) , lymphatic temperament. See under Lymphatic .

Phlegmatical <Xpage=1077>

Phleg*mat"ic*al (?) , a. Phlegmatic.

Ash.

Phlegmatically <Xpage=1077>

Phleg*mat"ic*al*ly , adv. In a phlegmatic manner.

Phlegmaticly <Xpage=1077>

Phleg*mat"ic*ly (?) , a. Phlegmatically. [Obs.]

Phlegmon <Xpage=1077>

Phleg"mon (?) , n. [L. phlegmone , phlegmon , inflammation beneath the skin, Gr. <?/, fr. <?/ to burn: cf. F. phlegmon .] (Med.) Purulent inflammation of the cellular or areolar tissue.

Phlegmonous <Xpage=1077>

Phleg"mon*ous (?) , a. [Cf. F. phlegmoneux .] Having the nature or properties of phlegmon; as, phlegmonous pneumonia .

Harvey.

Phleme <Xpage=1077>

Phleme (?) , n. (Surg. & Far.) See Fleam .

Phleum <Xpage=1077>

Phle"um (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ a kind of marsh plant.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses, including the timothy ( Phleum pratense ), which is highly valued for hay; cat's-tail grass.

Gray.

Phlo\'89m <Xpage=1077>

Phlo"\'89m (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ bark.] (Bot.) That portion of fibrovascular bundles which corresponds to the inner bark; the liber tissue; -- distinguished from xylem .

Phlogistian <Xpage=1077>

Phlo*gis"tian (?) , n. A believer in the existence of phlogiston.

Phlogistic <Xpage=1077>

Phlo*gis"tic (?) , a. 1. (Old Chem.) Of or pertaining to phlogiston, or to belief in its existence.

2. (Med.) Inflammatory; belonging to inflammations and fevers.

Phlogistical <Xpage=1077>

Phlo*gis"tic*al (?) , a. (Old Chem.) Phlogistic.

Phlogisticate <Xpage=1077>

Phlo*gis"ti*cate (?) , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Phlogisticated (?) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Phlogisticating .] (Old Chem.) To combine phlogiston with; -- usually in the form and sense of the p. p. or the adj. ; as, highly phlogisticated substances .

Phlogistication <Xpage=1077>

Phlo*gis`ti*ca"tion (?) , n. (Old Chem.) The act or process of combining with phlogiston.

Phlogiston <Xpage=1077>

Phlo*gis"ton (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ burnt, set on fire, fr. <?/ to set on fire, to burn, fr. <?/, <?/, a flame, blaze. See Phlox .] (Old Chem.) The hypothetical principle of fire, or inflammability, regarded by Stahl as a chemical element.

&hand; This was supposed to be united with combustible ( phlogisticated ) bodies and to be separated from incombustible ( dephlogisticated ) bodies, the phenomena of flame and burning being the escape of phlogiston. Soot and sulphur were regarded as nearly pure phlogiston. The essential principle of this theory was, that combustion was a decomposition rather than the union and combination which it has since been shown to be. <-- this theory is now discredited and superseded by the theory of chemical reaction between oxidizable substances and oxidants as an explanation of combustion -->

Phlogogenous <Xpage=1077>

Phlo*gog"e*nous (?) , a. [Gr. <?/, <?/ fire + -genous .] (Med.) Causing inflammation.

Phlogopite <Xpage=1077>

Phlog"o*pite (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ firelike.] (Min.) A kind of mica having generally a peculiar bronze-red or copperlike color and a pearly luster. It is a silicate of aluminia, with magnesia, potash, and some fluorine. It is characteristic of crystalline limestone or dolomite and serpentine. See Mica .

Phlogosis <Xpage=1077>

Phlo*go"sis (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ burning heat.] (Med.) Inflammation of external parts of the body; erysipelatous inflammation.

Phlogotic <Xpage=1077>

Phlo*got"ic (?) , n. (Med.) Of or pertaining to phlogisis.

Phloramine <Xpage=1077>

Phlo*ram"ine (?) , n. [ Phlor lucin + amine .] (Chem.) A basic amido derivative of phloroglucin, having an astringent taste.

Phloretic <Xpage=1077>

Phlo*ret"ic (?) , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, or designating, an organic acid obtained by the decomposition of phloretin.

Phloretin <Xpage=1077>

Phlor"e*tin (?) , n. [From Phlorizin.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of phlorizin, and formerly used to some extent as a substitute for quinine.

Phlorizin <Xpage=1077>

Phlor"i*zin (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, <?/, bark + <?/ root.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline glucoside extracted from the root bark of the apple, pear, cherry, plum, etc. [Formerly also written phloridzin .]

Phloroglucin <Xpage=1077>

Phlor`o*glu"cin (?) , n. [ Phlor etin + Gr. <?/ sweet.] (Chem.) A sweet white crystalline substance, metameric with pyrogallol, and obtained by the decomposition of phloretin, and from certain gums, as catechu, kino, etc. It belongs to the class of phenols. [Called also phloroglucinol .]

Phlorol <Xpage=1077>

Phlo"rol (?) , n. [ Phlor etic + -ol .] (Chem.) A liquid metameric with xylenol, belonging to the class of phenols, and obtained by distilling certain salts of phloretic acid.

Phlorone <Xpage=1077>

Phlo"rone (?) , n. [ Phlor ol + quin one .] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance having a peculiar unpleasant odor, resembling the quinones, and obtained from beechwood tar and coal tar, as also by the oxidation of xylidine; -- called also xyloquinone .

Phlox <Xpage=1077>

Phlox (?) , n. [L., a kind of flower, fr. Gr. <?/ flame, fr. <?/ to burn.] (Bot.) A genus of American herbs, having showy red, white, or purple flowers.

Phlox worm (Zo\'94l.) , the larva of an American moth ( Heliothis phloxiphaga ). It is destructive to phloxes. -- Phlox subulata , the moss pink. See under Moss .

Phlyctenular <Xpage=1077>

Phlyc*ten"u*lar (?) , a. [Gr. <?/ a blister or pustule.] (Med.) Characterized by the presence of small pustules, or whitish elevations resembling pustules; as, phlyctenular ophthalmia .

Phoca <Xpage=1077>

Pho"ca (?) , n. [L., a seal, fr. Gr. <?/.] (Zo\'94l.) A genus of seals. It includes the common harbor seal and allied species. See Seal .

Phocacean <Xpage=1077>

Pho*ca"cean (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) Any species of Phoca; a seal.

Phocal <Xpage=1077>

Pho"cal (?) , a. (Zo\'94l.) Pertaining to seals.

Phocenic <Xpage=1077>

Pho*cen"ic (?) , a. [Gr. <?/ a porpoise.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to dolphin oil or porpoise oil; -- said of an acid (called also delphinic acid) subsequently found to be identical with valeric acid.

Watts.

Phocenin <Xpage=1077>

Pho*ce"nin (?) , n. [Cf. F. phoc\'82nine .] (Chem.) See Delphin .

<page="1078"> Page 1078

Phocine <Xpage=1078>

Pho"cine (?) , a. [L. phoca a seal.] (Zo\'94l.) Of or pertaining to the seal tribe; phocal.

Phocodont <Xpage=1078>

Pho"co*dont (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) One of the Phocodontia.

Phocodontia <Xpage=1078>

Pho`co*don"ti*a (?) , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ a seal + <?/, <?/, a tooth.] (Zo\'94l.) A group of extinct carnivorous whales. Their teeth had compressed and serrated crowns. It includes Squalodon and allied genera.

Ph\'d2be <Xpage=1078>

Ph\'d2"be (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) The pewee, or pewit.

Ph\'d2bus <Xpage=1078>

Ph\'d2"bus (?) , n. [L., fr. Gr. <?/, fr. <?/ pure, bright.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Apollo; the sun god.

2. The sun. " Ph\'d2bus 'gins arise."

Shak.

Ph\'d2nician <Xpage=1078>

Ph\'d2*ni"cian (?) , a. Of or pertaining to Ph\'d2nica. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Ph\'d2nica.

Ph\'d2nicious <Xpage=1078>

Ph\'d2*ni"cious (?) , a. See Phenicious .

Ph\'d2nicopterus <Xpage=1078>

Ph\'d2`ni*cop"te*rus (?) , n. [NL. See Phenicopter .] (Zo\'94l.) A genus of birds which includes the flamingoes.

Ph\'d2nix <Xpage=1078>

Ph\'d2"nix (?) , n. [L., a fabulous bird. See Phenix .] 1. Same as Phenix .

Shak.

2. (Bot.) A genus of palms including the date tree.

Pholad <Xpage=1078>

Pho"lad (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) Any species of Pholas.

Pholadean <Xpage=1078>

Pho*la"de*an (?) , n. (Zo\'94l.) Pholad.

Pholas <Xpage=1078>

Pho"las (?) , n. ; pl. Pholades (#) . [NL., fr. Gr. <?/, <?/, a kind of mollusk.] (Zo\'94l.) Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve mollusks of the genus Pholas , or family Pholadid\'91 . They bore holes for themselves in clay, peat, and soft rocks.

Phonal <Xpage=1078>

Pho"nal (?) , a. [Gr. <?/ the voice.] Of or relating to the voice; as, phonal structure .

Max M\'81ller.

Phonascetics <Xpage=1078>

Pho`nas*cet"ics (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ to practice the voice; <?/ voice + <?/ to practice.] Treatment for restoring or improving the voice.

Phonation <Xpage=1078>

Pho*na"tion (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ the voice.] The act or process by which articulate sounds are uttered; the utterance of articulate sounds; articulate speech.

Phonautograph <Xpage=1078>

Pho*nau"to*graph (?) , n. [ Phono- + Gr. <?/ self + -graph .] (Physics) An instrument by means of which a sound can be made to produce a visible trace or record of itself. It consists essentially of a resonant vessel, usually of paraboloidal form, closed at one end by a flexible membrane. A stylus attached to some point of the membrane records the movements of the latter, as it vibrates, upon a moving cylinder or plate.

Phoneidoscope <Xpage=1078>

Pho*nei"do*scope (?) , n. [ Phono- + Gr. <?/ form + -scope .] (Physics) An instrument for studying the motions of sounding bodies by optical means. It consists of a tube across the end of which is stretched a film of soap solution thin enough to give colored bands, the form and position of which are affected by sonorous vibrations.

Phonetic <Xpage=1078>

Pho*net"ic (?) , a. [Gr. <?/, fr. <?/ a sound, tone; akin to Gr. <?/ to speak: cf. F. phon\'82tique . See Ban a proclamation.] 1. Of or pertaining to the voice, or its use.

2. Representing sounds; as, phonetic characters ; -- opposed to ideographic ; as, a phonetic notation .

Phonetic spelling , spelling in phonetic characters, each representing one sound only; -- contrasted with Romanic spelling , or that by the use of the Roman alphabet.

Phonetically <Xpage=1078>

Pho*net"ic*al*ly , adv. In a phonetic manner.

Phonetician <Xpage=1078>

Pho`ne*ti"cian (?) , n. One versed in phonetics; a phonetist.

Phonetics <Xpage=1078>

Pho*net"ics (?) , n. 1. The doctrine or science of sounds; especially those of the human voice; phonology.

2. The art of representing vocal sounds by signs and written characters.

Phonetism <Xpage=1078>

Pho"ne*tism (?) , n. The science which treats of vocal sounds.

J. Peile.

Phonetist <Xpage=1078>

Pho"ne*tist (?) , n. 1. One versed in phonetics; a phonologist.

2. One who advocates a phonetic spelling.

Phonetization <Xpage=1078>