CHAPTER III.

Character of later constitutional developments—greater importance of silent changes—growth of the unwritten _Constitution_ as distinguished from the written _Law_—Sir Robert Peel’s vote of want of confidence—its bearings—the growth of the Constitution implies the firm establishment of the Law—relations between the Crown, the Ministry, and the Parliament—indirect exercise of parliamentary power—origin of the Ministry—recent use of the word _Government_—causes and advantages of indirect parliamentary action—growth of professional lawyers—their influence on constitutional doctrines—their reasoning mainly sound, but their premisses commonly worthless—return of modern legislation to the earliest state of things—doctrine that Parliament expires by a demise of the Crown—an inference from the doctrine about the King’s writ—contrast with Old-English constitutional doctrines—doubts and difficulties which Old-English principles would have answered—case of 1399—deposition of Richard and election of Henry—legal subtleties about the character and continuance of the Parliament—case of 1660—question as to the continuance of the Long Parliament after the execution of Charles the First—question as to the nature and powers of the Convention Parliament—the Convention declared to be a Parliament by its own act—question of 1688-9—history of the second Convention Parliament—question as to the effects of Mary’s death—each of these acts a return to earlier doctrines—their value as possible precedents—modern legislation as to the demise of the Crown—Parliament no longer dissolved by it—Act of William the Third—Act of George the Third—Act of Victoria—reasonableness of this legislation—case of the _Folkland_ or public land—its gradual change into _Terra Regis_ or demesne land—the national revenue disposed of at the King’s pleasure—return to earlier doctrines in modern practice—case of the private estates of the King—dealt with in earlier times like any other estates—doctrine that the private estates of the King merged in the demesne of the Crown—return to ancient practice by modern legislation—other cases of return to ancient principles—history of the succession to the Crown—the Crown anciently elective—preference for members of the royal family—growth of the doctrine of hereditary right—treatment of the law of succession by lawyers—twofold election of the King—his ecclesiastical coronation—the ecclesiastical election survives the civil—state of the succession in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries—right of Parliament to dispose of the Crown—election of Henry the Eighth—settlement of the Crown by his will—usurpation of the Stewarts—their doctrine of divine right—the ancient right asserted by the election of William and Mary—the Crown made hereditary by the Act of Settlement—good side of hereditary succession in modern times—conclusion. _Pp._ 111-160

NOTES _Pp._ 161-230

THE GROWTH OF THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION FROM THE _EARLIEST TIMES_.