Chapter 1131

Per`i*chon"dri*um (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ around + <?/ cartilage.] (Anat.) The membrane of fibrous connective tissue which closely invests cartilage, except where covering articular surfaces.

Perichordal <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*chor"dal (?) , a. Around the notochord; as, a perichordal column . See Epichordal .

Periclase, Periclasite <Xpage=1066>

Per"i*clase (?) , Per`i*cla"site (?) , n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. <?/ to break.] (Min.) A grayish or dark green mineral, consisting essentially of magnesia (magnesium oxide), occurring in granular forms or in isometric crystals.

Periclinium <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*clin"i*um (?) , n. ; pl. Periclinia (#) . [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ around + <?/ a bed.] (Bot.) The involucre which surrounds the common receptacle in composite flowers.

Periclitate <Xpage=1066>

Pe*ric"li*tate (?) , v. t. [L. periclitatus , p.p. of periclitari , fr. periculum .] To endanger. [Obs.]

Periclitating , pardi! the whole family. Sterne.

Periclitation <Xpage=1066>

Pe*ric`li*ta"tion (?) , n. [L. periclitatio : cf. F. p\'82riclitation .] 1. Trial; experiment. [Obs.]

2. The state of being in peril. [Obs.]

Pericope <Xpage=1066>

Pe*ric"o*pe (?) , n. [L., section of a book, Gr. <?/; <?/ around + <?/ to cut.] A selection or extract from a book; especially (Theol.) , a selection from the Bible, appointed to be read in the churches or used as a text for a sermon.

Pericranial <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*cra"ni*al (?) , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pericranium.

Pericranium <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*cra"ni*um (?) , n. [NL.] (Anat.) The periosteum which covers the cranium externally; the region around the cranium.

Periculous <Xpage=1066>

Pe*ric"u*lous (?) , a. [L. periculosus . See Perilous .] Dangerous; full of peril. [Obs.]

Periculum <Xpage=1066>

Pe*ric"u*lum (?) , n. ; pl. Pericula (#) . [L.] (Rom. & O.Eng. Law) 1. Danger; risk.

2. In a narrower, judicial sense: Accident or casus , as distinguished from dolus and culpa , and hence relieving one from the duty of performing an obligation.

Periderm <Xpage=1066>

Per"i*derm (?) , n. 1. (Bot.) The outer layer of bark.

2. (Zo\'94l.) The hard outer covering of hydroids and other marine animals; the perisarc.

Peridiastole <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*di*as"to*le (?) , n. (Physiol.) The almost inappreciable time which elapses between the systole and the diastole of the heart.

Peridium <Xpage=1066>

Pe*rid"i*um (?) , n. ; pl. Peridia (#) . [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ about + <?/, a dim. ending.] (Bot.) The envelope or coat of certain fungi, such as the puffballs and earthstars.

Peridot <Xpage=1066>

Per"i*dot (?) , n. [F. p\'82ridot .] (Min.) Chrysolite.

Peridotite <Xpage=1066>

Per"i*do*tite (?) , n. [Cf. F. p\'82ridotite .] (Min.) An eruptive rock characterized by the presence of chrysolite (peridot). It also usually contains pyroxene, enstatite, chromite, etc. It is often altered to serpentine.

&hand; The chief diamond deposits in South Africa occur in a more or less altered peridotite.

Peridrome <Xpage=1066>

Per"i*drome (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, fr. <?/ running around, fr. <?/ to run round; <?/ round + <?/ to run: cf. F. p\'82ridrome .] (Arch\'91ol.) The space between the columns and the wall of the cella, in a Greek or a Roman temple.

Periecians <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*e"cians (?) , n. pl. See Peri\'d2cians .

Perienteron <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*en"te*ron (?) , n. [NL. See Peri- , and Enteron .] (Anat.) The primitive perivisceral cavity.

Periergy <Xpage=1066>

Per"i*er`gy (?) , n. [Gr. <?/, fr. <?/ overcareful; <?/ about, beyond + <?/ work.] 1. Excessive care or diligence. [Obs.]

2. (Rhet.) A bombastic or labored style. [R.]

Periganglionic <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*gan`gli*on"ic (?) , a. (Anat.) Surrounding a ganglion; as, the periganglionic glands of the frog .

Perigastric <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*gas"tric (?) , a. (Zo\'94l.) Surrounding the stomach; -- applied to the body cavity of Bryozoa and various other Invertebrata.

Perigean <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*ge"an (?) , a. Pertaining to the perigee.

Perigean tides , those spring tides which occur soon after the moon passes her perigee.

Perigee, Perigeum <Xpage=1066>

Per"i*gee (?) , Per`i*ge"um (?) , n. [NL. perigeum , fr. Gr. <?/ about, near + <?/ the earth: cf. F. p\'82rig\'82e .] (Astron.) That point in the orbit of the moon which is nearest to the earth; -- opposed to apogee . It is sometimes, but rarely, used of the nearest points of other orbits, as of a comet, a planet, etc. Called also epigee , epigeum .

Perigenesis <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*gen"e*sis (?) , n. (Biol.) A theory which explains inheritance by the transmission of the type of growth force possessed by one generation to another.

Perigenetic <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*gen"e*tic (?) , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to perigenesis.

Perigone <Xpage=1066>

Per"i*gone (?) , n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. <?/ productive organs.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Any organ inclosing the essential organs of a flower; a perianth. (b) In mosses, the involucral bracts of a male flower.

2. (Zo\'94l.) A sac which surrounds the generative bodies in the gonophore of a hydroid.

Perigonium <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*go"ni*um (?) , n. ; pl. Perigonia (#) . [NL.] Same as Perigone .

Perigord pie <Xpage=1066>

Per"i*gord pie` (?) . [From P\'82rigord , a former province of France.] A pie made of truffles, much esteemed by epicures.

Perigraph <Xpage=1066>

Per"i*graph (?) , n. [Gr. <?/ outline; <?/ round, about + <?/ to write.] A careless or inaccurate delineation of anything. [R.]

Perigynium <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*gyn"i*um (?) , n. ; pl. Perigynia (#) . [NL. See Perigynous .] (Bot.) Some unusual appendage about the pistil, as the bottle-shaped body in the sedges, and the bristles or scales in some other genera of the Sedge family, or Cyperace\'91 .

Perigynous <Xpage=1066>

Pe*rig"y*nous (?) , a. [Pref. peri- + Gr. <?/ woman.] (Bot.) Having the ovary free, but the petals and stamens borne on the calyx; -- said of flower such as that of the cherry or peach.

Perihelion, Perihelium <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*hel"ion (?) , Per`i*he"li*um (?) , n. ; pl. Perihelia (#) . [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ about, near + <?/ the sun.] (Astron.) That point of the orbit of a planet or comet which is nearest to the sun; -- opposed to aphelion .

Peril <Xpage=1066>

Per"il (?) , n. [F. p\'82ril , fr. L. periculum , periclum , akin to peritus experienced, skilled, and E. fare . See Fare , and cf. Experience .] Danger; risk; hazard; jeopardy; exposure of person or property to injury, loss, or destruction.

In perils of waters, in perils of robbers. 2 Cor. xi. 26.

Adventure hard With peril great achieved. Milton.

At , &or; On , one's peril , with risk or danger to one; at the hazard of. " On thy soul's peril ." Shak.

Syn. -- Hazard; risk; jeopardy. See Danger .

Peril <Xpage=1066>

Per"il , v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Periled (?) or Perilled ; p. pr. & vb. n. Periling or Perilling .] To expose to danger; to hazard; to risk; as, to peril one's life .

Peril <Xpage=1066>

Per"il (?) , v. i. To be in danger. [Obs.]

Milton.

Perilla <Xpage=1066>

Pe*ril"la (?) , n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) A genus of labiate herbs, of which one species ( Perilla ocimoides , or P. Nankinensis ) is often cultivated for its purple or variegated foliage.

Perilous <Xpage=1066>

Per"il*ous (?) , a. [OF. perillous , perilleus , F. p\'82rilleux , L. periculosus . See Peril .] [Written also perillous .] 1. Full of, attended with, or involving, peril; dangerous; hazardous; as, a perilous undertaking .

Infamous hills, and sandy, perilous wilds. Milton.

2. Daring; reckless; dangerous. [Obs.]

Latimer.

For I am perilous with knife in hand. Chaucer.

-- Per"il*ous*ly , adv. -- Per"il*ous*ness , n.

Perilymph <Xpage=1066>

Per"i*lymph (?) , n. (Anat.) The fluid which surrounds the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear, and separates it from the walls of the chambers in which the labyrinth lies.

Perilymphangial <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*lym*phan"gi*al (?) , a. (Anat.) Around, or at the side of, a lymphatic vessel.

Perilymphatic <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*lym*phat"ic (?) , a. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, or containing, perilymph. (b) Perilymphangial.

Perimeter <Xpage=1066>

Per*im"e*ter (?) , n. [Gr. <?/; <?/ around + <?/ measure: cf. F. p\'82rim\'8atre .] 1. (Geom.) The outer boundary of a body or figure, or the sum of all the sides.

2. An instrument for determining the extent and shape of the field of vision.

Perimetric, Perimetrical <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*met"ric (?) , Per`i*met"ric*al (?) , a. Of or pertaining to the perimeter, or to perimetry; as, a perimetric chart of the eye .

Perimetry <Xpage=1066>

Per*im"e*try (?) , n. The art of using the perimeter; measurement of the field of vision.

Perimorph <Xpage=1066>

Per"i*morph (?) , n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. <?/ form.] (Min.) A crystal of one species inclosing one of another species. See Endomorph .

Perimysial <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*my"sial (?) , a. (Anat.) (a) Surrounding a muscle or muscles. (b) Of or pertaining to the perimysium.

Perimysium <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*my"si*um (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ about + <?/ muscle.] (Anat.) The connective tissue sheath which surrounds a muscle, and sends partitions inwards between the bundles of muscular fibers.

Perin\'91um <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*n\'91"um (?) , n. See Perineum .

Perineal <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*ne"al (?) , a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the perineum.

Perineoplasty <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*ne"o*plas`ty (?) , n. [ Perineum + -plasty .] (Med.) The act or process of restoring an injured perineum.

Perineorrhaphy <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*ne*or"rha*phy (?) , n. [ Perineum + Gr. <?/ to sew.] (Med.) The operation of sewing up a ruptured perineum.

Perinephritis <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*ne*phri"tis (?) , n. [NL. See Peri- , and Nephritis .] (Med.) Inflammation of the cellular tissue around the kidney. -- Per`i*ne*phrit"ic , a.

Perineum <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*ne"um (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/, <?/.] (Anat.) The region which is included within the outlet of the pelvis, and is traversed by the urinogenital canal and the rectum.

Perineurial <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*neu"ri*al (?) , a. (Anat.) Surrounding nerves or nerve fibers; of or pertaining to the perineurium.

Perineurium <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*neu"ri*um (?) , n. [NL., fr. Gr. <?/ about + <?/ a nerve.] (Anat.) The connective tissue sheath which surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers. See Epineurium , and Neurilemma .

Perinuclear <Xpage=1066>

Per`i*nu"cle*ar (?) , a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to a nucleus; situated around a nucleus; as, the perinuclear protoplasm .

Period <Xpage=1066>

Pe"ri*od (?) , n. [L. periodus , Gr. <?/ a going round, a way round, a circumference, a period of time; <?/ round, about + <?/ a way: cf. F. p\'82riode .] 1. A portion of time as limited and determined by some recurring phenomenon, as by the completion of a revolution of one of the heavenly bodies; a division of time, as a series of years, months, or days, in which something is completed, and ready to recommence and go on in the same order; as, the period of the sun, or the earth, or a comet .

2. Hence: A stated and recurring interval of time; more generally, an interval of time specified or left indefinite; a certain series of years, months, days, or the like; a time; a cycle; an age; an epoch; as, the period of the Roman republic .

How by art to make plants more lasting than their ordinary period . Bacon.

3. (Geol.) One of the great divisions of geological time; as, the Tertiary period ; the Glacial period . See the Chart of Geology .

4. The termination or completion of a revolution, cycle, series of events, single event, or act; hence, a limit; a bound; an end; a conclusion.

Bacon.

So spake the archangel Michael; then paused, As at the world's great period . Milton.

Evils which shall never end till eternity hath a period . Jer. Taylor.

This is the period of my ambition. Shak.

5. (Rhet.) A complete sentence, from one full stop to another; esp., a well-proportioned, harmonious sentence. "Devolved his rounded periods ."

Tennyson.

Periods are beautiful when they are not too long. B. Johnson.

&hand; The period , according to Heyse, is a compound sentence consisting of a protasis and apodosis; according to Becker, it is the appropriate form for the co\'94rdinate propositions related by antithesis or causality.

Gibbs.

6. (Print.) The punctuation point [.] that marks the end of a complete sentence, or of an abbreviated word.

7. (Math.) One of several similar sets of figures or terms usually marked by points or commas placed at regular intervals, as in numeration, in the extraction of roots, and in circulating decimals.

<page="1067"> Page 1067

8. (Med.) The time of the exacerbation and remission of a disease, or of the paroxysm and intermission.

9. (Mus.) A complete musical sentence.

The period , the present or current time, as distinguished from all other times.

Syn. -- Time; date; epoch; era; age; duration; limit; bound; end; conclusion; determination.

Period <Xpage=1067>

Pe"ri*od (?) , v. t. To put an end to. [Obs.]

Shak.

Period <Xpage=1067>

Pe"ri*od , v. i. To come to a period; to conclude. [Obs.] "You may period upon this, that," etc.

Felthman.

Periodate <Xpage=1067>

Per*i"o*date (?) , n. (Chem.) A salt of periodic acid.

Periodic <Xpage=1067>

Per`i*od"ic (?) , a. [Pref. per- + iodic .] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, the highest oxygen acid (HIO<?/) of iodine.

Periodic, Periodical <Xpage=1067>

Pe`ri*od"ic (?) , Pe`ri*od"ic*al (?) , a. [L. periodicus , Gr. <?/: cf. F. p\'82riodique .] 1. Of or pertaining to a period or periods, or to division by periods.

The periodical times of all the satellites. Sir J. Herschel.

2. Performed in a period, or regular revolution; proceeding in a series of successive circuits; as, the periodical motion of the planets round the sun .

3. Happening, by revolution, at a stated time; returning regularly, after a certain period of time; acting, happening, or appearing, at fixed intervals; recurring; as, periodical epidemics .

The periodic return of a plant's flowering. Henslow.

To influence opinion through the periodical press. Courthope.

4. (Rhet.) Of or pertaining to a period; constituting a complete sentence.

Periodic comet (Astron.) , a comet that moves about the sun in an elliptic orbit; a comet that has been seen at two of its approaches to the sun. -- Periodic function (Math.) , a function whose values recur at fixed intervals as the variable uniformly increases. The trigonomertic functions, as sin x , tan x , etc., are periodic functions. Exponential functions are also periodic, having an imaginary period, and the elliptic functions have not only a real but an imaginary period, and are hence called doubly periodic . -- Periodic law (Chem.) , the generalization that the properties of the chemical elements are periodic functions of their atomic wieghts. "In other words, if the elements are grouped in the order of their atomic weights, it will be found that nearly the same properties recur periodically throughout the entire series." The following tabular arrangement of the atomic weights shows the regular recurrence of groups (under I., II., III., IV., etc.), each consisting of members of the same natural family. The gaps in the table indicate the probable existence of unknown elements.

<-- only the first column of the table is entered here, remainder needs to be entered -->

TABLE OF THE PERIODIC LAW OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (The vertical columns contain the periodic groups) Series 1{ 2{ 3{ 4{ 5{ 6{ 7{ 8{ 9{ 10{ 11{ 12{ -------------------------------------------------------------- | I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. | RH4 RH3 RH3 RH | R2O RO R3O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 RO4 -------------------------------------------------------------- H 1

Li 7

Na 23

K 39

(Cu) 63

Rb 85.2

(Ag) (108)

Cs 133

(-)

(-)

(Au) (197)

(-)

&hand; A similar relation had been enunciated in a crude way by Newlands; but the law in its effective form was developed and elaborated by Mendelejeff, whence it is sometimes called Mendelejeff's law . Important extensions of it were also made by L. Meyer. By this means Mendelejeff predicted with remarkable accuracy the hypothetical elements ekaboron, ekaluminium, and ekasilicon, afterwards discovered and named respectively scandium, gallium, and germanium.

-- Periodic star (Astron.) , a variable star whose changes of brightness recur at fixed periods. -- Periodic time of a heavenly body (Astron.) , the time of a complete revolution of the body about the sun, or of a satellite about its primary.

Periodical <Xpage=1067>

Pe`ri*od"ic*al , n. A magazine or other publication which appears at stated or regular intervals.

Periodicalist <Xpage=1067>