Part II.

[528] Ibid. 220 seq. (full analysis of the speech). The original is printed in Edw. Brown’s Fascic. Rer. Expetend. (1695), Vol. II, under the title, _Defensorium Curatorum_. A short summary in old English will be found in Mon. Franc. II.

[529] Cf. statute of the University against ‘wax-doctors’ (A. D. 1358); Mun. Acad. 207-8; ‘Nam pomis et potu, ut populus fabulatur, puerulos ad religionem attrahunt et instigant;’ (from Richard de Bury’s Philobiblon), quoted on p. 42.

[530] Mun. Acad. 204.

[531] Wood, Annals, I, 475 (W. Folvyle, Cambridge Minorite); Twyne, MS. XXII, f. 103 c (W. Woodford). The Oxford Dominican (?) who writes under the pseudonym of Daw Topias says in answer to this accusation, ‘To tille folk to Godward, I holde it no theft.’ Polit. Poems, II, 83 (R.S.).

[532] Rolls of Parliament, Vol. II, p. 290.

[533] Rolls of Parliament, Vol. II, p. 290.

[534] Ibid. Vol. III, p. 502, § 62.

[535] Lechler, J. v. Wiclif, I, 319, 374, 585 seq.

[536] Ibid. 588.

[537] Twyne, MS. XXI, 502; from Woodford’s _Quaestiones de sacramento altaris contra Wyclefum_, qu. 63.

[538] ‘Quando concurrebam cum eo in lectura sententiarum.’ I do not know the precise meaning of the phrase: cf. Mun. Acad. 393, ‘Statutum est quod duo Magistri in theologia, si velint, possunt concurrere disputando.’

[539] See the curious account in the _Continuatio Eulogii Historiarum_ of the council of bishops and lords held at Westminster under the presidency of the Black Prince in 1374, the subject of discussion being the papal tribute. Four doctors of theology were present, namely, the Provincial of the Friars Preachers, J. Owtred, monk of Durham, an opponent of the friars (see MS. Ball. Coll. 149, ff. 63-5), J. Mardisle, Friar Minor, and an Austin Friar. The Archbishop said, ‘The pope is lord of all; we cannot refuse him this,’ ‘quod omnes praelati seriatim dixerunt.’ The Dominican refused to give an opinion, and suggested a hymn or mass. The monk used the old argument about the two swords. Mardisle promptly retorted with the text, ‘Put up again thy sword into his place,’ showing that the two swords did not mean spiritual and temporal power; ‘et quod Christus temporale dominium non habebat, nec Apostolis tradidit sed relinquere docuit;’ which he proved by a learned appeal to scripture, authorities, and history. The subsequent proceedings are very humorously told; Eulog. Hist. III, 337-8. Four Mendicant B.D.’s were, at John of Gaunt’s wish, present at Wiclif’s trial in 1377, to support him by argument in case of need. Lechler, I, 369, and note.

[540] Mun. Acad. p. 208. He is called merely ‘Frater Johannes ... Doctor,’ the surname and Order being omitted; but his ‘heresies’ are those of the Franciscans.

[541] Lechler, I, 586. Of the twelve doctors who condemned Wiclif’s doctrines at Oxford in 1381 (or beginning of 1382), six were Mendicants; Tyssyngton was the only Minorite. Wood, Annals, I, 499.

[542] These are clearly stated in his treatise ‘_De Blasphemia, contra Fratres_,’ Select English Works, III, 402 seq.; Trialogus, Lib. IV, cap. 27-32. Ibid. cap. 37, another charge is added, namely, the opposition offered by the friars to the ‘Poor Priests,’ of which Wiclif says: ‘Revera inter omnia peccata, quae unquam consideravi de fratribus, hoc mihi videtur esse sceleratissimum propter multa; emanavit enim integre ex unicordi consilio et consensu omnium horum fratrum.’ The ‘Poor Priests’ resembled the early Friars Minors in many points, e.g. as itinerant preachers: perhaps Wiclif, when organizing the former, was led to look more closely into the ideal which the latter professed to follow; and if so, he may well have been shocked at the contrast between that ideal and the reality. One change in the life of the friars--their gradual approximation to the seclusion of the older Orders, may be illustrated by two passages from Matthew Paris and Wiclif (allowance being made for the prejudices of the writers). The friars, says the Benedictine historian, ‘wandered through cities and villages,’ and ‘had the ocean for their cloister’ (Chron. Majora, V, 529). Wiclif attacks them for living ‘closed in a cloister,’ instead of going about among the people, ‘to whom thy maie most profite ghostlie ... Charitie showld drive Friars to come out amongst the people and leaue Caymes Castels that bin so needeless and chargeous to the people.’ (Two Short Treatises, &c., p. 21.)

[543] Select English Works, III, 424.

[544] Wyclif, Latin Works, _Sermones_, II, xlvii. Jusserand, _La Vie Nomade_, p. 186 seq.; Rogers’ Introd. to Gascoigne’s _Liber Veritatum_, p. 123.

[545] He accuses them, e.g. of ‘stinking covetise,’ of ‘simonie and foule marchandise;’ they are ‘worse enemies and sleers of man’s soule than is the cruel fende of hell by himself;’ some of them are ‘damned divels;’ Two Short Treatises, Select English Works, _passim_. Latin works, _Sermones_, II. Cf. Polit. Poems (Rolls Series), I, 266:

‘Ther shal no saule have rowme in helle Of frers ther is suche throng.’

[546] Two Short Treatises, cap. 48 (printed by Vaughan, p. 254).

[547] Polit. Poems, II, 49.

[548] Fascic. Zizan. 292-5: the letter is dated Oxford, ‘sub sigillo priorum et gardiani conventuum et ordinum praefatorum.’ The part which the Franciscans took in the peasant revolt still remains obscure. An undated letter of Richard II ‘to the Minister of the Friars Minors of Dorchester’ refers to an individual friar agitating among the labourers about this time; but whether before or after the rising I cannot say. The letter occurs in MS. Dd. III, 53, p. 97, in the Cambridge Public Library. ‘Nous auons entenduz coment votre Confrere et obedientier du dit ordre ffrere Johan Gorry (or Grey?) fait excitacion et maintenance a les cotagiers et autres tenauntz notre cher en dieu labbe de Midelton, laborers demorantz dedeinz la Seigneurie mesme labbe, de rebeller contre le dite Abbe leur seignur es choses queles ils sont tenuz et deuient fair a lui de reson selonc la forme de lestatut fait des laborers,’ &c.

[549] Fascic. Zizan. p. 305.

[550] Lyte, 264. A Latin version of the sermon is in Twyne, MS. IV, 172-4.

[551] Fascic. Zizan. 287.

[552] Fascic. Zizan. 298, 301, 311, &c.

[553] Lyte, 273; Wilkins, _Conc._ III, 172.

[554] Polit. Poems, I, 259.

[555] Fascic. Zizan. 343-357.

[556] Twyne, MS. Vol. II, f. 229, letter of Archbishop Arundel to John XXIII, dated Aug. 20 (1410?).

[557] Wood, Annals, I, 481.

[558] Mun. Acad. 289; the statute before it is dated 1431, that after it, 1432.

[559] Mun. Acad. 376; for other references see notice of William Russell in Part II.

[560] Wood, Annals, I, 572.

[561] Ibid. 638.

[562] Twyne, MS. XXIII, 188.

[563] Close Roll, 12 Ric. II, m. 42 (Appx. B).

[564] The _Continuatio Eulogii Historiarum_ gives the reasons alleged by two individual friars for their support of Richard:--(1) personal: ‘teneor sibi et tota parentela mea quia ipse promovit illam,’ p. 390; (2) legitimist standpoint: ‘electio nulla est, vivente possessore legitimo,’ p. 392.

[565] Eulog. Hist. III, 388 seq.; Stubbs, Const. Hist. III, 36.

[566] Eulog. Hist. III, 392.

[567] Stubbs, _ut supra_.

[568] Eulog. Hist. III, 391: it is mentioned with less detail in most of the chronicles of the time, e.g. Walsingham, Otterbourne. Adam of Usk’s account differs in some points; ‘undecim de ordine fratrum minorum in theologia doctores,’ &c., p. 82.

[569] Eulog. Hist. III, 391, where his defence before the King, or rather statement of his position, is given. Before his execution he preached on the text, ‘Into thy hands, Lord, I commend my spirit.’ ‘Et devote recommendavit omnes qui causa mortis suae erant;’ ibid. 393. His name is given by Wylie, _Henry IV_, Vol. I, p. 277. He was D.D. of Cambridge (Fascic. Zizan. 287) and perhaps had no further connexion with Oxford than that mentioned in the text.

[570] Nativitas (June 24) or Decollatio (Aug. 29)?

[571] Eulog. Hist. III, 394. The whole description of these events by the anonymous continuator of the _Eulogium_ is extremely graphic and powerful; his sympathies are strongly on the side of the rebels.

[572] Anal. Franc. II, 260.

[573] Ibid. 297; A. D. 1435: the Observants in answer to the reproach of the Conventuals ‘quod non haberent magistros in theologia nec vellent studere etc., dicebant, quod studere vellent et desiderarent, sed conqueri de hoc merito deberent, quod ipsi de communitate omnes conventus, in quibus habet Ordo studium generale, vellent ipsi habere et nullum Observantibus dare, nec ipsi vellent permittere, quod ibi promoverentur ad studia, sed promotiones darent illis de sua vita. Sed et propter innumerabiles dissolutiones, quae multo adhuc amplius vigent in conventibus studiorum generalium, sicut Parisius testatur locus, qui dicitur infernus, propter inhonestates tacendas, ne aures audientium tinnire contingeret, et propter exactiones pecuniarias ampliores quam apud saeculares, multaque alia tacenda; dicebant, se cum puritate regulae non posse ibi studere.’

[574] E. g. Gonsalvo of Portugal.

[575] The first according to Wadding (XIV, 252) was Greenwich, A. D. 1480.

[576] E. g. John Billing, Ralph Creswell.

[577] Mon. Franc. I, lxxi.

[578] Ibid. 8: ‘Unde accidit ut Frater Angnellus, cum Fratre Salomone, gardiano Londoniae, vellet audire compotum fratrum Londoniae, quantum sc. expendissent infra unum terminum anni, cumque audisset quod tam sumptuose processisset vel satis parca fratrum exhibitio, projecit omnes talias et rotulos, et percutiens seipsum in faciem, exclamavit, “Ay me captum!” et nunquam postea voluit audire compotum.’

[579] Acta Cur. Cancell. EEE, f. 124 b (2nd Sept. 1529), printed in Appx.

[580] Wadding (VI, 108) refers to the ‘tabula or index of the brethren who died there (Cologne) such as is kept commonly in the monasteries of the Order.’ See the curious necrology of the Observant Friars of Aberdeen, Mon. Franciscana, II, 123-140. Lansdowne MS. 963 is said to contain notes by Bishop Kennett, ‘ex obituario conventus Fratrum Minorum Guldefordiae, MS. Norwic. 671:’ it is really notes from the obituary of the Friars Preachers of Guildford, now in the University Library, Cambridge; MS. Ll. II, 9.

[581] Polit. Poems and Songs, &c., Vol. II, p. 24 (R.S.). Chaucer’s ‘Sompnoure’ offers an explanation of the disappearance of these ‘tables’ (Poet. Works, Vol. I, pp. 367-8: Bohn’s edition):--

‘His felaw had a staf typped with horn, A payr of tablis al of yvory, And a poyntel y-polischt fetisly, And wroot the names alway as he stood Of alle folk that gaf him eny good, Ascaunce that he wolde for hem preye.

* * * * *

And whan that he was out atte dore, anoon He planed out the names everychoon That he biforn had writen in his tablis.’

[582] Mon. Franc. II, preface, p. xxxi. Cf. Wills in Somerset House, Holder, fol. 4 (will of J. Tate); Logge, f. 121 (J. Benet); Polit. Poems and Songs, II, 29, 33; Wiclif, Two Short Treatises, &c. (Oxford, 1608), cap. 15.

[583] Wadding, V, 299-300.

[584] Some of those relating to the German provinces are given in Nicholas Glasberger’s Chronicle, Anal. Franc. II.

[585] Specimens will be found in Mon. Franc. II; Surtees, Hist. of Durham, Vol. I, p. 27; Archaeologia, XI, 85; Mullinger, Cambridge, Vol. I, p. 317, mentions a letter of fraternity of a somewhat different kind.

[586] Mon. Franc. I, 552; Appendix C.

[587] The deed of W. Wileford (Appx. A. 1) is not a Franciscan record, any more than the Public Records are. I have not been able to find the seal of the Oxford Minorites. It was attached to the original letter addressed by the four Mendicant Convents to John of Gaunt, a copy of which is printed in Fascic. Zizan. pp. 292-5. This is the only mention of the seal which I can recall. There are a few special references to Oxford in the decrees of the General Chapters; see Index, under Franciscan Order.

[588] See Testament of St. Francis: ‘Oure dyvyne servyce the clerkis saide as other clerkis.’ Mon. Franc. I, 564. An article in the Dominican statutes of 1228 (Dist. 1, n. 4) provides that ‘hours’ shall be said rapidly, ‘ne fratres devotionem amittant et eorum studium minime impediatur.’ Archiv für Litt. u. Kirch. Gesch., Vol. I, p. 189.

[589] Mon. Franc. I, 10-11; Bullarium Romanum, I, 250.

[590] Wiclif, Two Short Treatises, &c., p. 31: ‘and who can best rob the poore people by false begging and other deceipts shal have this Judas office.’

[591] Bullarium, ut supra. Constitutions of Martin V, cap. vi: ‘Item quod omnes fratres vadant pro eleemosyna confidenter juxta discretionem Praelati praecipientis, cujus arbitrio committimus discernendum, qui congrue mittendi sunt pro eleemosyna, vel qui non.’

[592] Wadding, IX, 438; complaint of the Minorites of Cambridge in 1395 that a house of the same Order at Ware was trespassing on their _limites_, and bull forbidding the same. Cf. Polit. Songs and Poems, &c., Vol. II, pp. 21, 78.

[593] In early days they carried the offerings themselves in their ‘caparones’ or under their arms. Mon. Franc. I, 10-11.

[594] Poet. Works, I, 382. This poem, though banished, owing to its coarseness in some parts, from polite society, contains a more lifelike and graphic description of the English mediaeval friar than is to be found elsewhere in literature.

[595] Ibid. 367.

[596] Burney, MS. 325, quoted above, p. 56, n. 2. Cf. Twyne, MS. IV, 173, sermon of N. Hereford in 1382: ‘Cum eorum limitatores satis mendicaverint pro sua communitate, statim mendicant iterum pro seipsis, et sic falsi pravi monstrant (se) esse apostatas et frangunt regulam,’ &c.

[597] Opera Ined. p. 16.

[598] _Familiares homines et pauperes_, prob. students or the common people (see ibid. Pref. xx): the word translated ‘friends’ above is _amici_. Cf. the frequent charges against the friars that they ‘devour poore men’s almes in wast, and feasting of Lordes and great men.’ Wiclif, Two Short Treatises, &c., p. 31; Polit. Poems and Songs, &c., II, p. 28; Peacock, Repressor, 550 (R.S.).

[599] Bull of Martin IV, Kal. Feb. A{o} 2, recited and confirmed by Martin V, Kal. Nov. A{o} 10. John XXII by his Bull ‘Ad Conditorem’ forbade the Franciscans to use the Bull of Martin IV without special license of the Pope; Martin V allowed them to use it ‘freely and lawfully.’

[600] Wadding, X, 130.

[601] Twyne, MS. XXIII, f. 266 (Oxf. City Archives): printed in Appendix B.

[602] He is not called ‘_frater_,’ but the omission of this word before ‘_minor_’ is not infrequent.

[603] e.g. Placita de Scaccario, 3 Hen. VII, m. 35; Acta Cur. Canc. ~F~, fol. 262 b.

[604] Placita de Scacc. 4 Hen. VII, m. 34 d: cf. Acta Cur. Canc. EEE, fol. 124 b; &c.

[605] Chapter House Books, A 3/11, fol. 31 b.

[606] Acta Cur. Canc. ~F~, ff. 5 b, 158 b, 159 b, 167, 200 b, 258 b; EEE, 72, 107, 183, 202, 238 b, 251 b, 257, 272 b, 273.

[607] ~F~, f. 159 b.

[608] Ibid. 160.

[609] EEE, fol. 107 a-b.

[610] EEE, fol. 257, action to recover debt.

[611] ~F~ fol. 167.

[612] EEE, fol. 183.

[613] On the same page occurs a ‘W. Gos conductor (ut asserit) stabuli cujusdam juxta collegium animarum.’

[614] EEE, fol. 239.

[615] Ibid. fol. 273.

[616] Ibid. fol. 272 b.

[617] Ibid. fol. 324 b-325.

[618] Denson refused to clear himself by compurgation and was sentenced to three days imprisonment (commuted to a payment of 10_s._ to the University) for his fornication, ‘to the terror of others.’

[619] And a more serious one against the Carmelites; EEE, fol. 249 b.

[620] EEE, fol. 230 (A. D. 1530).

[621] Ibid. fol. 238 b; in the margin occurs the entry, ‘ffryer Robert hora 1{a} xvi{o}’ (sc. die Septembris).

[622] Ibid. fol. 257.

[623] Ibid. fol. 271 b (11th May, 1534).

[624] From this point the entry is crossed out.

[625] Acta Cur. Canc. ~F~, f. 158 b, ‘Friar Brian and J. Loo, tactis evangeliis, swore that Brian had lent Garret Matthew 1 mark.’ EEE, f. 95 b.

[626] Cf. ~F~, f. 210, ‘Notandum quod magister Doctor Alyngdon, ord. frm. minorum promisit se soluturum W. Hows 11{s} 4{d},’ &c. (Cf. ibid. fol. 194 b: ‘gardianus ... obligavit se pro vicecustode domus sue quod dictus vicecustos restitueret Ric. Wynslo duas duodenas vasium electriorum 5 ly (?) platers and dyschys and 1 pece more.’)

[627] EEE, f. 161: ‘R. Roberts petiit ... xxv{s} sibi debitos ab eodem Roberto Puller fratre ex causa emptionis et vendicionis,’ &c.

[628] Ibid. f. 74 b (1528). Prob. the same as Friar Arthur above.

[629] Ibid. fol. 270 b-271 a (1534).

[630] Fleur de Lys, near Carfax: see Wood’s City of Oxford. Part of this entry is in Latin, part English, as often.

[631] e. g. Friar Nic. de Burgo. See Chap. iii, on the maintenance of the students. Wadding, IV, 255; VI, 8, on ‘personal annual incomes’ of friars. Bequests to individual friars sometimes occur.

[632] See Part II, N. de Burgo and J. Kynton.

[633] Acta Cur. Canc. ~F~, fol. 212 b; 197 b., 210.

[634] See his will in Appx. B. To receive annual rents from lands was declared illegal in 1302. Wadding, VI, 8. (Cf. Barth. of Pisa, _Liber Conform._ fol. 98.)

[635] Not Henry III, as often stated. This is conclusively proved by Pat. 1 Hen. VII, pt. 1, m. 4. One entry on this membrane mentions the grant of 25 marcs to the Friars Minors, Cambridge, originally made by Henry III, then follows an entry of the 27th Nov.: ‘Sciatis quod nos intelligentes qualiter dominus Edwardus primus post conquestum et alii progenitores nostri ... concesserint videlicet quilibet eorum tempore suo Gardiano et Conuentui fratrum minorum Oxonie quinquaginta marcas percipiendas annuatim ad Scaccarium suum, nos,’ &c. Cf. Pat. 1 Edw. II, pt. 1, m. 17, 1 Edw. IV, pt. 3, m. 25, &c.

[636] The grant is mentioned in the following records:--Exchequer Q. R. Wardrobe, 4/7 (17-18 Edward I); Patent Roll, 32 Edw. I, m. 13; Liberate Roll, 34 Edw. I, m. 1; Pat. 1 Edw. II, part 1, m. 17; Liberate Rolls, 8 Edw. II, m. 3 and 5; 9 Edw. II, m. 2; Treasury of the Receipt, 3/35 (16 Edward II); Liberate Rolls, 10, 11, and 12 Edw. III; Issue Roll of the Exchequer, 44 Edw. III, p. 78 (printed in 1835); Pat. 1 Ric. II, pt. 6, m. 21 (referring to Pat. 1 Edw. II, and 1 Edw. III); Pat. 1 Hen. IV, pt. 2, m. 21; Rolls of Parliament, Vol. IV, 195-6 (A. D. 1422, referring to the grant by Henry V); Pat. 31 Hen. VI, pt. 2, m. 32 (referring to Pat. 1 Hen. VI); Pat. 1 Edw. IV, pt. 3, m. 25; Pat. 17 Edw. IV, pt. 2, m. 28; Rolls of Parliament, Vol. V, 520, 597; Vol. VI, 90; Harl. MS. 433 (1 Ric. III); Pat. 1 Hen. VII, pt. 1, m. 4; Pat. 1 Hen. VIII, pt. 1, m. 7; Cromwell Corresp. 2nd series, Vol. XXIII, fol. 710 b.

[637] Regist. Palat. Dunelm. (ed. Hardy), Vol. II, p. 980 (11th Dec. anno 7).

[638] Ibid. p. 1065, ‘in partem cujusdem annuae eleemosynae, quam de nobis percipiant annuatim.’

[639] Ibid. pp. 1027-8. Cf. Stubbs, Constit. Hist. II, 130 (3rd edition).

[640] The Durham Register contains six writs on the subject.

[641] Ibid. p. 1085.

[642] Pat. 1 Hen. IV, pt. 2, m. 21.

[643] Pat. 31 Hen. VI, pt. 2, m. 32: ‘Que quidem littere nostre (Pat. of 10th Dec. A{o} 1) ... ratione cuiusdam actus in parliamento nostro sexto die Novembris anno regni nostri vicesimo octavo editi vacue existunt et adnullate.’ Stubbs, Const. Hist. III, 143, 150 (2nd edition).

[644] Pat. _ut supra_.

[645] Placita de Scaccario, 6 Edw. IV, m. 20.

[646] Ibid. 3 Hen. VII, m. 35.

[647] Ibid. m. 35 _in dorso_.

[648] Ibid. 4 Hen. VII, m. 34 _in dorso_.

[649] In the first three of these pleas, Jacobus Bartelet was attorney for the friars; in the fourth Ric. Salford appeared all through ‘in propria persona.’

[650] Twyne, MS. XXI, 812.

[651] Wood, MS. D 2, p. 344.

[652] Valor Ecclesiasticus, Vol. II, p. 191.

[653] Ibid. p. 223.

[654] Oxf. City Rec. Old White Book, fol. 55 b. The Warden of Merton says, ‘He died in 1351, it is said of the plague.’ Memorials of Merton Coll. (O. H. Soc.), p. 157.

[655] Acta Cur. Canc. ~F~, fol. 250 a.

[656] Ibid. 254 b.

[657] Some of the wills are not complete, e. g. those of Phil. Kemerdyn (1446), T. Cartwright (1532), and E. Standish (1533).

[658] As the Hustings Court was only concerned with freehold property in Oxford, it is rarely that the whole will is found in the Old White Book. About thirty date from 1348-9, but I do not think that any one of them is entire. Two Oxford wills of this date are among the ‘Early Lincoln Wills’ (p. 39), those of Ric. Cary and Alice his wife, but contain no bequests to the friars. This is perhaps the Ric. Cary who granted land to the Franciscans in 1319; his son, who died 1352, was old enough to make a will (Old White Book, f. 54).

[659] Cf. Mon. Franc. II, pp. xxvi-xxvii. ‘An analysis of a considerable number of wills ... from the Registers of the Norwich Consistory Court ..., shows that at a time when the Grey Friars were falling out of favour, every third will conveyed a gift to them.’ The wills proved in the court of the Archdeacon of Oxford (now under the care of Mr. Rodman at Somerset House) begin in 1529. Between 1529 and 1538 I found twenty-nine wills, in which the town of Oxford, or some person or persons resident in Oxford, are referred to; of these, thirteen contain bequests to friars, nine of them containing bequests to the Grey Friars, either alone or (more usually) in conjunction with other Orders. In the same register, out of forty-three wills, taken at random from the years 1529-30, 1534-5, five only contained bequests to friars, three of them mentioning the Minorites.

[660] Twyne, MS. XXIII, 89. His executors according to Twyne were the Chancellor and Dean (?) of Oxford; ‘sed probatum est illius testamentum ... per A. Archidiaconun Oxon;’ prob. Adam of St. Edmundsbury, who held the office of Archdeacon in 1223 and 1234.

[661] _Durham Wills_ (Surtees Soc.), Vol. I, p. 9.

[662] Wadding, IV, 240, quotes his will (dated 1264) from ‘Historia Guicenonii,’ Tom. 2, fol. 59 and 60-7, i.e. Samuel Guichenon.

[663] Twyne, MS. XXIII, 105.

[664] See abstract in Bp. Hobhouse’s Life of W. of Merton, p. 45.

[665] Hist. MSS. Commission, Report V, p. 560. ‘This Thomas Waldere,’ says Mr. Riley, ‘was probably the wealthiest man of his time in Wycombe.’

[666] Roman Transcripts at the Record Office, ‘Archivio Vaticano Armar. I, Capsula 9, Num. 9.’ Le Neve, Fasti, III, 159.

[667] Wood, MS. D. 2, p. 61 (Lincoln Coll. Archives).

[668] Sharpe’s Cal. of Wills proved in the Court of Hustings, London, Vol. I.

[669] Wood, MS. D. 2, p. 59 (Lincoln Coll. Archives).

[670] Wood-Clark, II, 388 note. Wood, MS. D. 2, p. 540.

[671] Lambeth Registers; Islip, fol. 105-106; proved in the court of the Archbishop in Oct., in that of the Bishop of Lincoln in Nov. 1354.

[672] Twyne, MS. XXIII, 68; he belonged to the parish of St. Mary Magdalen.

[673] Ibid. 758, ‘ex munimentis Coll. Merton, B 7. 13.’ Twyne says he was Mayor in 29 Edw. III; but J. de St. Frideswide was then Mayor, and J. de Bereford a leading burgess. Twyne, MSS. Vol. II, fol. 8.

[674] Nichols, ‘Royal and Noble Wills,’ pp. 46-7.

[675] Balliol Coll. Archives, B 17. 2.

[676] Norfolk Antiq. Miscell. Vol. I, p. 400 (Early Wills from the Norfolk Registry). Sharpe’s Cal. of Wills, &c., Vol. II, p. 205.

[677] Oxf. City Records, Old White Book, fol. 69 b.

[678] Ibid. fol. 71.

[679] Lambeth Registers; Arundel, Part I, fol. 155, where a memorandum is added to the effect that he was not buried at Oxford.

[680] Twyne, MSS. Vol. XXIII, 427.

[681] P.C.C. Rous, fol. 32 (at Somerset House).

[682] Register Arundel, Pt. I, fol. 198.

[683] A. Gibbons, ‘Early Lincoln Wills,’ p. 94 (from Burghersh’s Register).

[684] Ibid. p. 96.

[685] Regist. Arundel, Pt II, fol. 164 b: he was buried in the church of the Friars Preachers, at Oxford.

[686] Regist. Chichele, Pt. I, fol. 392 b.

[687] Ibid. fol. 425 b.

[688] Old White Book (Oxford), fol. 90.

[689] Mun. Acad. p. 543 (Acta Curiae Cancell.).

[690] Ibid. 557:. ‘pro refectione unius jentaculi sive coenae inter eos habenda,’ &c.

[691] Lambeth Registers; Stafford, fol. 162.

[692] P.C.C. Rous, fol. 129.

[693] Regist. Kempe, fol. 263 a-265 b; and Mun. Acad. 639-657.

[694] Early Lincoln Wills, p. 186.

[695] Acta Cur. Cancell. A a a, fol. 194 b.

[696] Ibid. fol. 213.

[697] Old White Book, fol. 125 b.

[698] Wood, MS. D. 2, p. 61 (Lincoln Coll. Archives).

[699] P.C.C. Wattys, fol. 174.

[700] _Testamenta Eboracensia_ (Surtees Soc.), Pt. III, p. 284. The will was proved at Oxford and York.

[701] Old White Book, fol. 135.

[702] Ibid. 136.

[703] Acta Cur. Cancell. ~D~, fol. 48 b. Memorials of Merton Coll., 238.

[704] Ibid. f. 61.

[705] Ibid. f. 209.

[706] Ibid. ~F~ f. 26.

[707] Acta Cur. Cancell. ~F~, f. 28.

[708] Ibid. f. 59.

[709] Ibid. fol. 96.

[710] P.C.C. Fetiplace, quire 1 (Shifford-on-Thames).

[711] Ibid.

[712] Ibid. qu. 2.

[713] Ibid. qu. 1-2: he bequeaths sheep to various parish churches.

[714] Ibid. qu. 7: Lambourn, Berks.

[715] P.C.C. Holder, qu. 2.

[716] Ibid. qu. 6.

[717] P.C.C. Maynwaryng, qu. 2.

[718] Ibid. qu. 24.

[719] Wood, MS. B 13, p. 14.

[720] P.C.C. Porch, qu. 9: see Appendix B.

[721] Ibid. qu. 19.

[722] Acta Cur. Canc. EEE, f. 283 a.

[723] Ibid. fol. 300 b.

[724] Oxf. Wills and Adminis. Series I, Vol. I, f. 2.

[725] Oxford Wills, Series I, Vol. I, fol. 18 b. He had land in Steeple Aston, Hooknorton, &c.: among his bequests are, ‘Item to our lady of pyte a shepe. Item to seynt Antony a shepe.’

[726] Ibid. f. 36 b.

[727] Ibid. fol. 58 b.

[728] Ibid. fol. 68 b. One of his sons was a canon of Osney.

[729] Ibid. fol. 103.

[730] P.C.C. Hogen, qu. 26. See notice of him in Part II.

[731] Prob. not ‘religious students.’

[732] Oxford Wills, ut supra, f. 119: no date is given; the will seems to have been proved in the early part of 1536; Sowche was an owner of pasture lands.

[733] Ibid. fol. 127.

[734] Wood, MS. D. 2, p. 613.

[735] Ibid. fol. 65. The overseer of the will was Dr. J. London, Warden of New College; the witnesses Alderman Banister and W. Plummer.

[736] Oxford Wills and Adminis. Series I, Vol. I, fol. 87 b: cf. ibid. fol. 5, &c.

[737] Wadding, Vol. V, 342-3 (privilege of Boniface VIII, 1295); Mon. Franc. II, Pref. p. xvii.

[738] Wadding, Vol. XVI, p. 134.

[739] Restricted by Constitutions of 1260; Archiv f. L. u. K. Gesch. VI, 92. Cf. Wiclif, Two Short Tracts, &c., p. 37: ‘The Friars suffren men to lie in sinne, fro yere to yere, for an annual rent.’

[740] Cf. Grey Friars at Cambridge, in Willis and Clark, Architect. Hist. II, 724.

[741] Cf. Chaucer’s Sompnour’s Tale. Forbidden 1260; Archiv f. L. u. K. Gesch. VI, 92.

[742] Acta Cur. Cancell. ~F~, fol. 135 b: ‘... Confessus est coram nobis Ric. Barlow quod debet magistris Gilde Sancte Marie in ecclesia fratrum minorum tresdecim nobilia que mutuo a predictis magistris recepit,’ &c.

[743] Mon. Franc. I. 541.

[744] Lyte 196, and note 1.

[745] Mon. Franc. II, preface.

[746] See their designations or surnames, of London, York, Nottingham, Hartlepool, &c.

[747] See e.g. John Cardmaker in Part II. The proselytising tendency has already been referred to. The number of ‘apostate’ friars must have been very considerable to judge from the frequent edicts against them.

[748] Cal. of State Papers, Hen. VIII, Vol. V, p. 607. Wadding, V, p. 139, Pope Martin IV was buried in a Franciscan habit, A. D. 1285. Cf. Ibid. XIV, p. 58; Polit. Poems and Songs (R.S.), II, 19, 32.

[749] The Franciscans still maintained a certain reputation as theologians: one of them was appointed each year to preach the University sermon on Ash-Wednesday; Acta Cur. Canc. ~F~, fol. 263 a, 264 a and b; EEE, fol. 362, 363, 366 b: the custom was probably of ancient origin. Cf. also the notice of John Kynton.

[750] Lyte, Oxford, p. 435.

[751] Calendar of State Papers, Hen. VIII, Vol. III, Nos. 929, 965. Cf. Seebohm’s Oxford Reformers, 326-7.

[752] See notices of R. Brynkley and N. de Burgo.

[753] Erasmus, Opera, III, 840: ‘Ego peperi ovum, Lutherus exclusit. Mirum vero dictum Minoritarum istorum magnaque et bona pulte dignum. Ego posui ovum gallinaceum, Lutherus exclusit pullum longe dissimillimum’ (quoted by Mullinger, Cambridge, I, 588, n. 2).

[754] Kynton, e. g., took part in the condemnation of Luther’s doctrines and books at the conference in London, April 21, 1521.

[755] See notices of John Rycks and Gregory Basset. Foxe (Acts and Monuments, IV, 642, A{o} 1531) says that Dr. Call, ‘by the word of God, through the means of Bilney’s doctrine and good life, whereof he had good experience, was somewhat reclaimed to the gospel’s side.’ William Call, D.D. of Cambridge, was at this time Provincial Minister of the English Franciscans. In this connexion attention may be drawn to the lectures on St. Paul’s epistles delivered by Minorites; see J. Porrett and W. Walker.

[756] See notices of E. Ryley, Gregory Basset.

[757] See Thomas Kirkham (?), R. Beste, John Joseph, Guy Etton, J. Cardmaker, R. Newman.

[758] One only, J. Cardmaker, appears to have been burnt.

[759] See E. Bricotte, J. Crayford, H. Glaseyere.

[760] Eulog. Hist. III, 337-8. See notice of J. Mardeslay.

[761] Cf. _Munimenta Academica_, p. 208. In this respect the Franciscans were at one with Marsiglio of Padua and Wiclif.

[762] Cal. of State Papers, Hen. VIII, Vol. II, Nos. 1313, 1314: Brewer, Henry VIII, I, 250-3. Cf. R. L. Poole’s Wycliffe, 32-3.

[763] Gasquet, Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, I, 215.

[764] Dixon, Church of England, I, 213; but see Gasquet, I, 248, note.

[765] Dixon, ibid.

[766] Wood, Annals, anno 1530.

[767] Lyte, Oxford, 475.

[768] Wood, Annals, anno 1530.

[769] Boase, Register, 128. Cal. of State Papers, Hen. VIII, Vol. IV, Nos. 1334, 6619; Vol. V, 623; cf. V, No. 593.

[770] Wood, Annals, sub anno 1530; Lyte, Oxford, 474.

[771] Wood, ibid.

[772] See notice of N. de Burgo in Part II.

[773] Wright, Suppression, p. 212 (Camden Soc.).

[774] ‘We have sett Dunce in Bocardo,’ &c. Wright, Suppression, p. 71 (quoted by Wood, Dixon, Lyte, Gasquet, &c.).

[775] Wright, ibid.

[776] Gasquet, I, 255. The articles and injunctions are printed in Wilkins, Concilia, III, 786, _seq._ They were drawn up with reference to the monks, not friars; but no distinction seems to have been made between the various classes of religious students at the Universities.

[777] Gasquet, I, 255-7.

[778] Wright, Suppression, 71.

[779] Of the nine Minorites (namely J. Tomsun, T. Tomsun, W. David, R. David, W. Browne, G. Etton, H. Glaseyere, J. Crayford, and H. Stretsham) who were admitted to opponency or to B.D. between 1534, when the troubles began, and July 1538, only one appears in the list of those desiring ‘capacities’ at the dissolution. Many brethren in other convents, and perhaps in this, fled to the Continent. Gasquet, II, 245-6. Cal. of State Papers, Hen. VIII, Vol. VII, Nos. 939, 1020.

[780] Cromwell Corresp. 2nd Series, Vol. XXIII, f. 711 a (J. London to T. Cromwell, Aug. 14).

[781] Cromwell Corresp. 2nd Series, Vol. XXIII, f. 709 a (J. London to T. Cromwell, Aug. 14).

[782] The White Friars had already sold an annuity and divided the proceeds among themselves. Ibid.

[783] Or ‘vow’?

[784] Ibid. f. 709 b.

[785] Ibid. f. 711 a.

[786] Chapter House Books, A 3/11, f. 29 (Rec. Off.).

[787] Mazer, a large drinking bowl (Skeat); ‘trees’ seems to mean merely wood.

[788] ‘Knob.’

[789] Cromwell Corresp. _ut supra_, fol. 710 b.

[790] Ibid. fol. 711 a.

[791] Wright, Suppression, p. 217.

[792] Warden of the Grey Friars.

[793] Chapter House Books, A 3/11, fol. 31 b.

[794] The request that he may live in Oxford, &c., is here inserted in Latin.

[795] Cromwell Corresp. _ut supra_, f. 710 b.

[796] Several words illegible in MS.

[797] W. Vavasour is I think the only Franciscan who studied at Oxford whose pension is recorded. Cf. Gasquet, II, 453-5.

[798] See Part II.

[799] Boase, Register, p. 222; Munk, Roll of the Royal College of Physicians, 2nd ed., Vol. I, p. 64. Oxf. Univ. Arch. Reg. I, 8, fol. 138b, 139, 139b, 190, 190b, 192b.

[800] Some dozen instances will be found in Part II; a few are rather doubtful.

[801] See J. Cardmaker, J. Crayford, Guy Etton.

[802] Private masses though declared to be meet and necessary and agreeable to God’s law, in the Six Articles, were no doubt falling into disfavour.

[803] Chapter House Books A 3/11, 9-10.

[804] Cromwell Corresp. 2nd series, Vol. XXIII, f. 710 a-b.

[805] Augmentation Office Miscell. Books, Enrolment of Leases, Vol. CCXII, fol. 195 (Record Office).

[806] Particulars for Grants, Augm. Office, 35 Hen. VIII, sec. 4 (Record Office). It is among the deeds relating to Richard Andrews, but there is nothing to show that he and Howe were at that time in any sense the ‘farmers’ of the property.

[807] Cf. Dixon, Church of England, II, 212.

[808] Pat. Roll, 36 Hen. VIII, Part 3, m. 37; Originalia Rolls, 36 Hen. VIII, Pt. 4; V, m. 12.

[809] Originalia, 36 Hen. VIII, Pt. 4, m. xl.

[810] Wood-Clark, II, 411.

[811] Ibid. I, 310, note.

[812] Wood-Clark, II, 361, 396, note.

[813] Wood-Peshall, Ancient and Present State, p. 270.

[814] Dugdale, Vol. VI, Part 3, p. 1529: Wood-Clark, II, 389.

[815] Wood-Clark, II, 411.

[816] Hearne’s Pref. to Otterbourne; Parkinson was the author of _Collectanea Anglo-Minoritica_.

[817] None of the printed books, so far as I know, contain any notice of the uses to which the materials of the Franciscan convent were put. Among MS. sources, I have examined the church-wardens’ accounts of Carfax (to which the Rector kindly gave me the fullest access). Wood MSS. C. 1, ‘ex archivis S. Petri de Bailly;’ and D. 2 (notes from parish archives). The early records of St. Ebbe’s and St. Giles’ are no longer to be found.

[818] Jessop, Coming of the Friars, p. 36.

[819] Mon. Franc. I, p. 6.

[820] Ibid. p. 10.

[821] Ibid. p. 21.

[822] Ibid. p. 27.

[823] Mon. Franc. I, p. 18.

[824] Ibid.

[825] Ibid. p. 30.

[826] When Eustace de Merc was warden, and Peter custodian.

[827] Ibid. p. 6. Phillipps, MS. 3119, fol. 71, contains the following note in an old hand (cf. Bale, Scriptores, II, 41): ‘Hic (W. de Esseby) aliquando temptatus a carne amputavit sibi genitalia zelo pudicicie; quo facto papam peciit et ab eo graviter correptus celebrandi divina meruit dispensacionem. Hic eciam Willelmus post multos annos quievit London.’

[828] Mon. Franc. I, p. 6.

[829] Ibid.

[830] Mon. Franc. I, 31, 43, 58, 61: see Part I, Chapter I.

[831] Mon. Franc. I, 52.

[832] Ibid. 53, 54.

[833] Ibid. 28.

[834] Ibid. 48-9.

[835] Ibid. 378.

[836] Ibid. 377, 56.

[837] Grostete, Epist. 334.

[838] Mon. Franc. 63, 308, 313: Grostete was at the Roman court at this time. Cologne was constituted a separate province in 1239. Anal. Franc. I, 290.

[839] Ibid. 71. For date, see W. of Nottingham.

[840] Ibid.: letter LXVIII.

[841] Mon. Franc. 64.

[842] Ibid. 63-4.

[843] Ibid. 537, 559.

[844] Ibid. 389.

[845] This is proved by Grostete’s Letters, No. cxiv. From a passage in a letter of Adam Marsh written at Lyons to the English Provincial, it would seem that Adam was at first accompanied by another ‘Friar J.’ and afterwards joined by J. de Stamford: ‘Rogo salutari obsequio meo carissimos patres, fratres Ric. de Wauz, J. de Stanford, reliquosque fratres socios sc. et filios vestros; in quorum, si placet, sanctis recordationibus me et fratrem J. renovare velitis in Domino.’ Mon. Franc. I, 378.

[846] Mon. Franc. I, 376-378.

[847] Grostete, Epist. p. 334.

[848] Mon. Franc. I, 71.

[849] Ibid. 338, 387.

[850] Ibid. 340.

[851] Ibid. 537, 559, 305.

[852] See Adam’s letters to him in Mon. Franc. I, p. 387, seq.

[853] Ibid. 305, 306.

[854] Ibid. 512.

[855] Dugdale Monast. VI, Pt. 3, p. 1522. Wadding says he became Archbishop of Dublin in 1284 (V, 134): this was J. of Sanford; Rymer, I, 655.

[856] Mon. Franc. I, 537; 42-43; 305, note.

[857] Letters CLXXVI and CCIII. Letter CLXXV was no doubt written to W. of Nottingham (P. of Tewkesbury being mentioned in it), but it is unsafe to ascribe the following letter to the same date. He is probably the warden referred to in Letter CC.

[858] Mon. Franc. I, 8.

[859] Ibid. 25.

[860] Ibid. 27. In Phillipps MS. fol. 74, is the note, ‘Iste frater Martinus (de Barton) obiit Northamton.’

[861] Appendix C.

[862] Wood-Clark, II, 387.

[863] Exchequer of Pleas; Plea Roll, 6 Edw. IV, m. 20 (cf. chapter VII); MS. Cotton Vitell. F xii, f. 289 b.

[864] Exchequer of Pleas, Plea Rolls, 3 Hen. VII, m. 35 (printed in App. B); 3 Hen. VII, m. 35, dorse; 4 Hen. VII, m. 17, dorse; 4 Hen. VII, m. 34, dorse.

[865] MS. Corp. Chr. Coll., Oxon, 227, fol. 46, contains _Antonii Andreae tractatus de tribus principiis naturalibus_: (In calce) scriptus per me fratrem Wyllelmum studentem Oxonie, a{o} incarnacionis Dom. 1419 [1491?]. Ibid. fol. 118 _Duns Scotus super Metheororum libros ires priores_: (In calce) ‘Expliciunt questiones ... scripte per manum fratris Wyllelmi Vavysur eiusdem ordinis, A. D. 1491.’ MS. 228 was also written by him in 1490.

[866] Wood, Fasti, p. 5.

[867] Cal. of State Papers, Hen. VIII, Vol. V, §§ 6, 18.

[868] Eighth Report of the Dep. Keeper, App. 2, under York.

[869] Misc. Books, Augment. Office, 233 (30-31 Hen. VIII), fol. 154 b.

[870] Acta Cur. Cancell. ~F~, fol. 53 b: in the margin he is called ‘custos fratrum Minorum.’

[871] Reg. G 6, fol. 55. He was still at Oxford in June 1509; Acta Cur. Cancell. ~F~, f. 92.

[872] MS. Cott. Vitell. F, XII, fol. 277 b. Mr. Brodrick seeks to identify Robert Burton, Fellow of Merton in 1480, Proctor in 1489, with the Minorite (Mem. of Merton Coll. 241); this seems to me more than doubtful.

[873] Acta Cur. Cancell. ~F~, fol. 194: see App. B.

[874] The series of graces, &c., relating to W. Goodfield is printed in App. D.

[875] Boase, Register, p. 298.

[876] MS. Cott. Vitell. F, XII, fol. 277: ‘frater Walterus Goodfield, S.T.P. et gardianus loci.’

[877] Ibid.

[878] Acta Cur. Cancell. ~F~, f. 212 b.

[879] Ibid. f. 261 b, 262 b.

[880] Ibid. EEE, f. 124 b. See App. B.

[881] Boase, Reg. p. 68. Reg. G 6, f. 220. Acta Cur. Cancell. EEE, 124 b. Reg. H 7, fol. 211 b.

[882] Reg. H. 7, fol. 185.

[883] Acta Cur. Cancell. EEE, fol. 393 b, 270 b.

[884] Reg. H. 7, f. 152 b, 153; Boase, Reg. 143.

[885] Reg. H. 7, fol. 257, 262 b.

[886] Ibid. fol. 263 b, 271 b; in the latter place he is called ‘pater edmundus Baskerfell frater ordinis minorum.’

[887] Foxe, V, p. 20: the Martyrologist calls him ‘an unlearned doctor.’

[888] Acta Cur. Cancell. EEE, fol. 173, 270, 322, 387, &c.

[889] See Part I, Chapter VII: Acta Cur. Cancell. EEE, f. 321 a, ‘Datum in edibus ffranciscanis,’ &c.

[890] Part I, Chapter VII.

[891] Acta Cur. Cancell. EEE, f. 336.

[892] Wright, Suppression, p. 217.

[893] Reliquary, Vol. XVIII, p. 21.

[894] See Part I, Chapter III. Eccleston begins the list with the words: ‘Ipsi vero inceperunt ut magistri.’

[895] Except perhaps Friar W. Lemster, but it is not certain to which Order he belonged; see notice of him, A. D. 1290.

[896] Trivet, Annals, p. 243.

[897] Roger Bacon calls Grostete Adam’s ‘master.’ Op. Ined. 187.

[898] Mon. Franc. I, 145, _ab annis juvenilibus_.

[899] Ibid. pref. lxxvii-lxxviii.

[900] Lanercost Chron. p. 58, where Adam after his death is said to have appeared to a friar and said it was well with him, ‘because I have escaped the judgment, but that cursed church which I held for three years nearly gave me over to damnation.’

[901] Close Roll, 10 Henry III, m. 6.

[902] Mon. Franc. I, 15: ‘fuit autem tunc socius Magistri Adae de Marisco et ad robas suas.’

[903] M. Paris, Chr. Maj. V, 619-20.

[904] Ibid. p. 16. The date of his entry must have been between 1226 (when he was _Magister_ not _Frater_, Close Roll, _ut supra_), and 1230. See Grostete’s Letters, pp. 17-21 written before 1231; and Wadding, II, 240. He probably entered the Order in 1227, or perhaps at the end of 1226. The entry on the Close Roll about the Bp. of Durham’s library is dated Worcester, Sept. 3. Canon Creighton puts the date of Adam’s entry into the Order ten years later. Dict. of Nat. Biogr.

[905] Wadding, II, 48. Evers, Analecta (Hist. of Friar Nic. Glasberger), p. 33. I have not been able to find any early authority for these statements. A letter from Adam to the Abbat of St. Andrew’s is extant. Mon. Franc. I, 206. The University of Vercelli was founded in 1228, and it is probably in this year, if at all, that Adam went there. Denifle, Die Universitäten des Mittelalters, I, 290.

[906] Wadding, II, 240-1. St. Anthony died 1231.

[907] The account in Eccleston refers to the deposition of Elias in 1239. Mon. Franc. I, 45-7.

[908] Cf. Trivet, Annals, p. 306.

[909] Mon. Franc. I, 135. Wood-Clark II, 364: Wood refers to Gascoigne, Liber Veritatum, I, 663: I have not seen the passage, which does not occur in the extracts edited by Hearne or Rogers; but Gascoigne cannot be regarded as an authority in this matter.

[910] Ibid. 232 (prob. Nov. 1252), 281, 335 (Jan. 1253), letter CXC was however probably written before this time, c. 1250, but I can find no other reference to either of the lawsuits mentioned there.

[911] Brewer in one place calls him Provincial of the Minorites (p. 613): this is a slip. Nor was he warden of the London convent; ‘Frater A. Gardianus Fratrum Minorum Londini’ (Mon. Franc. p. 181) was not A. de Marisco. See ibid. p. 396.

[912] Ibid. 49.

[913] Ibid. 77. Boniface was elected in 1240.

[914] Ibid. 355.

[915] Ibid. 414, seq.

[916] Ibid. 438-489.

[917] Ibid. 95, 609-612.

[918] Ibid. 342.

[919] Wadding, IV, _anno_ 1256.

[920] Mon. Franc. I, 139.

[921] Ibid. I, 99, 347.

[922] Grostete, Letters, 334.

[923] Cf. ibid. p. 302.

[924] Mon. Franc. I, p. 105.

[925] Ibid. p. 152.

[926] Ibid. p. 275.

[927] Lanercost Chron. p. 24.

[928] Ibid.

[929] Liberate Roll, 31 Hen. III, m. 4 (App. B).

[930] Ibid. 42 Hen. III, m. 3.

[931] Mon. Franc. 294, 295, 298, 299.

[932] Ibid. I, 264.

[933] Mon. Franc. I, 225, 264; and the long account of his trial, p. 122. Cf. Part I, p. 32.

[934] Ibid. 268, &c.

[935] Ibid. 266-7. A sentence at the end of the letter seems to refer to the defeat of St. Louis at Mansourah. Cf. pp. 278-9. (The translation is Brewer’s.)

[936] Ibid. 137, 244, 398. See also Brewer’s preface.

[937] Ibid. 305, 348, 367.

[938] Nic. Trivet, Annals, p. 243; Mon. Franc. I, p. 185.

[939] M. Paris, Chron. Majora, V, 619. Cf. Mon. Franc. I, 412.

[940] Mon. Franc. I, 305.

[941] Liberate Roll, 42 Hen. III, m. 3.

[942] W. of Worcester, _Itin._ p. 81, from Franciscan Martyrology of Salisbury.

[943] Lanerc. Chron. p. 58.

[944] Bale and Pits give lists of his works, but produce no authority. Leland states on the evidence of the _Catalogus de eruditis Franciscanis_, which he had seen in the Minorite convent at Oxford, that Adam wrote ‘a fair number of commentaries on Holy Scripture.’ One edition of Barth. of Pisa (Bononiae, 1620) mentions as his works, Elucidarium Scripturae, and Theological Lectures. This passage is not in the edition of 1510. It is not probable that the ‘Ordinances for the household of Bishop Grostete,’ or rather Grostete’s Rules for the Countess of Lincoln, are by Adam. Mon. Franc. I, 582. Royal Hist. Soc., _Walter of Henley_, pp. xlii, 122.

[945] Not his contemporaries, as Brewer states. I do not know when the title first originated.

[946] Chron. Majora, V, 619.

[947] Epist. Nos. XX and XCIX.

[948] Op. Ined. 70, 74-5, 88, 186, 428.

[949] Mon. Franc. I, 39, and n. 1. Cf. ibid. 542, ‘Rodulphus de Corbrug.’ Cf. Collect. Anglo-Minoritica, 48.

[950] The good effects of Eustace’s conversion were commented on by ‘Peter, minister of England,’ 1251-1256 (Mon. Franc. I, 40). But Eustace entered the Order during the ministry of W. of Nottingham. Two of the letters (Nos. 178 and 200) in which Adam Marsh mentions Eustace as a friar are addressed to ‘Friar W., minister of England,’ but several of these superscriptions are undoubtedly wrong and the rest consequently of little value. Letter 179, however, written at the same time as 178 and stating Eustace’s refusal to lecture at Norwich, is addressed to Robert of Thornham, who was then evidently custodian of Cambridge (Mon. Franc. I, 62). In a letter to W. of Nottingham (No. 173) Adam states that this Robert was just starting for the Holy Land, and as he certainly went (Mon. Franc. I, 62), there is no reason to suppose that he delayed long. What then is the date of letter 173? That the superscription is correct is shown by the mention in the letter of Peter, minister of Cologne, i.e. P. of Tewkesbury, William’s successor in England; Adam also mentions his regret at being unable to accompany Grostete to the Roman court owing to his having to assist the Archbishop of Canterbury. These details fix the date of Robert’s departure (or resolution to depart) to Palestine at 1250: thus letter 179 cannot have been written later than 1250, and Eustace must have entered the Order in that year at latest. He witnesses a charter as friar in 1251; Wood, MS. D 2, p. 537.

[951] Le Neve and others place his chancellorship in 1276; Eccleston certainly says _fuerat_. Mon. Franc. I, 39, note 2, 41; Phillipps, MS. fol. 76 a.

[952] Mon. Franc. I, pp. 319, 321.

[953] Ibid. p. 39.

[954] Ibid. p. 555.

[955] Mon. Franc. I, 378. Cf. p. 395 (letter to Th. of York, 1252?), ‘Mittit vobis frater Laurentius (Adam’s secretary) quaternos matris prophetiae (?) pro quibus misistis,’ &c.

[956] Ibid. p. 90-1. When John Erlandi became Bishop of Roskild, I do not know: he was translated to the Archbishopric of Lundia in 1254; Langebek, Script. rer. Dan. Vol. V, p. 583.

[957] Ibid. 114-5.

[958] Ibid. 392. In the same letter is the sentence: ‘Nuper mihi de curia Romana allatum est Apostolicae Sedis privilegium, pro quo laborare sui gratia voluit amantissimus frater J., domini papae nuntius.’ Cf. reference to the same on p. 313 (A. D. 1250).

[959] Mon. Franc. I, 357.

[960] Ibid. 338, 346.

[961] Part I, Chapter III.

[962] Ibid. 39: but see ibid. p. 552, ‘Notandum,’ &c.; the last words should be ‘et quintus ponitur frater T. de Eboraco.’

[963] Ibid. 555.

[964] Ibid. 357, 392-5.

[965] Ibid. 115. Cf. 393, ‘Bene fecistis ... qui pro patre secundum carnem dilecti fratris J. de Beverlaco in negotio suae salutis tam consultum vigilantiae fidelis adjutorium, nec non et in caeteris praesertim ad salutem animarum pertinentibus, tam exquisita circumspectione exhibere voluistis.’

[966] Leland, Scriptores, _sub nomine_; cf. Part I, p. 58.

[967] That Ric. Rufus and Ric. of Cornwall were one and the same is proved by Cotton MS. of Eccleston, f. 77, where ‘rufus’ is added in an old hand in the margin, and by Phillipps, MS. of Eccleston, fol. 76 a, ‘Ricardus Rufus Cornubiensis.’ Cf. Mon. Franc. I, 16. He is probably identical with ‘Ricardus le Ruys,’ whose commentary on the sentences Bale saw at Norwich, ‘in claustro monachorum.’ Script. II, 81.

[968] Mon. Franc. I, 16, 39.

[969] Phillipps, MS. 3119, f. 76 a. ‘Iste Ricardus veniens in Angliam narravit in capitulo Oxon’, quod, cum unus frater Parisius extasi staret, visum erat ei quod frater Egidius laicus sed contemplativus sedit in cathedra legens autenticas septem peticiones dominice oracionis cuius omnes auditores erant tamen fratres in ordine lectores. Intrans autem S. Franciscus primo siluit et postea sic clamavit, O quam verecundum est vobis quod talis frater laycus excedit vestra merita sursum in celo (?). Et quia inquid sciencia inflat, caritas autem edificat, plures sunt venerati fratres clerici ... in eterno regno dei.’ (MS. imperf.)

[970] Mon. Franc. I, 330, 365, 366.

[971] Ibid. 360, 365. In an agreement drawn up in 1252, after a quarrel between the Northerners and the Irish in Oxford, and signed by representatives of the two parties, the name of ‘Ricardus Cornubiensis’ appears among the Irishmen (Wood, Annals, 246). This was no doubt a namesake of the friar, who is often confused with the friar; he is mentioned in Grostete’s Epist. p. 138, Mon. Franc. I, 135, Le Neve, Fasti, II, 184, &c.

[972] Mon. Franc. I, 366.

[973] Ibid. 349.

[974] Ibid. 39. Bacon says, ‘solemniter legebat;’ see below.

[975] It may be considered certain that Thomas of York became lector in 1253 and that Richard succeeded him--whether immediately or not is a little doubtful; the Cotton MS. of Eccleston calls Richard _sextus_ (_lector_), instead of _quintus_.

[976] Royal MS. (Brit. Mus.) 7 F, VII, fol. 81; cf. Charles, Roger Bacon, 415; the MS. is very inaccurate, Charles still more so.

[977] _Auctorem_, not in MS.

[978] MS. _errorem_.

[979] Charles reads _priusquam_.

[980] MS. _legeret_.

[981] ‘Cui conversationis honestas et claritas scientiae, pietas affectionis et opinionis integritas, facultas erudiendi et disserendi subtilitas,’ &c. Mon. Franc. I, 365.

[982] Durham Wills (Surtees Soc.), Vol. I, pp. 10-11.

[983] Mon. Franc. I., 542.

[984] See notice of H. de Brisingham.

[985] Barth. of Pisa, Liber Conform. fol. 81.

[986] Wadding, IV, 325.

[987] Peckham’s Register, II, 421-2.

[988] Hist. Litt. de France, t. xxv, p. 178.

[989] This MS. belonged to the London Franciscans.

[990] Probably the _Summa_ of John Lector of Freiburg; see p. 150.

[991] Ascribed to Thomas Wallensis.

[992] Stated to have been composed at the request of _Episcopus Maglonensis_, i.e. Magalona, Narbonne.

[993] Mentioned again by Tanner, as a different work under the title, _De ordinatione universali_.

[994] i.e. _Breviloq. de IV virtutibus_.

[995] The name of the author is given in a hand considerably later than the MS.

[996] _Mémoires de l’Académie des inscriptions_, t. XXX, pp. 45-55: Peter was a Benedictine who lived and wrote at Avignon from 1320 to 1340. M. Hauréau has no doubt made out his case.

[997] Another handbook for confessors is occasionally found bound up with works of John Wallensis. See MSS. St. Omer 622, § 6, _Tract. de instructione confessorum_, and Charleville 113, § 2, _Libellus de modo audiendi confessiones_. Inc.: ‘Simpliciores et minus expertos confessores.’ It is by John Lector of Freiburg: MS. Mazarine 1322. Hist. Litt. xxv. 269.

[998] There is an error in Tanner’s extracts from Bury (p. xxxiii): ‘Quoniam misericordia’ given as the _incipit_ of _De disciplina_ belongs to the preceding work, _Compendiloquium_. Cf. Bale, MS. Seld. supra 64, fol. 83; Tanner, Bibl. 435.

[999] Royal MS. 3 B. XII (sec. xv): ‘Liber magistri Thome Gude, i.e. Boni, Doctoris sacre Theologie Oxonie et Ordinis Minorum, vocati Dockyng, eo quod natus fuit in villa vocata Dockyng.’

[1000] Mon. Franc. I, 359-360: the letter mentions ‘the irrevocable intention of Friar R. of Cornwall.’

[1001] Or 1265? See notices of H. of Brisingham and W. of Heddele.

[1002] App. C.

[1003] Hist. of Norfolk, IV, 111; no authority is given.

[1004] He is probably the ‘Bokkyng’ quoted by William of Ockham (Goldast, p. 957); and he is often referred to by Thomas Gascoigne.

[1005] At the end of this commentary: ‘Explicit lectura H. M. et d. Dockyng super Epistolam ad Ephesios.’

[1006] At the end of this MS. (sec. xv): ‘Explicit expositio ffratris Thome Dockyng super preceptis decalogi secundum formam textus deutronomii quinti.’ The same volume contains an anonymous treatise on the creed (‘de sufficientia articulorum in Simbolo,’ &c.: _Inc._ ‘Est quedam mensura fidei’), which Bale (MS. Seld. sup. 64, f. 177) carelessly identifies with Docking’s _Epos. decalogi_; and an anonymous treatise on the decalogue, which Tanner ascribes to Docking (_Inc._ ‘Si autem vis ad vitam ingredi’): cf. MS. Laud. Misc. 524, fol. 67 b (olim Laud. F. 12).

[1007] Tanner (Bibl. 230) mentions his _Correctiones in S. Scripturam_, ‘MS. olim in monast. Sion;’ and _Tabulam super Grammaticam Dokking_, MS. Linc. Cathed. Libr. F. 18.

[1008] Brewer’s reading ‘A. de Brisigham’ is incorrect: MSS. Cott. Nero, A IX, and Phillipps, 3119, f. 76.

[1009] MS. Laud. Misc. 2, fol. 159 b.

[1010] ‘Frater T. Brisigham, sed incepit Oxoniae, &c.’ Mon. Franc. I, 555.

[1011] Hist. of Norfolk, IV, p. 114. Cf. Bale, _Script._

[1012] Bale, _Script._ II, 93-4; MS. Seld. sup. 64, fol. 65 b; Wadding, _Script._ 166. This may equally well have been Henry de Apeltre, the twelfth lector.

[1013] Mon. Franc. I, 360.

[1014] Appendix C.

[1015] Lan. Chron. p. 81.

[1016] Mon. Franc. I, 537, 552, 555, 560. Blomefield, Norfolk, IV, 114. Charles, Roger Bacon, p. 24.

[1017] Leland, Script. p. 302.

[1018] Peckham, _Registrum_, p. 902: ‘in ipsius vicinia coaluimus a parvo, et ab ejusdem professoribus solatia recepimus et honores.’

[1019] Mon. Franc. I, 256. The date is uncertain. Adam Marsh describes him, ‘quem et honestior conversatio et litteratura provectior commendabiliter illustrant.’ For the spelling of the name, cf. Rymer’s Foed. I, 800, ‘Peschan.’

[1020] This is merely a deduction from the fact that Adam Marsh wrote about his entering the Order.

[1021] _Registrum_, p. 977. It is hardly necessary to add that he was not a student at Merton; as Archbishop, he was patron of the college; ibid. 123.

[1022] Mon. Franc. I, 537, 552. Trivet, Annales, p. 299.

[1023] Regist. p. 315.

[1024] Ibid. 866, 898. Henry of Ghent was also present; see his _Quodlibeta_, Quodl. II, quaest. ix.

[1025] Regist. III, xcvii, seq. (preface).

[1026] N. Trivet, p. 299.

[1027] Close Roll, 3 Edw. I, m. 18, dorse.

[1028] Mon. Franc. I, 537, 560. Mr. Martin says that Provincial Ministers were at this time appointed by the General: this was the case at first, but the custom was departed from as early as the time of William of Nottingham (1240). Mon. Franc. I, 59.

[1029] Mon. Franc. I, 560. Trivet, 299, Lanerc. Chron. 100; Denifle, I, 301, seq.

[1030] Lanercost Chron. 100, ‘post biennium.’ Nicholas III was elected Nov. 25, 1277; this leaves little more than a year before Peckham’s nomination to the Archiepiscopate; but it is not likely that he was made lector by John XXI. Le Neve, Fasti; Milman, VI, 410.

[1031] _Registrum_, pp. 210, 248.

[1032] Ibid. 715, 68-9, 38-9.

[1033] Lanerc. Chron. 144; Wadding, V, 53, 80: _Registrum_, I, pref. lx, xcix.

[1034] Mon. Franc. I, 537.

[1035] MS. Cott. Vitell. F, XII, f. 274.

[1036] Rymer, I, 800. An account of his bequests to Christ Church, Canterbury, will be found in the Public Library at Cambridge, MS. Ee, V, 31, f. 74 b.

[1037] Annales, p. 299.

[1038] Nicholas Glasberger says that he wrote a life of St. Anthony of Padua, ‘_miro stilo_,’ at the command of the Minister-General, Jerome of Ascoli. Anal. Franc. II, 91.

[1039] Mon. Franc. I, 552, 555. See H. de Brisingham, note 5. (Appletree in Derby, or in Northampton, or Appletree-Wick in Yorkshire?)

[1040] He may be the same as Robert de Sancta Cruce who went to the Minister General with a letter of recommendation from Adam Marsh (c. 1250?). Mon. Franc. I, 333.

[1041] Peckham, Reg. 117-8.

[1042] Mon. Franc. I, 537, 560.

[1043] Pat. 12 Edw. I, m. 9.

[1044] Peckham, Reg. 820.

[1045] Pat. 13 Edw. I, m. 27.

[1046] Peckham, Reg. 909.

[1047] Mon. Franc. I, 537, 560.

[1048] Mon. Franc. I, 552, 555, 560. Other variations are Merston (ibid. 537, and Assisi MS. 158, quest. 6) and Mirstun (Assisi MS. 158, quest. 134).

[1049] Assisi MS. 158, questions 6, 134, 144. Qu. 134 runs thus: ‘Disputacio Rogeri de Mirstun ordinis minorum.’ (Inc.) ‘Circa emanacionem eternam.’ (At end): ‘Ad (?) hanc questionem respondetur quod essencia est principium, quo sit omnis productio.’

[1050] Mon. Franc. I, 555: ‘incepit Oxoniae.’

[1051] Archiv f. Litt. u. K. Gesch. d. M. III, 459; cf. 413. Are any of his writings extant except the questions at Assisi?

[1052] Blomefield’s Norfolk, IV, 112.

[1053] Mon. Franc. I, 537.

[1054] Assisi MS. 158 twice mentions _Waker_, who may be this Wakerfield. Quest. 76, and at the end of the volume ‘Waker dis(putavit) R(espondit) Penn(ard).’

[1055] Appendix C.

[1056] In Devon’s Exchequer Issue Rolls, Hen. III-Hen. VI, p. 114, there is mention of ‘Master Nicholas de Ocham,’ 30 Edw. I.

[1057] Assisi MS. 158, questions 161-3, 165 (of considerable length), 123, ‘questio in vesperiis de Hotham’; and near the end of the volume, ‘questio Hotham in vesperiis cnol (?) Oxon. Respondit persel.’ The last letter in the name ‘Cnol’ is uncertain; but it is probably Walter de Knolle, Ocham’s successor at Oxford. Cf. H. de Hertepol and J. de Persora below.

[1058] Tanner, Bibl. 556.

[1059] Wadding, Sup. ad Script. 563.

[1060] Mon. Franc. I, 552, 556.

[1061] Savage, Balliofergus, p. 15.

[1062] In MS. 158 at Assisi. See Part I, Chapter III.

[1063] Ibid. quest. 185.

[1064] Q. R. Wardr. 8/2 (R.O.), this refutes the statement in Collect. Angl. Min. that he was unanimously elected in 1300.

[1065] Wood, MS. F, 29 a, fol. 178.

[1066] Q. R. Wardr. 13/35, m. 1. Cf. Rymer’s Foed. I, 936.

[1067] Almain Roll. 30 Edw. I (R.O.). Cf. Mon. Franc. I, 514 (1302).

[1068] Rodulphus, quoted by Wadding, Script. 360.

[1069] Mon. Franc. I, 537. The author of ‘Collis Paradisi’ (?) however quotes the following epitaph: ‘Hic jacet Fr. Hugo de Hergilpol Anglicus Mag. in S. T. quondam Minister Angliae, qui obiit III id. Septembris A. D. MCCC seđo. Orate pro anima ejus.’ Wadding, ibid. The General Chapter met at Assisi in 1304, Archiv f. L. u. K. Gesch. VI, 67. Hugh was appointed ambassador to Rome, Sept. 9, 1302.

[1070] Bale, _Script._, I. 413; Leland, _Script._, 326; J. Picus Mirand., _Opera Omnia_ (Basel, 1572), Tom. I. _Contra Astrol._, Book XII.

[1071] Wood-Clark, II, 371. Memorials of Merton Coll. 185, n. 1.

[1072] ‘Fratri Barnabe Magistro fratrum Minorum;’ the rest of the passage is worn away: Q. R. Wardrobe, 25/1 (R.O.). The note in MS. Merton Coll. 55, f. 261, ‘memoriale fratris Thome de Barneby pro 14 solidis,’ is of the fifteenth century.

[1073] Mon. Franc. I, 537, 560.

[1074] See notice of Richard Conyngton.

[1075] Wilkins, Concilia, II, 399.

[1076] Mon. Franc. I, 537.

[1077] Geynysborough, Geynisborn, Geinesburgh, &c.

[1078] Mon. Franc. I, 553, ‘qui primus (prius?) fuerat minister.’ This was by no means unprecedented; Anal. Franc. I, 16: ‘Minister Generalis ... absolvit fratrem Simonem a ministerio Theutoniae et lectorem instituit.’ Cf. instances among the Dominicans, Martene, Thes. Nov. Anecd. IV, pp. 1791, 1822.

[1079] Peckham, Regist. 909. Mon. Franc. I, 537, 560. Cf. Chapter House Records (R.O.), A 1/22, p. 61: ‘fratri Willelmo de Geynesburg’ ministro fratrum minorum in Anglia revertenti in Angliam de Burdeg’ ad expensas suas ... de dono Regis lxvi{s} viii{d} sterl’;’ May 13 (1287 ?).

[1080] Trivet, Annales, 331.

[1081] Queen’s Remembr. Wardrobe, 8/2, m. 1 (R.O.).

[1082] ‘Wardrobe Account 28 Edw. I,’ ed. Topham, p. 164. Mon. Franc. I, 537, 553, 560, ‘qui in curia Romana legit cursorie et ordinarie.’ Lanerc. Chron. says he was called to the Curia to read theology ‘coram cardinalibus,’ p. 194.

[1083] ‘Wardrobe Account,’ _ut supra_ (May, 1300).

[1084] Lanerc. Chron. 194; cf. date of his appointment to Worcester.

[1085] Almain Roll, 28 Edw. I (R.O.).

[1086] Ibid. 30 Edw. I.

[1087] Le Neve, Fasti, III, 53. Annal. Monast. IV, 554, 555. For a full account of the inthronization, see Thomas, Survey of Worcester, App. No. 76.

[1088] Pat. Roll, in Le Neve, III, 53, n. 96. Cf. Stubbs, Const. Hist. III, 308-9.

[1089] Thomas, Survey, App. No. 77; cf. Ann. Monast. IV, 556.

[1090] Cf. Rymer’s Foed. I, p. 979.

[1091] Lanerc. Chron. 206.

[1092] Rymer’s Foed. I, 1012; Lanerc. Chron. 210.

[1093] Rot. Rom. I Edw. II, m. 10 (Le Neve); Thomas, Survey, App. No. 78.

[1094] Thomas, ibid.

[1095] Lanerc. Chron. 210.

[1096] Mon. Franc. I, 537, 553.

[1097] Assisi MS. 158, quest. 119: ‘Disputavit Gilbertus (Stratton?); Respondit Rundel minor.’

[1098] Phillipps MS. 3119, fol. 76, ‘qui legerat sentencias Parisius.’

[1099] Wilkins, Concil. II, 336, 337, &c.; cf. 370, ‘presentibus magistris minorum et predicatorum, gardiano minorum,’ &c.

[1100] Mon. Franc. I, 553.

[1101] Phillipps MS., _ut supra_.

[1102] Wood MS. F, 29 a, f. 178.

[1103] Mon. Franc. I, 556.

[1104] Pat. 14 Edw. II, m. 9.

[1105] ‘In festo Epiphanie; Minorum; Houdene.’ The MS. dates from the latter part of the 14th cent., but we may without much hesitation identify ‘Houdene’ with Adam of Hoveden, as the other preachers mentioned belong to the end of the 13th century, e.g. Henry de Sutton, friar minor, Symon de Gandavo, Chancellor (Oxford), &c.

[1106] Wood MS. F, 29 a, f. 178.

[1107] Assisi MS. 158, quest. 179. Ric. de Hederington succeeded to the prebend of Ailesbury in 1290. Le Neve, II, 95.

[1108] Brewer’s reading Haldeswel is wrong. The Phillipps MS. also reads Baldeswelle.

[1109] Wood MS., _ut supra_.

[1110] Wood MS., _ut supra_.

[1111] Archiv f. Litt. u. Kirch. Gesch. II, 361; III, 39; IV, 28 seq.

[1112] Script. cent. V, 26.

[1113] See above.

[1114] Mon. Franc. I, 556.

[1115] Ibid. 538, 560. Reports of Hist. MSS. Commission, IV, 393 a, letter of Gonsalvo, Minister General to ‘Friar R. minister of England,’ 1310.

[1116] Archiv f. Litt. u. K. Gesch. II, 356; III, 39; Wadding, VI, 171.

[1117] Mon. Franc. I, 538, 553. Bale gives 1330 as the date of his death.

[1118] Leland, Script. 331; Bale, I, 404.

[1119] Wadding, VII, 168.

[1120] MS. Bodl., Seld. supra 64, fol. 160.

[1121] Wood MS., _ut supra_; Wilkins’ Concilia, II, 399; Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition, III, 301.

[1122] Mon. Franc. I, 553. Cf. Digby MS. 154, f. 37 (sec. xiii, xiv); Letters of Friars P. de S. and others, to Roger de Merlawe, c. 1290-1300 (v. ibid. f. 38).

[1123] MS. Cott. Nero, A, IX.

[1124] MS. Phillipps, 3119; Brewer’s ‘Rockysley’ is a mistake.

[1125] Mon. Franc. I, 553.

[1126] Wood MS. F, 29 a, &c.

[1127] Twyne, MS. III, 327 (Acta fratrum Praedicatorum). ‘Item Fratri Henrico Croy conventus fratrum Praedicatorum antedicti, Baculario Sacrae Theologiae pro Inceptione in Theologia se disponenti responsiones ad hoc secundum statuta Universitatis praedictae necessario requisitae per magistrum Willelmum de Schireburn magistrum Fratrum Minorum et alios etiam magistros prius concessae, de ordinatione ipsorum Cancellarii et Procuratorum ac quorundam aliorum magistrorum, sunt penitus denegatae.’ (Oxf. Hist. Soc. Collectanea, II, 241.)

[1128] Tanner, Bibl. 668. Harl. MS. 5398 (§ 3) contains a Sermon attributed to John Schyrborn.

[1129] Mon. Franc. I, 70, 538.

[1130] Ball. Coll. MS. 33.

[1131] Merton Coll. MSS. 166, 168, 169, 170, 158.

[1132] Mon. Franc. I, 538, 560.

[1133] Wadding, VI, 396-7: he confuses William Provincial of England with William of Ockham; VII, _sub anno_ 1323.

[1134] MS. Seld. sup. 64, fol. 215.

[1135] Mon. Franc. I, 538.

[1136] Mun. Acad. p. 100.

[1137] Annals, _sub anno_ 1270; elsewhere Wood calls him John Middleton, Minorite, ibid. p. 386.

[1138] Script. Brit. I, 365.

[1139] Bibl. p. 778.

[1140] I have not found this reference; Baconthorpe’s commentaries on Sentences I and II fill a folio volume of 378 leaves (Milan, 1510).

[1141] According to the Old Catalogue, MS. Bodl. 783 contains a treatise by a John Wylton (the monk of Westminster?); the entry is erroneous; the MS. (now Laud. Misc. 677) contains nothing about John Wylton.

[1142] Mon. Franc. I, 553.

[1143] Wood MS., _ut supra_. Another William of Alnwick was bishop of Norwich and Lincoln in the fifteenth century.

[1144] Mon. Franc. I, 553: ‘postea apud Montem Bononiae Neapoli legit; demum Episcopus.’

[1145] Wadding, VI, 396; Anal. Franc. II, 129: ‘Hugo de Novo Castro et Gulielmus de Almuchia, sacrae theologiae doctores.’

[1146] Wadding, VII, 112, 169, ‘ex Regest. Rob. Regis Siciliae.’

[1147] Bale and Pits.

[1148] Lib. Conform. f. 81 b, ‘Almoith.’

[1149] MS. Harl. 31, f. 96 b.

[1150] Tanner, Bibl. 354, says his commentaries on the Sentences ‘extant impr.... Lip.’ (?)

[1151] P. 135, a curious story about the Jews at Paris; ‘frater W. Herbert, qui vidit,’ &c.

[1152] Bernard’s Catalogues, Tom. II, no. 9159: Phillipps Catal. No. 8336; the same volume contains some works of Friar Nicholas Bozon (‘Boioun’). I have not had an opportunity of examining these works of Herbert’s, which are probably of some value.

[1153] Not mentioned in the Phillipps Catalogue.

[1154] _Inc._: ‘Ha troe yat art so vayr y kud;’ Phill. Catal.

[1155] Mon. Franc. I, 553.

[1156] Ibid. 554.

[1157] Ibid.

[1158] MS. Digby, 212, f. 2.

[1159] Hist. MSS. Commission, Report IV, 443 (deed in Ball. Coll. Archives).

[1160] Hist. MSS. Commission, Report IV, 443 (deed in Ball. Coll. Archives).

[1161] Leland’s authority was probably the Catalogue of Franciscan writers in which R. of Leicester was mentioned: ‘colligo hunc (Robertum) fuisse Guil. Hereberti synchronium, instructus serie Catalogi _De Scriptoribus Franciscanis_, editi;’ _Scriptores_, p. 304.

[1162] A monk of this name is mentioned in MS. 24 of Corp. Chr. Coll. Cambridge, A. D. 1348.

[1163] Chtantton (_sic_) in MS. Nero A, IX; omitted in Phillipps MS. The name is given in a variety of forms: Certhanton or Certanton (Wood), Southampton (Brewer), Catton, Gathon, Chattodunus (Leland), Ceton, Cepton, Tepton (Barth. of Pisa, Pits, &c.), Schaton (N. Glasberger, Analecta Francisc. II, 166), Canton (‘Chronologia historico-legalis seraphici Ordinis Fratrum Minorum,’ Neapoli, 1650; quoted ibid. note 5), Chvaton (Baronius-Raynaldus).

[1164] Twyne, MS. XXIII, 488, from the Oxford City Records; cf. Part I, ch. iv.

[1165] Blomefield, Hist, of Norfolk, IV, p. 112. There is a Catton near Norwich.

[1166] Baronius-Raynaldus, Ann. Ecclesiast. Vol. XXV, p. 92; Anal. Franc. II, p. 166.

[1167] Script. Brit. I, 420.

[1168] Liber Conformitatum, f. 81 b; Defensorium, cap. 62 (Twyne, MS. XXII, 103 c).

[1169] Woodford refers to ‘Chatone’s’ commentaries on the Sentences; MS. Harl. 31, ff. 61, 96.

[1170] Script. I, p. 409.

[1171] Cf. MS. Seld. sup. 64, f. 75.

[1172] Tanner, Bibl. p. 473: ‘MS. olim in bibl. Sion.’ The work is however printed and ascribed to Laurence Valla (see Panzer, Ann. Typ.).

[1173] Archiv f. Litt. u. Kirch. Gesch. II, 171.

[1174] Fratini, _Storia ... del Convento di S. Francesco in Assisi_ (Prato, 1882), p. 205.

[1175] Mon. Franc. I, 560; Tanner, Bibl. 638.

[1176] Mon. Franc. I, 554, 560, 538. Cf. John Major, Gesta Scotorum, I, cap. 5.

[1177] Mon. Franc. I, 538, 554.

[1178] Ibid. 538.

[1179] Ibid.

[1180] Willott, Athenae, pp. 237-8. According to Sbaralea, the _Thesaurus_ was approved in 1503, parts were printed at Milan in 1506, and the entire work was preserved in the Franciscan Library at Assisi; Wadding, Sup. ad Script. p. 451.

[1181] The ‘G’ is certainly wrong; the initial ‘T’ is inserted in a later hand in Cott. MS. The name is doubtful; MS. reads Stanscħ or Stanftħ.

[1182] Tanner, Bibl. 691.

[1183] MS. Seld. supra 64, fol. 175; Script. I, 427-8.

[1184] MS. and Script. _ut supra_.

[1185] Barth. of Pisa, Liber Conformitatum, f. 81 b; Wadding, VI, 344. John Major, who edited a version of his Sentences in 1512, calls him: ‘Vir modestus, sed non inferioris doctrinae aut ingenii quam Ockam,’ Gesta Scot. Lib. IV, cap. 21.

[1186] Tanner, Bibl. 329; Wadding, VIII, 139; J. Major’s preface to Wodham’s Sentences, ed. 1512.

[1187] Wadding, Sup. ad Script. 327.

[1188] Analecta Franciscana, II, 177.

[1189] Bale, Script. I, 447.

[1190] In the Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal, MS. 514 (_olim_ 551) has the note: ‘Verisimile est authorem hujus libri esse magistrum Adamum de Rodromo’ (i.e. Wodham). The MS. really contains only Peter Lombard’s Sentences without any commentary.

[1191] Cf. notice of Walter Chatton.

[1192] Bale adds that he wrote _Sententias et conclusiones_, Lib. I, ‘Absolutio criminis sive peccati’ (on the power of the Mendicants to hear confessions, especially against Wetheringsete), _ex officina Ricardi Kele_; _Sententias Oxoniensis consilii_, Lib. I, ‘Sententie septem ponuntur’ (?). MS. Bodl. Seld. sup. 64, fol. 9. For Wetheringsete or Wetherset, see Tanner, Bibl. 759.

[1193] Mon. Franc. I, 560.

[1194] Ibid. 538.

[1195] W. of Nottingham, 17th Minister in 1322; Thomas Kingesbury, 26th Minister in 1380; the dates between these are uncertain.

[1196] Script. Brit. I, 432.

[1197] Mon. Franc. I, 538, 560.

[1198] Unless the conjecture about J. Valeys is correct.

[1199] Digby, MS. 90, f. 6b (14th century), in Bodleian.

[1200] Tanner, Bibl. 567. The chronicle is in Brit. Mus. MS. Cotton, Vitell. F, IX.

[1201] The name is unfortunately not clearly written in the Cott. MS: it may be _Vilers_: cf. Memorials of Merton Coll. p. 199.

[1202] Wood, Annals, A. D. 1349.

[1203] Pat. 1 Ric. II, pt. 4, m. 37.

[1204] Mon. Franc. I, p. 5.

[1205] Wadding, I, 303; Anal. Franc. II, pp. 14-15.

[1206] Christ. Davenport, Opera omnia (Duaci 1665), Tom. I, Hist. Minor, p. 2: he adds, ‘Originale meo adhuc tempore in Episcopio Audomarensi servabatur.’

[1207] Mon. Franc. I, p. 5. Cf. Lanerc. Chron. p. 30; Annals of Worc. p. 416 (Ann. Monast. IV).

[1208] Mon. Franc., ibid.

[1209] Ibid. 53-4.

[1210] Ibid. 34, 35, 36-7.

[1211] Mon. Franc. I, 37; cf. Barth. of Pisa, fol. 79 b.

[1212] Mon. Franc. ibid.

[1213] Chron. Majora, III, 257: ‘familiaris erat domino regi et consiliarius ipsius.’

[1214] Ibid. Cf. p. 251; Mon. Franc. I, 52; Ann. Monast. I, 92.

[1215] Mon. Franc. ibid.

[1216] He was present at the translation of the body of St. Francis in 1230; ibid. 5.

[1217] Mon. Franc. I, 52-4, account of his death, &c.

[1218] This is supported by MS. Cott. Nero A. IX, f. 70 b: ‘A{o} domini MCC 35 frater Agnellus ... obiit,’ and Cott. Cleop. B. XIII, f. 146 b.

[1219] Mon. Franc. I, 52.

[1220] Ibid. 54; Barth. of Pisa, fol. 79, 80; 126, ‘miraculis pluribus decoratus.’

[1221] Mon. Franc. I, 5-7, 7, 9, 10, 27. I have found no authority for the form ‘Kingesthorp’ which Leland, and his followers Bale and Pits, substitute for Ingewrthe, except a late marginal note in Phillipps MS. 3119, f. 71.

[1222] Mon. Franc. I, 6, 7, 9, 10. Bale’s statement that R. of Devon and W. Eton ‘seipsos castrabant’ is probably without any foundation, so far as the former is concerned; see William of Esseby.

[1223] Mon. Franc. I, 15. In the Phillipps MS. of Eccleston he is called ‘Ada de Exonia’ (fol. 72 b).

[1224] Ibid. 15-16.

[1225] ‘_Toto famosus orbe_,’ probably when Eccleston wrote, i.e. after Adam’s death.

[1226] ‘In die conversionis Sancti Pauli;’ Mon. Franc. I, 15.

[1227] ‘Fuit autem tunc socius Magistri Adae de Marisco et ad robas suas;’ ibid.

[1228] Ibid. 16.

[1229] Letter II (pp 17-21): Grostete was then Archdeacon of Leicester, an office which he resigned in 1231.

[1230] Mon. Franc. I, 16.

[1231] Ibid. 15.

[1232] See Grosseteste, Epistolae, Nos. I, XXXVIII, and p. 449.

[1233] Mon. Franc. I, 45, 47.

[1234] Ib. 25, 32.

[1235] Ibid. 549, cf. p. 32: ‘Fratrem Albertum in loco Leycestriae ... recepit.’ Leland’s notes are from the Phillipps MS. of Eccleston, which differs in some respects from the Cotton and York MSS. But Phillipps MS. fol. 74 adds in a marginal note in an old hand, ‘obiit autem in Acria, plenus dierum.’

[1236] Ibid. 25.

[1237] Annals of Dunstable, anno 1233 (Ann. Monast. III, 133-4).

[1238] Annals of Osney, p. 70 (Ann. Monast. Vol. IV)

[1239] Ibid. 82; cf. Mon. Franc. I, 16. M. Paris under the year 1241 writes, ‘the Abbat of Osney smitten with pusillanimity of mind, left the Order of the great doctor Augustine and migrated to the Order of Minors, wishing to try the novelty;’ IV, 163.

[1240] Liber Conform. fol. 79 b.

[1241] Mon. Franc. I, 320 (letter 178); for the date see p. 139, n. 8.

[1242] _Chronica Fratris Jordani_ in Anal. Franc. I, 17, 18.

[1243] Mon. Franc. I, 54; Wadding, Annales III, 22. The period of his ministry in Germany is given by Jordan, Anal. Franciscana I, 11, 16; the authority for his ministry in Spain is Chronica Anonyma, ibid. 284.

[1244] Mon. Franc. I, 53, 54.

[1245] Ibid. 55.

[1246] Ibid. 60.

[1247] Ibid. 38.

[1248] Ibid. 58, 47.

[1249] The list of General Ministers in the Reg. Fratrum Minorum Londoniae states: ‘Frater Albertus Pisanus fuit iv{us} generalis, et ministravit tribus annis; qui prius fuit minister in provincia Angliae.’ Mon. Franc. I, 553. Eccleston mentions no space of time, but states that Haymo was made Minister of England in the same Chapter in which Albert was elected General, that he ‘ministered one year in England, and was afterwards elected General’ (ibid. 57, 59). There is no reason to suppose that Haymo resigned the Provincialate before he became General. The early dates in the Registrum are untrustworthy. Further, a note to the Phillipps MS. of Eccleston (fol. 76, _dorse_) says, in a list of General Ministers: ‘quintus fuit frater Albertus de Pysis bonus et sanctus homo qui non vixit in ministerio nisi sex mensibus et migravit ad dominum.’ The handwriting of the note is about contemporary with that of the text.

[1250] Mon. Franc. I, 48, 58.

[1251] Mon. Franc. I, 58. Eccleston gives a somewhat confused account of the vision relating to the event; the vision seems to have appeared to Haymo. See Annals of Tewkesbury (R.S.), _sub anno_ 1239; and Mon. Franc. I, 542 (A. D. 1239).

[1252] M. Paris, Chron. Majora, IV, 163; Hist. Angl. II, 374: ‘Magister Radulphus de Madenestane, vir quidem moralis et eliganter literatus, sed ordini Praedicatorum (!) fidei interpositione obligatus.’ Barth. of Pisa, Lib. Conform. f. 82, 101b; an account of the vision in consequence of which he became a Minorite.

[1253] Liber Conform. f. 79b.

[1254] M. Paris, Chron. Majora, III, 168; cf. ibid. III, 305. Lyte, Oxford, p. 31.

[1255] Mon. Franc. I, 59, note 1. This passage does not occur in the Phillipps MS. of Eccleston.

[1256] Ann. Monast. III, pp. 148, 156.

[1257] Mon. Franc. I, 59, n. 1.

[1258] Mon. Franc. I, 72; Phillipps MS. f. 80 b reads _pueri_ for _plurimi_ in line 3.

[1259] Mon. Franc. I, 62.

[1260] See Part I, chapter vi.

[1261] ‘Ut plurimum erubesceret,’ Mon. Franc. I, 72.

[1262] Ibid. 59.

[1263] Ibid.

[1264] Ibid. 69.

[1265] Ibid. 38, 69, Part I, chapter v.

[1266] Part I, chapter ii.

[1267] Mon. Franc. I, 68.

[1268] Mon. Franc. I, 70.

[1269] Mon. Franc. I, 32. Eccleston says this took place in the Chapter of Genoa, i.e. either 1244, or 1254. But the letter of Innocent IV here referred to was published on Nov. 14, 1245 while W. of Nottingham and Elias, who was also mentioned (_ibid._), were dead before 1254: see Ehrle, Archiv für Litt. u. Kirch. Gesch. Vol. VI, p. 31, n. 6. The declaration of the rule by Gregory IX (_Quo elongati_) is given in Wadding II, 244: that by Innocent IV, _ibid._ III, 1 29.

[1270] Ibid. 70, 303.

[1271] Ibid. 373.

[1272] Ibid. 70.

[1273] English Historical Review for Oct. 1891.

[1274] Mon. Franc. I, 70.

[1275] Ibid. 71. Cf. declaration of the Rule by Innocent IV, on debts; Wadding, III, 129-130.

[1276] Mon. Franc. I, 59.

[1277] To whom it is attributed by the Reg. Frat. Minorum Lond. Mon. Franc. I. 538.

[1278] Tanner, Bibl. 183. MSS. Oxford, St. John’s Coll. 2, prologue; Mag. Coll. 160 _in calce_ (see Coxe’s Catalogues); and Brit. Mus. Royal MS. 4 E, ii.

[1279] Mon. Franc. I, 314-5.

[1280] Ibid. 315, 374, 395.

[1281] Ibid. 360, 364: ‘Cui me spiritualiter inter mortales teneri fateor.’

[1282] Ibid. 317, 393.

[1283] Ibid. 38.

[1284] Ibid. 32.

[1285] Ibid. 70.

[1286] Ibid. 307, 368, 380.

[1287] Ibid.

[1288] Ibid. 369. Cf. Bodl. Tanner MS. 223, f. 161, a license from Innocent IV to the Friars accompanying the Archbishop, ‘equitare et subtelares et capas portare,’ Aug. 2, 1249.

[1289] Mon. Franc. I, 380.

[1290] Mon. Franc. I, 357-8.

[1291] Ibid. 349.

[1292] Ibid. 137, 320, 333, 388, 405.

[1293] Mon. Franc. I, Letters clxxv, ccxiv, ccxv. He may have been a Frenchman by birth.

[1294] Ibid. 118.

[1295] Ibid. 229.

[1296] Ibid. 133.

[1297] Ibid. 133, 137.

[1298] Ibid. 103, 118.

[1299] Ibid. I, 28.

[1300] Ibid. 53.

[1301] Ibid. 308.

[1302] Ibid. 353-5.

[1303] Mon. Franc. 28.

[1304] Ibid. 355, ‘in scriptis et eloquiis tam fratribus quam saecularibus utilis et acceptus.’

[1305] Ibid. 364.

[1306] Lewis, Topog. Dict. Cf. Mon. Franc. I, lxvi. The name Eccleston occurs in the title of the York MS., Mon. Franc. I, p. 1.

[1307] Mon. Franc. I, p. 9; cf. 17.

[1308] Ibid. 39.

[1309] Ibid. 10, 13, 71, &c.

[1310] Ibid. p. 1, p. lxvi, Jessopp, ‘The Coming of the Friars.’

[1311] Mon. Franc. I, p. 1.

[1312] Ibid. 66, 70.

[1313] Hist. Regum Angl. pp. 29, 82. In John Argentein’s _Loci communes_, written about 1476 (MS. Ashmole, 1437, p. 155) is the note: ‘Hic Rogerus fuit filius Fugardi, et creditur quod erat Rogerus Baconus natus apud Witnam juxta Oxoniam.’

[1314] Ibid. 82, ‘de generosa prosapia.’ Op. Ined. pp. 13, 16: ‘Misi igitur fratri meo diviti in terra mea, qui ex parte regis consistens, cum matre mea et fratribus et tota familia exulavit, et pluries hostibus deprehensus se redemit pecunia; et ideo destructus et depauperatus, non potuit me juvare, nec etiam usque ad hunc diem habui responsum ab eo.’ Cf. ibid. p. 10.

[1315] Op. Ined. p. 65.

[1316] The report that he was educated at Brasenose Hall is merely a tradition founded on a foolish legend. Historical fictions die hard. In 1889, Mr. W. L. Courtney writes in the _Fortnightly Review_, Vol. XLVI, p. 255, R. Bacon ‘seems to have been educated at Brasenose College in Oxford, although Merton College has also laid claim to the honour of his youthful learning.’ Merton College was not founded till Roger was advanced in years; Brasenose College was founded more than two centuries after his death.

[1317] Chron. Majora, IV, 244-5.

[1318] Comp. Stud. Theol. Royal MS. 7, f. vii, f. 154 (quoted in Charles, p. 412; Brewer, p. lv). The origin of the tradition that Roger wrote a life of St. Edmund seems to be a passage in M. Paris, Chron. Maj. V, 369, where the historian says that he was supplied with details for the life of St. Edmund by _Robert_ Bacon. The confusion between the two Bacons is continually recurring. Even in Luard’s edition of Grostete’s Letters there is an unfortunate misprint; on p. 65 Roger Bacon should be Robert.

[1319] Op. Ined. pp. 70, 75, 82, 88, 91, 186-7, 329, 428, 472, 474.

[1320] Ibid. 327, 425.

[1321] Ibid. 13, 65.

[1322] Ibid. 59; he writes in 1267, ‘Nam per viginti annos quibus specialiter laboravi in studio sapientiae, neglecto sensu vulgi,’ &c.

[1323] Ibid.: this seems almost incredible; the Parisian _libra_ at this time appears, from Paucton and Le Blanc, to have been a sum of 20 _solidi_, not (as Plumptre asserts) ‘a silver coin about the size of the more modern franc.’

[1324] See Part I, chapter vii.

[1325] Op. Ined. 325. A. of Hales died 1245.

[1326] Charles, p. 10; Op. Ined. p. 74.

[1327] Opus Majus, p. 190 (edition of 1750).

[1328] Hist. Reg. Angl. p. 82.

[1329] Op. Ined. p. 7, ‘famam studii quam retroactis temporibus obtinui.’ His name does not occur in the list of masters of the Friars Minors at Oxford; a note appended to that list says, that ‘according to other chronicles the fourth master is not mentioned here nor have I elsewhere found his name.’ Mon. Franc. I, 552; Phillipps MS. 3119, fol. 76. May not this have been Roger Bacon? That his name should be suppressed is not to be wondered at. (The Reg. of Friars Minors at London adds after the name of John of Parma, General Minister, 1247-1256: ‘Hic etiam scripsit fratri Rogero Bakon tractatum qui incipit, “Innominato magistro.”’ This treatise usually ascribed to Bonaventura is really addressed to a secular.)

[1330] Op. Ined. p. 7; Charles, 24-25.

[1331] See below.

[1332] Op. Ined. p. xiv, seq.

[1333] Ibid. p. 1.

[1334] Ibid. p. 13.

[1335] This statute was included in the _Constitutiones Generales_, passed in the General Chapter of Narbonne, 1260; the fast imposed was of three days’ duration; Archiv f. L. u. K. Gesch. d. Mittelalters, Vol. VI, p. 110.

[1336] Op. Ined. p. xciv, from Wood’s _Antiquitates_ (said to be taken from the _Opus Minus_).

[1337] Op. Ined. p. xlvi. Bacon’s difficulties are fully described in Brewer’s preface.

[1338] Charles, p. 35.

[1339] See below; and Brewer, Op. Ined. xlviii, seq.

[1340] Op. Ined. p. lv.

[1341] Charles, 36-7; Wadding, II, 449. No record or contemporary account of the trial remains.

[1342] This tradition receives some support from a note appended to the _Verbum abbreviatum_ of Raymund Gaufredi, Sloane MS. 276 (sec. xiv), printed in _Sanioris Medicinae ... de arte chymiae_, &c., Frankfurt, 1603, p. 285: ‘Et ipse Rogerus propter istud opus ex praecepto dicti Reymundi a fratribus ejusdem ordinis erat captus et imprisonatus. Sed Reymundus exsolvit Rogerum a carcere quia docuit eum istud opus.’ Cf. ibid. p. 265, and Sloane MS. 692, f. 46.

[1343] Namely, _Compendium studii thelogiae_.

[1344] In Royal MS. 13 C i, fol. 152, is the following note in a hand of the 15th or 16th century: ‘Anno Christi 1292 in festo Sancti Barnabe (June 11) obiit Rogerus Bacon professor theologie et quasi eruditus ut magister in octo scienciis liberalibus ubi alii clerici non posuerunt preter vii sciencie’ (‘scie’ in MS.).

[1345] Hist. Reg. Angl. p. 29.

[1346] John Twyne says that the friars at Oxford fastened all his works with long nails to the shelves of their library and let them rot there. Jebb reasonably calls the accuracy of this statement in question, Op. Majus, p. xi (ed. 1750). Bacon’s influence however on his age was slight: ‘not a doctor of the 13th or 14th century,’ says Charles, p. 42, ‘quotes Bacon; not one combats or approves his opinions.’ In an anonymous treatise, _De recuperatione sanctae Terrae_, addressed to Edward III, c. 1370, the author recommends the study of mathematics, ‘propter plures earum utilitates, praecipue tactas in libello super utilitatibus hujusmodi confecto per fratrem Rogerum Bacon de ordine Minorum;’ printed in Bongars, Orientalis Hist. Tom. Secund. (1611), p. 339. W. Woodford refers to his ‘curious book,’ _De retardatione senectutis_, Brown, Fasc. Rerum, Vol. I, p. 197. Some of his contemporaries, such as Bungay, Peckham, William de Mara, seem to have been more generally influenced by him.

[1347] Cf. MS. Sloane 2629, f. 54 b; _inc._ ‘Moralis philosophia est finis omnium Scientiarum aliarum’; only a few lines.

[1348] Charles, Roger Bacon, p. 62, n. 7: I have not seen this edition and can get no information about it.

[1349] Op. Ined. 60. ‘Patet igitur quod scriptum principale non potui mittere.’

[1350] Charles is somewhat inconsistent; in spite of Bacon’s words, ‘tertia parte hujus operis,’ he refers the two treatises to separate works--the _Communia Naturalium_ to the _Opus Tertium_, the _De multiplicatione_ (rightly) to the fourth part of the _Compendium Philosophiae_ (pp. 61, 89).

[1351] _Sanioris medicinae_, p. 7, where a passage on alchemy is quoted.

[1352] Digby MS. 55 contains a treatise on grammar falsely attributed to Bacon; _inc._ ‘Scientia est ordinatio depicta in anima.’ See Opera Ined. p. lxv.

[1353] Royal MS. 7 F vii (see above) speaks of eight sciences, i.e. including what Bacon calls ‘scientia de communibus naturalibus.’

[1354] See the works under the heading, _Alchemy_: cf. ‘Excerpta ex libro sex scientiarum’ in _Sanioris medicinae_, &c. (Frankfurt, 1603), p. 7: ‘Quarta vero scientia non modicam habet utilitatem ... et est Alchymia speculativa.’

[1355] The _Breve Breviarium_ includes a treatise _De vegetabilibus et sensibilibus_, and another _De medicinis et curis corporum_; edition of 1603, pp. 228 and 156; MS. Bodl. E Musaeo 155, pp. 549 and 553.

[1356] Printed in Opera Ined. p. 359 seq.

[1357] The special treatise on alchemy in this work does not seem to be extant. Cap. vii of the _Communia Naturalium_ begins, ‘_De generacione._ Habito ergo de principiis naturalibus generacionis.’

[1358] Sloane MS. 3744, p. 71 (sec. xv) contains _Errores secundum Bacon_. _Inc._ ‘Scito enim quod omne corpus aut est elementum aut ex elementis compositum.’ According to Charles (p. 71) this is the _De Erroribus medicorum_.

[1359] Charles, R. Bacon, p. 76. It is often, perhaps rightly, attributed to John de Rupescissa.

[1360] Brewer reads, ‘Explicit liber tertius De Consideratione quartae Sententiae S. Magistri per Rogerum Bacon,’ &c. His whole account of this MS. is not very trustworthy; Op. Ined. p. xxxix.

[1361] Cf. MSS. Sloane 284 (sec. xiv), 477 (A. D. 1309), and 2411; Digby 150 (sec. xiii), f. 106, ‘_Extracciones a Thezauro pauperum_, libro scil. preceptorum medicinalium.’

[1362] John of London was a master, and contemporary of Roger’s; Op. Ined. p. 34. ‘Juvenis Johannes’ was aged 20 or 21 in 1267, and had no experience in teaching, ibid. 61.

[1363] The dates are conclusive; Peckham entered the Order as a young man, not as a boy, in the lifetime of Adam Marsh; Mon. Franc. I, 256. ‘Juvenis Johannes’ was about 12 years old when Adam died.

[1364] Op. Ined. 63.

[1365] Ibid. 61.

[1366] Ibid.

[1367] Ibid. 62.

[1368] Namely, a treatise on rays, Op. Ined. p. 230, and an elaborate one on mathematics and judicial astrology, ibid. 270; John took also a concave lens, ibid. p. 111.

[1369] Ibid. 62.

[1370] MS. Gray’s Inn Libr. 7, f. 62, ‘a quadam villa proxima que dicitur Herteford.’

[1371] MS. Gray’s Inn Libr. 7, f. 62.

[1372] Ottobon came to England in November, 1265, and left in July, 1268.

[1373] _Miracula Symonis de Montfort_, p. 96 (Camden Soc. 1840).

[1374] Ibid. p. 95.

[1375] Hardy, Descript. Catal. Vol. III, p. 207, No. 352. Wadding, Script. 218, Sup. ad Script. p. 667.

[1376] Twyne, MS. XXII, 103 c. (Defensorium, cap. 62). Perhaps he is the ‘Frater G. de Ver’ who was at the London convent, c. 1250, Mon. Franc. I, 328.

[1377] Bale (I, 323) and Pits.

[1378] Pits calls him S.T.P. of Oxford; his name does not occur in the list of Franciscan masters. Wadding (VI, 48) says that Duns Scotus was made S.T.P. at Oxford when Ware was called to Paris. This is incorrect; Duns was never doctor of Oxford; see notice of him.

[1379] Dugdale, Monast. Vol. VI, Part III, p. 1529 (from Fr. a S. Clara).

[1380] Barth. of Pisa, Liber Conform. f. 81, ‘Johannes Guarro Anglicus magister Scoti.’ Duns Scotus mentions him twice in his works, Wadding, VI, 45. Cf. Bibl. S. Antonii, at Padua, MS. _in Pluteo_ XXII, _in calce_: ‘Varro professionis Minoritae Doctorum Jubar et praeceptor Divi Scoti famosus’; quoted by Tomasin, p. 60 b.

[1381] Willot, Athenae, p. 166.

[1382] Collectanea, III, 51.

[1383] A ‘Richard Middleton’ was fellow of Merton _sub_ Edw. III; of course he is not to be confounded with the Minorite doctor.

[1384] Wadding, IV, 54, 121. Archiv f. L. u. K. Gesch. III, 417. This date is sufficient to show that he cannot have finished the _Summa_ of Alexander of Hales at the command of Pope Alexander IV, as Davenport (Francis a S. Clara) alleges, Opera, Tom. I, Hist. Minor, p. 12. The _Summa_ was finished by Friar William of Middleton, D.D. of Paris (and probably fifth master of the Franciscans at Cambridge), who died 1261, Wadding, IV, 57; Lanerc. Chron. 70; Mon. Franc. I, 555.

[1385] Archiv, &c., II, 296 (from Angelus de Clarino, Hist. Tribulat.).

[1386] Wadding, VI, 13; and Willot, Athenae.

[1387] Athenae, 314-315; the two last epithets are applied to him in the edition of his Quodlibets printed at Venice in 1509.

[1388] Wadding, Sup. ad. Script. 633; this is the earliest instance which I have found of the special application of any such title to Richard Middleton.

[1389] It is always assumed that he was an Englishman; the available evidence on the point is slight. MS. Borghes. 322, f. 174 a (sec. xiv) has the note: ‘Hic loquitur (Petrus J. Olivi) stulte contra fratrem G. de Mara et communem opinionem.’ MS. Borghes. 358, f. 227 b (sec. xiv): ‘Magister Guillelmus de Anglia habet duas sententias in instrumentis duobus datas contra doctrinam P(etri) J(oannis) ...’ &c. The second William here is probably W. de Mara (Archiv f. L. u. K. Gesch. III, 472-3). B. of Pisa and Tritheim say nothing about his nationality. The name was not uncommon in England; see e.g. Pat. Roll, 10 Edw. I, m. 7 dorse; Le Neve, Fasti, vol. iii; cf. forest of Mara, or Delamere in Cheshire.

[1390] Charles, Roger Bacon, p. 240. Cf. B. of Pisa, Liber Conform. fol. 81: ‘scripsit ... contra fratrem Thomam de Aquino correctorium componendo.’

[1391] Wadding, Sup. ad Script. 323.

[1392] This reply was printed at Cologne, 1624 (Charles, ibid.), and at Cordova in 1701. See Merton Coll. MS. 267; MS. in Bibl. S. Anton. Venet. in pluteo xviii; Boston of Bury, in Tanner, Bibl. p. xxxviii.

[1393] Charles, Roger Bacon, pp. 240-1.

[1394] Anal. Franc. II, 115.

[1395] ‘Scripsit super sententias ad opus domini fratris Bonaventure multa superaddendo et multa quodlibeta faciendo.’ B. of Pisa, Liber Conform. f. 81: cf. Tanner, Bibl. 223.

[1396] Other works attributed to him by Sbaralea (Wadding, Sup. ad Script.), viz. _Paraphrasis Musaei_ and _Sylvarum libri quatuor_, are by W. de Mara, Bishop of Constance in the fifteenth century.

[1397] Peckham’s Reg. p. 1040.

[1398] Part I, chapter i.

[1399] Report IV, pp. 442-4.

[1400] Oliver, Monasticon Diocesis Exon. p. 331. He is not to be confused with his namesake, the opponent of Ockham: he may possibly be the author of the _Tractatus de octo Beatitudinibus_ in MS. Laud. Misc. 368, fol. 106 (sec. xiv).

[1401] Cf. Inquisitio ad quod damnum 20 Edw. I (Nov. 1291), in Mon. Franc. II, 289.

[1402] His name does not occur in the list of _lectores_, as it probably would have done had he been a Franciscan; this inference however cannot be drawn with any certainty.

[1403] Rolls of Parliament, I, 16 a. Lyte, p. 127. The name of ‘Frater Willelmus de Leominstre’ stands first in the list of the five _magistri_ who represented the University.

[1404] Script. II, 98. Cf. MS. Seld. sup. 64, fol. 48, ‘ex officina Joannis Cocke.’

[1405] Excheq. Q. R. Wardrobe, 4/7, 17-18 Edw. I (R.O.): ‘per manus fratrum Johannis de Bekinkham et Johannis de Clara xvi{li}. xiii{s} iiii{d}.’

[1406] Peckham, Regist. p. 895.

[1407] Excheq. Q. R. Wardrobe, 4/7 (R.O.).

[1408] Excheq. Q. R. Wardrobe, 8/2, m. 1.

[1409] Ibid. 13/35 (m. 1): ‘ffratri Johanni de Clare de ordine Minorum pro expensis suis et conductione equitature pro se et socio suo eundo cum magna festinacione ad diversa loca pro fratre Hugone de Hertpoul ministro ordinis sui querendo ad consensum expedicioni negociorum predictorum prestandum per manus proprias apud Berkhamstede eodem die (March 29) xxiiij{s} iij{d}.’ The business mentioned was connected with a bequest to the Mendicant Orders by Edmund, Earl of Cornwall.

[1410] MS. Digby 154, fol. 38.

[1411] Kennet’s Parochial Antiquities, I, 362.

[1412] MS. Digby 154, fol. 37 b.

[1413] Mon. Franc. I, 556.

[1414] Mon. Franc. I, 514.

[1415] Exchequer, Q. R. Wardrobe, Accts. 16/14, 35 Edw. I. (R.O.)

[1416] Mon. Franc. I, 512-3. See ibid. 518: ‘Octavam fenestram vitrari fecit frater Henricus de Sutton, gardianus.’

[1417] MS. New Coll., Oxford, 92; among other preachers mentioned is Simon of Gaunt, Chancellor of the University in 1291.

[1418] Wood MS. F 29 a, f. 178 (i.e. Wood-Clark, II, 386).

[1419] Ibid., and Mon. Franc. I, 552.

[1420] Wood MS. ibid.

[1421] There is no evidence as to the place of his birth (the note which Leland triumphantly quotes--Merton Coll. MS. 59--was written in 1455, and contains the baseless statement that he was fellow of Merton College); and the only evidence of his nationality is the name ‘Scotus,’ and a note in the catalogue of the library at Assisi, written 1381: ‘Opus super quatuor libros sententiarum mag. fratris Johannis Scoti de Ordine Minorum qui et doctor subtilis nuncupatur, de provincia Hiberniae.’

[1422] Wood-Clark, II, 386. He must have attained the age of thirty by this time; Archiv f. L. u. K. Gesch. VI, pp. 128-9.

[1423] Wadding (VI, p. 48) cites some passages bearing on the date. Duns’ great work on the _Sentences_ is called _Scriptum Oxoniense_, but I do not know how far the name can be traced back; Merton Coll. MSS. 60, 61, 62, date from the middle of the 15th century. Barth. of Pisa however says: ‘Hic primo in Anglia Oxonie Sentencias legit. Deinde in studio Parisiensi.’

[1424] He says, e. g. on the authority of the letter, that Duns was at Paris in 1304; the letter implies exactly the opposite; he was in ‘some province other than the province of France.’

[1425] Wadding, VI, 51, from Petrus Rodulphus, ‘qui eas ex ipso exscripsit autographo.’

[1426] Wadding, VI, 107.

[1427] Ibid. 51. The passage is usually understood to refer to his regency at Paris. No record of the Chapter remains.

[1428] Ibid. 116. The statement that he died at the age of 34 or 43 is a pure guess. The tradition of his having been buried alive when in a trance is found in St. Bernardin of Siena; Wadding, VI, 114.

[1429] Liber Conform. f. 81.

[1430] Archiv f. L. u. K. Gesch. I, 368, n. 1. Ehrle adds that the epithet occurs in some MSS. which he puts in the first half of the fourteenth century; ibid.

[1431] See the critical notice prefixed to each work in the Lyons edition; and _Hist. Litt._ Vol. XXV, pp. 426-446.

[1432] Rejected by Wadding without good reason: _Hist. Litt._ xxv, 447.

[1433] Twyne MS. XXII, 103 c.

[1434] Wood MS. F 29 a, 178: ‘Rob. de Couton’ is the eighteenth in the list of twenty-two names.

[1435] ‘_Doctor amoenus_ vulgo vocatus est.’ Pits, p. 443 (anno 1340).

[1436] I have not found any mention of Robert Cowton in any foreign library, unless ‘Cathon’ in Bibl. Nat. Paris MSS. 15886-7, be for Cowton. Valentinelli proposes to identify Cowton with ‘Frater ven. doctor Robertus Anglicus ordinis Minorum,’ the author of a _Dialogus de formalitatibus inter Ochanistam et Dumsistam_ (sic): _inc._ ‘quod verbis vituperii satis abundas’; MS. Venice; St. Mark, Vol. I. Class. V, Cod. 24 (sec. xv). The author was probably later than Cowton; perhaps Robert Eliphat.

[1437] Ann. Min. VI, 176: Wadding refers vaguely to ‘Irish MSS.’ Cf. Bale, Script. II, 242-3. Dict. of Nat. Biography.

[1438] Willot, Athenae, 83. Bale, Vol. II, p. 52: ‘Sophisticus doctor et scriptor antiquus.’ William Woodford refers on several occasions to ‘Doctor antiquus’ on the _Sentences_; Harl. MS. 31, f. 79, &c.

[1439] Bale gives these notes in MS. Seld. sup. 64, fol. 16 b: _Brynkeley ... scripsit distinctiones theologicas_, lib. I; ‘Ad sciendam primam originem et finalem’; _ex Ramesiensi monasterio. Brenkyll Minorita scripsit lecturam sententiarum_, lib. IV; ‘Utrum per aliquam disciplinam vel scientiam’; _ex Coll. Regine Oxon. Brinquilis Minorita anglus scripsit super sententias_, lib. IV; ‘Sit aliqua conclusio theologica’; _Ex bibl. Carmel. Parisiensium._

[1440] Mon. Franc. I, 543; Brodrick, Mem. of Merton Coll., 197-8; Bale, Script. I, 391.

[1441] Tanner, Bibl. 150. All Souls MS. 87 (A. D. 1473), ‘Joannis Scoti discipulus.’ The note in Peterhouse MS. 2-4-2, ‘studiit Oxon et Paris,’ is in a late sixteenth-century hand.

[1442] Wood-Clark, II, 402.

[1443] At the end of the work in this edition: ‘Expliciunt questiones super octo libris phisicorum Aristotilis doctoris profundissimi fratris Johannis canonici ordinis fratrum minorum Anno 1475 ... Padue impresse.’ At the end of the volume: ‘... compilatum a domino iohanne marbres magistro in artibus tholose et canonico,’ &c. The _explicit_ of Book I and