Part 10

"It is not strength that always wins, For wit doth strength excel,"

by playing on the passions and weaknesses of mankind, but in particular to hold up to scorn the immunity procured by professional religion, though it is fair to note that the Fox does not adopt a religious life because suited to his treacherous and deceitful character, but to conceal it. Thus so far as they elucidate the general "foxiness" of religious hypocrisy, the carvings and the epic illustrate the same theme, but it is evident that they embodied and developed already-existing popular recognition of the evil, each in its own way, and without special reference one to the other.

Situations of the Grotesque Ornament in Church Art.

The places chosen for the execution of the work which, by reason of its intention or its want of conformity with what we now consider a true taste in art, may be styled Grotesque, do not seem to be in any marked degree different from the situations selected for other ornamental work. It may, however, be permitted to glance at those situations, and enquire as to such comparisons as they afford, though the conclusions to be arrived at must necessarily be loose and general.

In Norman work the chief iconographical interest is to be found in the capitals of pilasters and pillars, for here is often told a story of some completeness. Other places are the arches, chiefly of doorways; bosses of groining, and the horizontal corners of pillar plinths; exteriorly, the gargoyles are most full of meaning, seconded by the corbels of the corbel-table. We may expect in Norman grotesque some reference to ancient mystics; the forms are bold and rugged, such appearance of delicacy as exists being attained by interlacing lines in conventional patterns, with, also, the effect of distance upon repeating ornament.

Transitional Norman retained all the characteristic ornament of the purer style, but with the development of Early English the grotesque for a time somewhat passed out of vogue, slight but eminently graceful modifications of the Corinthian acanthus supplying most of the places where strange beasts had formerly presented their bewildering shapes. It might not be impossible to connect this partial purification of ornament with a phase of church history.

But in some portions of structure, as the gargoyles, and in the woodwork of the choirs, the grotesque still held its own. As Early English grew distinctly into the Decorated, every available spot was enriched with carving. The collections (called "portfolios" elsewhere) of the old carvers would seem to have been ransacked and exhausted, all that had gone before receiving fresh rendering in wood and stone, while life and nature were now often called upon to furnish new material. The pointed arch remained, however, an undecorated sweep of mouldings, and the plinth corners were rarely touched; in fact there was here scarcely now the same squareness of space which before had asked for ornament. All the other places ornamented in Norman work were filled up in Decorated with the new designs of old subjects. The resting-places of ornament were multiplied; the dripstones of every kind of arch, and the capitals of every kind of pillar, whether in the arcading of the walls, the heaped-up richness of the reredos, or the single subject of the piscina, became nests of the grotesque. In a single group of sedilia all the architecture of a great cathedral may be seen in miniature, in arch, column, groined roof, boss, window-tracery, pinnacle, and finial, each part with its share of ornament, of grotesque. In the choirs the carvers had busied themselves with summoning odd forms from out the hard oak, till the croches or elbow-rests, the bench ends, the stall canopies, and below all, and above all, the misericordes, swarmed with all the ideas of Asia and Europe past and present. Musicians are everywhere, but most persistently on the intersections of the choir arches, and somewhat less so on those of the nave.

A favourite place for humourous figures was on the stone brackets or corbels which bear up timber roofs; examples are in the ape corbel in this article, and the responsible yet happy-looking saint at the end of the list of Contents.

When the Perpendicular style came with other arts from Italy, and the lavish spread of the Decorated was chastened and over-chastened into regularity, there came for the second or third time the same ideas from the never-dying mythologies, their concrete embodiments sometimes with eloquence rendered, nearly always with vigour. They came to the old places, but in most fulness to that most full place, the dark recess where lurks the misericorde.

Upon the whole it would appear that the grotesque, be it in the relics of a long-forgotten symbolism, in crude attempts at realism, or in the fantastic whimseys of irresponsibility, is chiefly met in the portions of the church where would occur, in the development of architecture, the problems and difficulties. They occur, so to speak, at the joints of construction. It may be that the pluteresques (grotesque and other ornaments made of metal) employed in many Spanish churches are to be accounted for in this way on the score of the facility of attachment. Where it may be questioned that the ornament was to conceal juncture, it is often to be acknowledged that it was to give external apparent lightness to masses which are in themselves joints or centres of weight. To conclude--to whatever extent we may carry our inquiries into the meaning of the grotesques in church art, we have in them undoubtedly objects whose associations are among the most ancient of the human race; whatever our opinion of their fitness for a place in the temple, it is plain that practically they could be nowhere else.

INDEX.

Index.

Abdominal Mask, 91

Abingdon, 18, 72, 218, and Preface

Aboo-Simbel Trinity, 177

Abydos Trinity, 177

Acanthus, 149-50, 214

Adam, 61, 62, 74; and Eve, 112, 120

Adam Clarke, 74

Adel, Yorkshire, 127

Adonai, 168

Adonis, 168

Adoration, the, 113-5

Ælian, 50

Æsculapius, 42

_Æsop's Fables_, 196

Africa, 66

Agni, 178

Aix-la-Chapelle, 46

Akori, 178

Alcock, Bishop, 10, 92, 173

Ale and the Alewife, 99-105

Alewife, 97

Alehouses, 99

Ale-taster, 100

Alexander, 71

Alexandria, 34

All Souls, Oxford, 71, 76, 104-5, 150-1

Alraun images, 28

Altar of the Sun, 37-39

Ambarvalia, 48

American Arms, 179

American-Indian mythology, 159

American-Indian Trinity, 177

Amman, Justus, 188

Ammon, 42, 72, 158

Amun-Ra, 177

_Ancient Mysteries described_, 180

Ancient Worships, 27-59, 64-77, 152-3, 157-168, 175-183

Angel Choir, Lincoln, 3, 9

Angel (coin), 47

Angels, 63

Animal Musicians, 152-6

Animal symbolism, 35

Anthony pig, the, 154

Anuka, 178

Archers, 205, 209-10

Ape, the, 59, 28-9, 145, 152, 156, 192-4, 198, 201, 203, 207-10, 214

Aphrodite, 168

Apocryphal New Testament, the, 60, 112

Apollo, 21, 46, 162, 165

April, 141

Apuleius, 41

Architectural Museum, Tufton Street, the, 12, 167, 169, 174

Arimanes, 176

Arles, the Council of, 29

Arma palantes, 173

Arthur, King, 69

Artistic quality of Church grotesques, 19-23, 61

_Art Journal, the_, 66

Asir, 45

Assyrian myth, 34, 157, 181

Assyrians, no record of their humour, 6

Astronomical symbols a source of Gothic design, 4, 27-8, 37-59, 73, 157-68, 177

Atahuata, 177

Aten, 168

Athor, 111, 157, 167, 177-8

Athyr, 167

Attic figurines, 28

Auckland Castle, 155

Augsburgh, (?) Council of, 30

"Auld Clootie," 70

"Auld Hornie," 70

Aurva, 53

Avarice, 87, 91-95

Averus (Horus), 50

Baalim, 28

Babylonian myth, 34

Bacon, 142, 154

Bacchus, 69, 73, 158

Backbiter, 82-84

Badger Grimbart, 189, 191-3

Bagpipes, 103, 152, 155

Ba-it, 178

Baker, 105

Bakewell, Derbyshire, 130-1

Baldini and Boticelli, 84

Baptism of John, the, 117-8

Barton, Lincs., 174

Basketsful of Children, 63

Bayle, a kind of dance, 147

Beakheads, 125-6

Bear Bruno, 190-3

Bear, the, 152-156

Beard, the, 72

Bedford, 175

_Beehive of the Romishe Church_, 180

Bellin the Ram, 192

Berkshire, 18, 72, 125, 129, 218

Bestiaries, the, 73

Beverley, Percy Shrine at, 3; Carvings at, 13, 39, 40, 54, 57, 63, 87, 112, 120-3, 130, 133-6, 144, 152, 154-5, 159, 173, 182, 195-6, 198-9, 201-2, 208-11

Bhu, 42

Bible (as Old and New Testaments), 176

Biblia Pauperum, 113

Birch, Dr., 158

Birds, 4, 9, 22, 38, 39

Bishop Foxes, 199, 203

Bishops Stortford, 109

Blashill, Mr. Thomas, 106

Bo, Bo-tree. Bod, Bog, Boggart, Boivani, Bolay, Boo, Bouders, Boudons, Boroon, Bormania, Borr, Borvo, Bouljanus, Brog, Bug, Bugbear, Buggaboo, Buka, 66, 69

Boar, 139-40, 152

Boar's Head, 69, 139

Bodleian Library, 16, 63

Bolton, Bishop, 173

Boston, Lincolnshire, 195, 196, 202, 208

Boutell, Rev. C., 25

Bow and arrow, 162-5

Boy (Bog), 69

Brahma, 178

Brahminic Trinity, 178

Breast, removal of, 165

Bridge, Kent, 75

Bridlington Priory Church, Yorks, 15, 210-1

Bristol, 196, 208

British Museum, 62

Bruno the Bear, 190-3

Buckle Mask, 125

Bull, the, 41-2, 72-3, 85, 88-9, 91, 159

Bur, 45

Byzantine ideas, 127

Byzantium, 35

Caimis, 50

_Calendarum Romanorum Magnum_, 141

Calf, 73

Cama, 50

Cambridge, 10, 92, 133

Cambridgeshire, 74

Candlemas, 42, 140

Canterbury, 139

Canting heraldry, 173

Caricature in part explained, 3

Carpenter, Mr. Edward, 186

Cartmel, 180, 196

Carvers, 9-18

Cat, the, 156, 189, 191, 209

Cat and Fiddle, the, 39-43

Cat-heads, 126

Caxton, 170, 188

Cedranus, 143-4

Centaur, 161-6

Cerealia, 48

Ceres, 72, 153, 158

Cestus, 165

Chairs, 141

Châlons, Council of, 143

Chandra, Chandri, 43

Cherubim, 73, 159, 161

Chester, 60, 77, 103, 207, 210

Chichester, 72, 75, 124, 141, 157, 181, 182, 203

Chiron the Centaur, 162

Chnoumis, 178

Chonso, 177

Christ, 30, 48, 60-62, 104, 114-20

Christchurch (Hants), 21, 33, 172, 184, 202

Christmas, 139-40, 144

_Chronicles, the Book of_, 176

Church symbolism, expediency, etc., 31

Ciaran (St.), 162

Clergy, the, 97, 111

Cneph, 177

Cock, the, 184, 197-8, 202-3

Compound Forms, 37, 111, 157-168

Coney, the, 193, 204-5

Conscience, 170-1

Constantinople, Council of, 30; Byzantium, 35

Continuous group, 149

Conventional form a matter of development, 3

Corinthian Acanthus, 149-50, 214

Corpus Christi Play, 142-3

_Cosmographiæ Universalis_, 172

Cotton MSS., 82, 147

Councils, Arles, 29; Augsburgh (?), 30; Constantinople, 30; Frankfurt, 30, 99; Narbonne, 30; Nicea, 30; Orleans, 29; Tours, 30; Nice, 36; Milan, 36

Coventry, 60, 142

Cow, the, 41

Creators, Mythological, 176-8

Crescent, the, 41, 42

Cripple, 145, 147

Crocodile, 44-5

Crórásura, 153

Cross, the, 43

Crow and his wife, the, 193, 204-5

Croziers, 198, 202

Crusaders, 47

Culham, Berkshire, 125

Cupid, 50, 51, 53-55

Dance, 40, 43, 144, 147

David, King, 62

Decorated Carvings, 214-217

Deer, 140

Definitions of the Grotesque, 5-8

De la Wich, Bishop, 181

Delft, 188

Derbyshire, 130-1

Design, Continuity of Gothic, 4

Detractors, 82-3

Devil and the Vices, the, 78-98

Devil, the, 47, 69, 70, 77, 103-5

Devils, 63, 119

Diana, 32, 40-43, 73

Diapason, the, 41

Dillin pig, the, 154

Disc of the Sun, 167-8

Distaff, 195

Dog, 5, 19, 21, 40, 42, 142, 159-60, 189

Domestic and Popular, the, 134-151

Donnington, Thomas (1520), 174

Dorchester Abbey, Oxon., 60, 64-5, 121-2, 133, 159-60

Dragons, 26, 37, 44-57, 60, 64-66, 84, 127, 165, 177, 211

Drake (dragon), 47

Druidical Tau, 43-4

Drum (Tabor), 97

Durer, Albert, 61

Durham, 155

Eagle, the, 22, 37, 148, 158-9, 202

Early English Carvings, 214

Eastern ideas, 9-10, 34-5

Eden, 73, 76

Edgeware, 102

Edward the Confessor, 9

Edward III., 17

Edward IV., 49

Egypt, 34, 43-45

Egyptians, little record of their humour, 6

Egyptian myth, etc., 34, 41-5, 47-8, 50-6, 157-8, 177-8

Egyptian Trinities, 177-8

Eicton, 177

Elephantine Trinity, 178

Ely, 74, 80-1, 84, 105, 166, 195-6

Equinoxes, the, 175

Eschol, 171

Esculapius, 178

Etchingham, 196

Evans, Mr. E. P., 35, 85

Evil, Images of, 1, 26, 33

Eve, 62, 74

Ewelme, Oxon., Carvings at, 1, 65, 67 (not Dorchester), 76, 127-8, 214

Exeter, 4, 39, 165, 168, 181

Ezekiel, 159

Fable, 186

Fafnir the Dragon, 46

Fairford, 195

Fairies, 66

Falx, the, 57

Farnsham, 65

Fates, the, 178

Fauns, 69

Faversham, Kent, 180, 195, 210

Feast of Fools, the, 143-7

Feathered Angels, 75-7

Fecundity, Goddess of, 66, 72

Fiddle, 40, 41, 153

Figurines as _lares_, 28

Finedon, Northamptonshire, 125

Fire, 178

Fish, 182

Flagellation, 134

Flanders, a church workshop, 9, 15

Flesh hook, 63, 87, 182

Fleur-de-lys, 39, 179

Flora, 158

Fools, 130

Fools, the Feast of, 143-7

Foreign carvers, 9-18

Fox, the, 58-9, 184-212

Fox and Grapes, the, 210

Fox and Stork, the, 210-1

France, 48

Frankfort, Council of, 30, 99

Fredegarius, 197

Freemasonry, 16, 17

French work for Saxons, 9

Frigga, 53

Freyr, 153

Furies, the, 178

Gallows, the, 207-9

Ganges, the, 172

Gargonilles, 46, 129

Gaul, 66

Gaul, Bishops of, 30

Gauri, 43

Gautier de Coinsi, 36

Gayton, Northants, 81, 86, 87

Geese, Reynard's theft of, etc., 191, 195, 198, 203

Gehul, 153

George IV., 17

German "teraphim," 28; paganism, 30

Germany, Bishops of, 30

Ghent, 188

Gild, continuity the explanation of continuity of design, 4, 35, 196 (_see_ Freemasonry)

Gilds, 70

Glasgow, 65, 66, 77

Gloucester, 195

Gluttony, 88

Goat, the, 69, 71-3, 187

Goethe, 189

Golden Bristle, 153

Gorgon, 127

Gothic ornament, uses of, etc., 2, 3; some characteristics of, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 19-23, 24-26, 35-39, 49, 54; not didactic, 24-26; situations of, 213, 218

Gouda, 188

Graces, the, 178

Gravio, Count, 30

Great Malvern, 172, 209

Grecian Trinity, 177

Greek wit, 6; star-worship, 28; myth, 34, 41, 177-8; art, 36-37; symbolism 74; dances, 147

Grimace-makers, 130, 133

Grimbart, the Badger, 189, 191-3

Grimm, 186

Gryphon, 125, 158

Guildford, Surrey, 117-8

Gullinbrusti, 153

Hades, 42, 161

Hænir, 177

Hak, 178

Hampshire, 21, 33, 172

Hanging of the Cat, 209

Hanging of the Fox, 207-8

Hare, the, 106-7, 182, 189, 192, 194, 203

Harleian MSS., 104

Harmachis, 158

Harp, the, 140-1, 153, 154, 155

Harpy, the, 4, 111, 166, 181

Hebrew Teraphim, 28

Hecate, 41, 42

Heliopolis, Trinity of, 178

Hell, 48, 84, 104

Hell's Mouth, 60-63, 103, 196

Hen, the, 195, 203

Henning the Cock, 190

Henry VI., 16, 62

Henry VII.'s Chapel, 10, 91, 95, 148, 156, 173

Henry VIII., 16, 49

Hera, 177

Heraldry, canting, 173

Heraldry and three-fold repetitions, 179

Hercules, 148, 177

Hereford, 195

Herodotus, 28, 50

Hertfordshire, 109

Het-her, 167

Hexagon, symbolic, 179

Hezekiah, 74

Hindoo myth, 28, 42-45, 50, 53, 153, 178

Hinge the Cat, 191

Hippocampus, Lincoln, 26

Hippo-centaurs, 161

Hobgoblins, 66

Hogarth, 20, 21

Holy Cross, Stratford-on-Avon, 60

Holy Trinity, Hull, 139-40

Holderness, 106

Homer, 160

Hone, 180

Hopton, 174

Horace, 157

Horns, 70; Horn, 73

Horse, the, 162, 139

Horse-leech, 110-1

Horus, 45, 48, 50-56, 57, 72, 177, 178

Hull, 10, 100, 139-40

Humour, of nations, 6, 7; defined, 20

Hunting, 140

Huntsman, 139

Husterlo, 192

Hypocrisy, 98

Ibis, 167

Iceland, 153

Idun, 76

Iffley, 49, 126, 162, 163

Imagery in Architecture and Language compared, 1-3

Impudence, 109

Indecency in church, 143-7, 150-1

India, 172

Indian mask, 123-4

Indian mythology, East, 66, 69, 178

Indian Trinity, American, 177

Indra, 178

Irenæus, 73

Irreverence in art explained in part, 8

_Isaiah_, 74

_Isengrinus_, 187

Isis, 41, 42, 45, 50, 177

Islip, Bishop, 173

Italian workers in England, 9, 10, 13

Italy, 41

Italy, Bishops of, 30

Janus, 180

Japanese (crocodile), 45

Jesus College, Cambridge, 92

Joke, the, 6

Jonah, 112-3, 197

Jörmungard, 45

Jove (Jupiter), 11

July, 183

Juno, 177

Jupiter, 21, 57, 148, 158, 177, 178, 181

Jurassic reptiles, 145

Keltic dragons, 49

Kent, 75, 180, 182

Khum, 178

King Arthur, 69

King Edward the Confessor, 9

King Edward III., 17

King Edward IV., 49

King George IV., 17

King Henry VI., 16, 62

King Henry VII., 147

King Henry VII. Chapel, 10, 173

King Henry VIII., 16, 49

King's College, Cambridge, 10, 133

Lampe the Hare, 192, 194

Lares, 43

Laughter of nations, 6-7; defined, 20

Lectern, 202

Leicester, 196

Leland, John, 16

Lemon, 139-40

Leo, 158

Leopard, The, 189

Lincoln Cathedral, 3, 9, 38, 51, 54, 63, 128, 133

Lincolnshire, 11, 174

Lind-drake, 47

Linden worm, 47

Linden tree, 47

Line of Beauty, 20

Lion, 5, 158, 183, 187, 189-90, 210-1, 215

Lioness, The, 193

Little-trust, Lettice, 101

Lodur, 177

Loki, 76, 77

Love, 53

Lubeck, 188

Lucifer, 53, 76

Ludlow, 99, 102, 103

Luna, 41, 43

Lunar calculations of Mosaic system, 176

Lunus, 43

Lydda, 47

Lynn, 11, 174

Macrobius, 32

Magdalen College, Oxford, 195

Magi, Adoration of the, 113-5

Maidstone, 182

Maimonides, the Rabbi, 27

Malepart, 190, 193

Malvern, Great, 172, 209

Manchester, 54, 55, 203-4, 195, 196

Mandragora images, 28

Mann, Mr. Robert, 66

Mant, 177

Mare and foal, the story of, 193

Mars, 21

Marks, sculptors', ignored; an example is on p. 103

Martinmas, 139, 154

Martin the Ape, 192-3

Mary, the Virgin, 34, 42, 82, 83

Masks and Faces, 121-133

Meaux Abbey, Yorkshire, 10

Memphis, Trinity of, 178

Mendes, 72

Mentu, 177

Merchant mark, 174

Mercury, 21, 49, 78, 153, 158, 167

Merenphtah, 178

Mermaid, 160

Messon, 177

Mexican myth, 157

Mice, 40, 43, 209

Michael Angelo, 10, 13

Midsummer Watch, 77

Milan, Council of, 36

Minerva, 21, 74, 177

Miracle Plays, 70

_Mirror of Human Salvation, the_, 113

Misericordes, 24-5, 181, 215, 217

Mithras, 176

Monstrosity, 147

Montflaucon, 197

Moon worship, 32, 40, 43

Morris Dance, 144, 147

Mosaic system, 31; Ark, 159, 175; not the original of pagan myth, 175-6

Moses, 62, 74, 175

Mouth of Hell, 60, 63

Mowers, 182

Mumming, 70, 168

Music, 140, 152

Monograms, 12

Mystery Plays, 32, 48, 70, 82, 103, 112, 142-3

Mythic origin of Church carvings, 34-59

Nachasch, 73

Nantwich, Cheshire, 196, 204-5, 208

Narbonne, the Council of, 30

Nebhetp, 178

Nefer-Atum, 178

Neptune, 21, 178

Nerites, 50

Nessus the Centaur, 162

New College, Oxford, 58-9, 81, 84-5, 98, 106, 149

Nice, 36

Nicea, the Council of, 30

_Nicodemus, the Gospel of_, 60

Nile, the River, 45, 71, 158

Nilus, 45, 158; St. Nilus, _see_ Saints

Nobodies, 171

Non-descripts, 169-172

Norfolk, 48, 75, 195

Norman carvings, 49, 125, 127, 129, 163, 211, 213; fonts 15

North Stoke, 119

Northamptonshire, 14, 22, 81, 84, 86-7, 101, 125

Norwich, 48, 75, 195

Notch-heads, 124-5

Nouvel the Lion, 189

_Numbers, the Book of_, 176

Nuns, 106-7

Nursery Rhymes, 39

Oak, the, 148, 181

Odin, 45, 53, 69, 177

Opas, 177

Orleans, the Council of, 143

Ornament, the use of Gothic, 2

Oromasdes, 176

Orus (_see_ Horus), 50, 72

Osiris, 41, 45, 50, 57, 158, 177

Otkon, 177

Ox, 71, 73, 160

Oxford, 58, 59, 71, 76, 81, 84, 85, 97, 104-6, 149, 151, 195

Oxfordshire, 49, 60, 64-5, 67, 105, 121-2, 133, 159

Paganism, ingrained among nations, 27

Pallas, 177

Palmer Fox, 58

Pan, 21, 72-3, 105

Pantheism, 32

Panther, the, 159

Paris, Paulin, 197

Parody, a characteristic of Greek wit, 7

Pátála, 42

Pastoral staves, 49

Pausanius, 44

Pegasus, 162

Pepin, 30

Percy Shrine, 3

Perpendicular Ornament, 217

Persephone, 41

Perseus, 46, 57

Persian Trinity, 176

Peterborough, 195

Philæan Trinity, 176

_Philippians, the Epistle to the_, 196

Phipson, Miss, 14, 109, and preface

Phyrric Dance, the, 147

_Picture Bible, the_, 113, 197

Pig and Whistle, 155, 156

Pig, and other Animal Musicians, the, 110, 152-6

Piggy-widdy, 154

_Pilgremage of the Sowle, the_, 170

Pipes, Double, 155

Planet symbols, 28

Plato, 28

Plutarch, 41

Pluteresques, 218

Pluto, 42, 177-8

_Poor Man's Bible, the_, 113, 197

Poppy, Assyrian, 182

Pottery, 35

Preaching Fox, the, 184, 196-204

Priapus, 73

Prideaux, Bishop, 30

Priest sleeping, 106, 110-1

Prosperine, 32, 41-2, 177

Protevan, 82

Psyche, 176

Pta, 177-8

Pulpits, 184, 197-8, 201

Puránas, 43

Python, the, 46

Ra, 168, 177

Rabbi Maimonides, 27

Ráhu, 44

Ram, the, 72, 187, 192

Ram Bellin, 192-3

Ram's Head, 19

Ram, the Hindoo deity, 28

Rebuses, 12, 173-4

Recording Imps, 78-9, 81, 84-5, 103

Red Sea, the, 50

_Reinche Bos_, 188

_Renart le Contrefet_, 188

_Reynard the Fox_, 184

_Reynard the Fox, the most delectable history of_, 188

Ripon, 5, 112-3, 124, 136-7, 155, 171, 195-8, 211

Rochester, 127

Rogation, 48

_Roman de Renart_, 188

Roman Trinity, 177

Roman, Wit bitter and low, 6-7; myth, 42-3

Roman work for Saxons, 9

Roscommon, the Poet, 157

Roslyn Chapel, 128-9

Rostock, 188

Rothwell, Northants, 84

Sabean Idolatry, 28

Sackville the Poet, 63

Sacred Marks, 103 (block), 179

Sæhrimnir, 153

Sagittarius, 162-5

Saints--Adrian, 99 Anthony, 154 Augustine, 31 Bartholomew's, Smithfield, 173 Bernard of Clairvaux, 23, 27, 36-7 Britius, 81 Ciaran, 162 Cross, Hospital of, Winchester, 100 George, 47-8, 57 George's Chapel, Windsor, 10, 167, 195-6, 203 Gertrude, 43 Helen's, Abingdon, 218 John, 49, 118 Katherine's, Regent's Park, 78, 81, 83, 86, 169 Keyne, 46 Lucy, 134-5 Luke, 73 Martha, 46 Michael, 47, 76 Martin's, Leicester, 196 Martin, 81 Mary's, Beverley, 123 (_see_ Beverley) Mary's, Faversham, 180 Mary's Minster, Thanet, 97, 122-3, 130-1, 195 Nessan, 162 Nicholas's, Lynn, 11-2, 174 Nicholas, 179 Nilus, 36 Paul's, Bedford, 175 Paul's, London, 32, 109 Peter's-in-the-East, Oxford, 126 Romain, 46

Salus, 178

Sambar, 50

Samson, 198

Sani, 53

Satan, 48, 62, 70, 104-6, 170

Satanic Representations, 64-77, 78-105

Sathanus, 170

Satire, 185

Satires without Satan, 106-11

Satyrs, 69

Saturn, 21, 57

Saturnalia, 143

Saxon work, 9

Scandinavian mythology, 45, 76, 153, 157; Trinity, 177

Scarabæus, 178

Scriptural Illustrations, 112-120

Scylla, 160

Scythes, 182

Sea-horse (hippocampus), 26

Seals, 8, and end of Index

September, 140, 154

Seraphim, 74

Serapis, 42

Serpent, the, 44-5, 60-1, 73-5, 77

Sex of the Moon, 43

Sheep, 72, 142

Shell, 50-1, 54-5, 57-9, 159

Shell Child, the, 50-9, 159

Shepherd, 72, 142

Sherborne, 134-5, 208

Shiva, 66

Sigurd, 46

Sin series of carvings, 78-111

Sirius, 42

Sismondi, 31

Sistrum, 41, 43

Situations of Church Grotesques, 213-8

Siva, 178

Slanderers, 82

Sledges, 63

Smu, 50

Snail, 57-8

Solomon, King, 62

Sources of material for Gothic grotesques, General, 4

Southleigh, 63

_Speculum Humanæ Salvationis_, 113

Sperke, John (1520), 174

Spinx, the, 158-9

Springs, 66

SS., the letter, and Collar of, 57

Stanford, Berkshire, 18

Star Worship, 27-8

Stars and Stripes, 179

Statute of Labourers, 17

Stoeffler, 141

Stowlangcroft, 196

Stratford-on-Avon, 60, 129

Suffolk, Duchess of (ob. 1475), 76

Sun, 167

Sun Feast, 153

Sun Worship, 32, 37, 42, 44-59, 71, 153, 158, 162, 175, 210-1

Superstition, Horn, 73

Supreme Intellect, the, 74

Surya, 53, 178

Sutton Courtney, 128-9

_Sutton-in-Holderness_, 106

Swan, 167

Swar, 42

Swathing of Infants, 114

Swarhánu, 53

Sweden, 153

Swine, Yorkshire, 106-7, 109, 129-30

Symbolism and Fable, 186

Symbols of worship a general source of Gothic ornament, 4, 27

Syderesys, 170

Syria, 47

Tabor (drum), 97

Tarasque, 46

Tau Cross, the, 34, 43-4

Taurus, 73

Telephorus, 178

Teraphim, 28

Teutonic appreciation of humour, 7

Thanet, Isle of, 97, 122, 130-1, 195

Theban Trinity, 177

Theophylact, 143

Thirlwall, 33

Thoth, 78, 167

Three, the number, 162 (_see_ Trinities)

Three branched rod, 103 (block), 162, 181-2

Time, Father, 57

Titian, 42

Topsey-turveyism, 149