Part vi. is mentioned in Part v.: it is to be a treatise, ‘_De
multiplicatione Specierum_.’
In Part iv. also the words ‘_in partibus sequentibus_’ occur.
_Alchemy_ was treated in the _Opus Minus_ and in the _Compendium Philosophiae_. Bacon divides it into (1) Speculative alchemy, ‘the science of the generation of things from elements’; (2) Practical alchemy, ‘which teaches us how to make noble metals and colours,’ &c., and the art of prolonging life (_Opus Tertium_, cap. xii). Wood mentions a treatise of Bacon’s _De rerum generationibus_, of which he had seen two copies varying much. These may have been the versions in the _Opus Minus_[1356] and the _Compendium Philosophiae_[1357]. A number of works on alchemy and medicine ascribed to Bacon have been preserved, some of them are undoubtedly genuine, others apocryphal.
_Epistolae fratris Rogerii Baconis de secretis operibus artis et naturae et de nullitate magiae_ [or, _De mirabili potestate artis et naturae_].
The work consists of a letter or collection of letters in ten or eleven chapters, the last five of which Charles considers doubtful, addressed perhaps to William of Auvergne (who died in 1248), or to John of London, whom Charles identifies with John of Basingstoke (d. 1252).
_Inc. cap._ 1. ‘Vestrae petitioni respondeo diligenter. Nam licet.’
MS. Brit. Mus: Sloane 2156, p. 117.
Printed at Paris 1542; at Oxford 1594; Hamburg 1613; in Zetzner’s _Theatrum Chemicum_, 1659; and by Brewer in _Rog. Bacon Opera Inedita_, App. I.
The three following treatises were printed at Frankfurt in 1603, under the title, _Sanioris medicinae magistri D. Rogeri Baconis angli de arte chymiae scripta_, &c., and elsewhere.
Summary of Avicenna’s _De anima_. _Inc._ ‘In illius nomine qui major est.’
MS. Bodl: Ashmole 1467 (sec. xvi). [Cf. Charles, _R. Bacon_, p. 59; _Opera Ined._ p. 39.]
_Breve Breviarium_, or, _De naturis metallorum in ratione alkimica et artificiali transformatione_, or, _Coelestis alchymia_, or, _De naturis metallorum et ipsorum transmutatione_.
Divided into two parts, speculative and practical alchemy; the work contains no doubt some of the ideas incorporated in the _Opus Minus_ and the _Comp. Philosophiae_. The date is uncertain.
_Inc._ ‘Breve breviarium breviter abbreviatum.’
MSS. Brit. Mus: Sloane 276, f. 4 (sec. xv-xvi).
Bodl.: Digby 119, fol. 64 (sec. xiv); and Bodl. E Musaeo 155, p. 513.
Paris:--Bibl. Nat. new Latin collection, No. 1153. (Abbey of St. Germain).
_Tractatus trium verborum_, or, _Epistolae tres ad Johannem Parisiensem_; namely:
i. ‘De separatione ignis ab oleo,’ or, ‘De modo projectionis’; ii. ‘De modo miscendi’; iii. ‘De ponderibus.’ _Inc._ ‘Cum ego Rogerus rogatus a pluribus.’
MSS. British Museum: Cotton Julius D. V.; Harleian 3528, f. 174; Sloane 1754, ‘Mendacium primum, secundum, et tertium.’
Oxford:--Bodl: Digby 119, f. 82 (sec. xiv ineuntis); Ashmole 1448, pp. 1-25 (sec. xv); Corpus Christi Coll. 125, f. 84{b}; University Coll. 49.
_Fragment on alchemy_, without title.
MS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 2598, f. 138 (sec. xv), ‘Explicit de subjecto transmutationis secundum Rogerum Bachonis.’ It perhaps occurs in one of his larger works.
_Libellus Rogerii Baconi ... de retardandis senectutis accidentibus et de sensibus conservandis_ (11 chapters). This work is assigned by Charles to the year 1276. _Inc. prol._ ‘Domine mundi ex nobilissima stirpe originem assumpsistis.’ _Inc. cap._ 1. (De causis senectutis). ‘Senescente mundo senescunt homines.’
MSS. Brit. Museum: Sloane 2320, fol. 56.
Bodl.: E Musaeo 155, pp. 591-637 (sec. xiv-xv); Canonic. Misc. 334, fol. 1 (sec. xv); and 480, fol. 1 (sec. xv).
Printed at Oxford in 1596 (and in English, London 1683).
_Antidotarius_, a second part of this work. _Inc._ ‘Post completum universalis sciencie medicacionis tractatum.’
MSS. Bodl.: Canonic. Miscell. 334 (fol. 21{b} to 25), and 480 (fol. 16); E Musaeo 155, p. 645. Cf. MS. Canon. Misc. 480, fol. 38{b}-47, below.
_Liber Bacon de sermone rei admirabilis, sive de retardatione senectutis._ _Inc._ ‘Intendo componere sermonem rei admirabilis domino meo fratri E, cujus vitam deus prolonget.’
MSS. Bodl.: E Musaeo 155, pp. 655-666; Digby 183, fol. 45 (sec. xiv exeuntis); Canonic. Miscell. 334, fol. 25-31.
_De universali regimine senum et seniorum._ _Inc._ ‘Summa regiminis senum universalis est hoc ut dicit Avicenna.’
MSS. Brit. Mus.: Sloane 2629, fol. 57.
Bodl.: Canon. Miscell. 334, fol. 18{b}-21{b}; 480 (_explicit_ fol. 16); and E Musaeo 155, p. 638.
_De graduacione medicinarum compositarum._ _Inc._ ‘Omnis forma inherens.’
MSS. Bodl. Canon. Misc. 334, fol. 32; 480; fol. 23{b} (the author’s name is obliterated in the MS.).
_Tractatus de erroribus medicorum_[1358]. _Inc._ ‘Vulgus medicorum.’
MSS. Oxford: Bodl. Canon. Misc. 334, fol. 42; 480, fol. 30 (author’s name obliterated); E Musaeo 155, pp. 669-689. Corpus Ch. Coll. 127 (sec xv).
_Canones practici de medicinis compositis componendis_, ‘Cap. i. Extractum de libro septimo Serapionis qui est antidotarium suum et est theoricum capitulum.’ (13 chapters.) _Inc._ ‘Necesse est illi qui vult componere medicinas.’ ‘Explicit tractatus de compositione medicinarum per fratrem rugerium bacon editus.’
MS. Bodl. Canon. Misc. 480, fol. 38{b}-47.
_De leone viridi_ (on the manufacture of mercury); only the summary by Raymund Gaufredi is extant. _Inc._ ‘Verbum abbreviatum.’
MSS. Brit. Mus.:--Sloane 692, f. 46 (sec. xv). Oxford:--Corpus Chr. Coll. 277. Printed at Frankfurt, 1603 (_Sanioris medicinae_, p. 264), &c.
A number of works on alchemy are attributed to Roger Bacon erroneously or without any probability.
_De consideratione quintae essentiae_; 3 books.
The author was a Franciscan who entered the Order at Toulouse[1359]. _Inc. opus._ ‘Dixit Salomon sapientie cap. vii. Deus dedit mihi.’
MSS. Bodl.: Canonic. Misc. 334, fol. 59{b}. ‘Primus liber de consideracione quinte essencie omnium rerum transmutabilium. In nomine domini nostri Jhesu Christi. Incipit liber de famulatu philosophie ewangelio domini Jhesu Christi et pauperibus euangelicis viris Amen.’ Fol. 94{b}, ‘Explicit liber quinte essencie secundum fratrem Rogerium Bacun de ordine minorum.’
Bodl. E Musaeo 155, pp. 431-507. ‘Explicit liber tertius de consideracione 5{te} essencie secundum magistrum Rogerum Bacon, correctus et scriptus per Johannem Cokkes manibus suis propriis Oxon[1360].’
Brit. Museum: Sloane 2320, f. 73 (sec. xv-xvi).
Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 7151 (xv).
Venice:--St. Mark, vol. IV. CI. XIV., Cod. 39.
_De expulsione veneni._ _Inc._ ‘Ista subscripta sequerentur post capitulum de hiis que expellunt venenum.’
MS. Bodl. E Musaeo 155, p. 507 (not expressly ascribed to Bacon in the MS.: see Brewer, _Op. Ined._ p. xl.).
_Speculum alchemiae._ _Inc._ ‘Multifariam multisque modis.’
MSS. Brit. Museum: Addit. 8786, f. 62; 15,549; Sloane 3506 (English translation).
Bodl.: Ashmole 1416, f. 101 (sec. xv).
Printed in Zetzner’s _Theatrum Chemicum_, vol. ii., A. D. 1659; in Manget’s _Theasurus_, vol. i., &c., &c.
_Speculum alchemiae._ _Inc._ ‘Speculum alchemiae quod in corde meo figuravi.’
MS. Brit. Mus.: Harl. 3528, fol. 185.
_Speculum secretorum_, or, _Liber secretorum_. _Inc._ ‘In nomine Domini ... ad instructionem multorum circa hanc artem.’
MSS. Brit. Mus.: Sloane 513, f. 178{b} (sec. xv).
Oxford:--Bodl.: Digby 28, f. 61 (sec. xiv); Digby 119, f. 90{b}; Ashmole 1467, f. 208{b}, and 1485, p. 117 (sec. xvi). Also Corpus Christi Coll. 125, f. 86.
Printed at Frankfurt, 1603 (p. 387).
_Secretum secretorum naturae de laude lapidis Philosophorum._ _Inc._ ‘Secretum secretorum naturae audiant secreti quae loquor.’
Printed at Frankfurt, 1603 (pp. 285-291).
_Rogerina major et minor_, two medical treatises; neither by Bacon: one is by a Roger Baron.
MSS. Bodl. 2626; Cf. MS. St. Omer 624 (sec. xiii); Charles, _R. Bacon_, p. 75, _note_.
Cambridge, Publ. Libr. Ii, I. 16 (sec. xiv) and Ee, II. 20.
Brit. Mus.: Sloane 342, f. 146 (sec. xiii).
_De Magnete._ _Inc._ ‘Amicorum intime, quamdam magnetis lapidis.’
MS. Bodl. E Musaeo 155, pp. 414-426 (anon.): Charles (p. 18) ascribes it to Peter de Maricourt.
_Calendar_, wrongly attributed to Bacon; made by a Minorite at Toledo 1297, and extracted from the _Tabulae Toletanae_.
MS. Cott. Vesp. A. II. f. 2; Cf. _Opus Majus_ p. 140 (ed. Venet, 1750).
_Semita recta alchemiae_ (or, _Liber duodecim aquarum_).
MS. Brit. Mus.: Sloane 513, f. 181{b}-188{b} (sec. xv): ‘Explicit semita recta alkemie secundum Magistrum Rogerum Bakun.’
Cf. MS. Sloane 276, f. 21, an anonymous work on the same subject, differing somewhat from the above.
Bodl.: Ashmole 1485, pp. 173-188 (sec. xvi), ‘Liber aquarum.’
_Thesaurus spirituum_, four treatises on the influence of planets, &c. _Inc._ ‘Hec est doctrina omnium experimentorum.’
MS. Brit. Museum: Sloane 3853, f. 3-40 (sec. xv). ‘Hec est tabula libri sequentis ... a quodam viro venerabili ordinis Minorum fratre summa composita et ordinata, et a diligencia M. Rogero Bakon ordinis Minorum nuper recognita, qui quidem liber pro omnibus hujus mundi experimentis sufficit,’ &c.
‘Explicit liber qui secundum Robertum Turconem et Rogerum Bakon fratrem Minorum Thesaurus spirituum nuncupatur.’
Cf. MS. Sloane 3850, f. 129{b}, _De nigromantia_, extracted from the above.
_De fistula._
MS. Sloane 238, f. 214{b}-216{b} (sec. xv). ‘Secundum Rogerum Bacon ut habetur in libro qui dicitur Thesaurus pauperum[1361].’
_Necromanciae._ _Inc._ ‘Debes mundare manus et pedes ante visionem characterum.’
MS. Sloane 3884, f. 44{b} (sec. xv-xvi): ‘Haec sunt quae Rogerus Bacon de pura necromancia dixit.’
Other worthless recipes, fragments, &c., attributed to Bacon will be found in MSS:--
Bodl. 3, 349, ‘Index simplicium’; Ashmole 1423, iv. pp. 1-7 ‘Opus,’ ‘Opus Commune,’ ‘De conclusionibus’; Sloane 692, f. 102, ‘Finalis conclusio’; Harl. 2269, art. I; Cott. Jul. D. V. ‘De colore faciendo’; Digby 196, f. 163{b}, ‘Septem virtutes naturae’; Ashmole 1485 (sec. xv), various.
_De intellectu et intelligentia_, and _De nutrimento_, which Charles considers genuine, are printed among the works of Albertus Magnus.
MSS. Bodl.: Digby 67, f. 107 (sec. xiv), anon: and Digby 55, f. 193, anon: Alb. Magnus, _Opera_, V. p. 239 and 175 (Lugd. 1657).
_Tractatus de veritate theologiae in septem partes distributus_, perhaps by Robert Bacon. _Inc._ ‘Flecto genua mea ad patrem domini nostri Jesu Christi.’
MS. Bodley 745 (= 2764) (sec. xiv) pp. 113-188: ‘Incipit tractatus fratris B.’ Part i. de trinitate dei; ii. de creatura dei; iii. de corruptela peccati; iv. de incarnacione verbi; v. de gratia spiritus sancti; vi. de medicina sacramentali; vii. de statu finalis judicii.
_Tractatus super Psalterium_, probably by Robert Bacon.
MS. _ibid._ pp. 193-497. ‘Incipit tractatus fratris R. Bacun, super psalterium. Beatus vir qui.’
_Excerptiones Rogeri Bacon ex auctoribus musicae artis_; or correctly, _Excerptiones Hogeri abbatis_, &c.
MS. Cambridge:--Corp. Chr. Coll. 260 (_olim_ 189).
Cf. MS. Milan:--Ambrosiana, _Rogerii de Baccono de generatione et corruptione, de Musica, de prospectiva_ (Montfaucon, p. 523). Cf. Opera Inedita, 295 _seq._
_De sacrae scripturae profundis misteriis authore Rogero Bacon._
MS. London:--Gray’s Inn, 17 (sec. xv); the title is in a later hand. It is probably a version of the Expositiones Vocabulorum de singulis libris Bibliae Rogeri compotistae monachi S. Eadmundi;
MSS. Oxford:--Bodl. Laud. Misc. 176 (sec. xiv); Magd. Coll. 112 (sec. xv).
=John=, Roger Bacon’s favourite pupil, was certainly not John of London[1362], or John Peckham[1363]. On the other hand it is impossible to identify him with any known scholastic doctor. It is not certain whether he was a friar or whether he was ever at Oxford. About 1260 Roger Bacon found him probably at Paris, as a poor boy of fifteen eager to learn, but forced to beg his bread and to serve those who gave him the necessaries of life[1364].
‘I caused him,’ says Roger[1365], ‘to be taken care of and instructed for the love of God.’
The boy repaid his master’s care. Wishing to send a fit interpreter of his works to the Pope, Bacon writes[1366],
‘I chose a youth whom for five or six years I have had instructed in languages and mathematics and optics, in which is all the difficulty of what I send; and I instructed him gratis with my own mouth after I received your command, feeling that I could not at present have another messenger after my own heart.’
There was no one at Paris who knew so much of the roots of philosophy as did _juvenis Johannes_; he was ‘a virgin, not knowing mortal sin,’ and ‘an excellent keeper of secrets[1367].’ John was sent to Clement with the _Opus Majus_ and other treatises[1368] in 1267, the other works, _Opus Minus_ and _Opus Tertium_, being sent later and probably by other messengers. From this time we have no authentic information about him, and do not know whether he fulfilled Bacon’s expectations:
‘he has that which will enable him to surpass all the Latins, if he lives to old age and builds on the foundations which he has[1369].’
=Robert de Ware=, in Hertfordshire[1370], entered the Order at Oxford between 1265 and 1268. In the prologue of his only extant work, addressed to his younger brother John, he gives the following account of his conversion[1371]:--
I was the eldest son of my father; at a tender age, tenderly beloved, I was designed for a life of study. At length I came to Oxford, and then I entered the Order of Friars Minors. At this my father was exceedingly grieved, and did all in his power to force me to leave the Order, sending my mother and brother and relatives and other friends to me, with intreaties and promises; and, I am told, with the help of some powerful persons, he made every exertion to secure my liberation in the court of Ottobon, who was then acting as legate in England[1372]. At length finding himself thwarted because I would not give my consent, he became so embittered against me that he absolutely refused to see me or speak with me, nor could any of my friends pacify him. One day even, when I had come to his gates with my companion-friar, and wished to enter, he refused me admittance by his servants, drew his sword, and swore with a mighty oath that he would kill me if I presumed to enter.
At length the father was stricken down by a mortal disease, and, warned in a vision, he relented towards his son. The latter was summoned hastily from London, and reconciled to his father, who before his death gave proof of his devotion to the Order of St. Francis.
_Twenty-five discourses on the Virgin Mary, by friar Robert de Ware._ _Inc. prol._ “Aue rosarium scripturarum per areolas.”
MS. London:--Gray’s Inn, 7, f. 62-138: (sec. xiii). No title; the name of the author is given in a hand of the fourteenth century.
=Walter de Landen=, =William Cornish=, =William de Wykham=, =Dyonisius=, and =Robert de Cap(e)ll=, were Franciscans at Oxford, and took part in the controversy with the Dominicans in 1269. All that is known about them will be found in Appendix C.
=Nicholas de Gulac= was at Oxford in 1269. Suffering from stone and despairing of life, he at length prayed the Lord
‘to cure him by the merits of his martyr Earl Simon de Montfort.’
On the next morning as he rose from his bed ‘_ut commingeret_,’ the stone fell at his feet, and he had no pain before or afterwards, being completely cured on Easter Tuesday, 1269; to this miracle witness was borne by the whole convent of Minorites at Oxford[1373].
=Laurence of Cornwall=, to whose miraculous recovery from fever, after prayer to Simon de Montfort, the same Friar N. de Gulac bore witness, was probably at Oxford about the same time[1374].
=Stephanus Hibernicus=, called also =Stephen of Exeter= and =Stephen of Oxford=, was born in 1246, and became a Minorite at ‘Mutifernana’ in 1263. These facts are contained in the _Annales Montis Fernandi (sive Minoritarum Multifernanae) ab a{o} 45 usque ad an. 1274_, the authorship of which is usually ascribed to Stephen[1375]. It is very doubtful whether he was at Oxford.
The _Annales_ are extant in ‘MS. Bibl. Arch. Armachani,’ according to Hardy; formerly MS. Clarendon 19, f. 32-44 (Bernard).
=William of Ware=, or =William Warre=, =Guaro=, =Varro=, &c., born at Ware in Hertfordshire, entered the Order in his youth, according to William Woodford[1376]. It is not improbable that he studied at Oxford, but there is no authority for the statement[1377]. He was S.T.P. of Paris, where most of his life was spent[1378]. He is said to have been a pupil of Alexander of Hales[1379] (d. 1245), and master of Duns Scotus[1380], who went to Paris in 1304. He was called _doctor fundatus_ by later writers[1381].
His _Commentaries on the Sentences_ were seen by Leland in the Franciscan Library, London[1382], and are now extant in the following MSS.:
Oxford:--Merton Coll. 103, 104 (sec. xiv). _Inc._ ‘Utrum finis per se et proprius theologie.’
Toulouse, 242, § 1 (sec. xiv), anon. _Inc. ut supra._
Troyes, 661, § 1 (xiv). ‘Questiones super I et III lib. Sentent.’ ascribed to Duns Scotus. _Inc. ut supra._
Troyes, 661 § 2 (xiv). ‘Questiones Wareti super tertium librum Sententiarum.’ _Inc._ ‘Queritur utrum incarnacio sit possibilis Quod non. Incarnacio est quedam.’
Vienna:--Bibl. Palat. 1424, and 1438 (xiv).
Florence:--Laurentiana, _ex Bibl. S. Crucis_, Plut. xxxiii, Dext. Cod. i (sec. xiii).
Padua, Bibl. S. Antonii, _in Pluteis_ xxiv and xxii. (Tomasin, pp. 62{a}, 60{b}.)
=Richard Middleton= is said by Bale, Wood, and others, to have studied at Oxford, but they produce no evidence for the statement[1383]. He was B.D. at Paris in 1283[1384], when with other doctors and bachelors he was appointed to examine the doctrines of Peter Johannis Olivi. He appears to have incepted as D.D. soon afterwards[1385], and is reckoned among the masters of Duns Scotus. Like many other famous doctors of his Order, he is said by Wadding to have written on the Immaculate Conception[1386]. According to Willot he was known at Paris as _Doctor solidus et copiosus, fundatissimus et authoratus_[1387]: at the Council of Basel he was referred to as _Doctor profundus_[1388].
_Commentum super iv. Sententiarum._ _Inc. prologus_, ‘Abscondita produxit.’
MSS. Oxford:--Bodl. 2765 (now Bodley 744)--Balliol Coll. 198 (sec. xiv)--Merton Coll. 98, f. 118 (sec. xiv).
Cambridge:--Caius Coll. 303--Pembroke Coll. 111, 113.
Canterbury:--Cathedral Lib. 4.
Munich:--Bibl. Regia, 3549 (sec. xv) and 8078 (sec. xiii-xiv).
Printed at Venice 1489, at Venice _sine anno_, and Venice 1507-9, &c.
_Quaestiones quodlibetales_ (two parts). _Inc. Pars I._ ‘Queritur utrum Deus sit summe simplex.’
MSS. Oxford:--Merton Coll. 139, fol. 2 (sec. xiv).
Troyes, 142 (xiv); _Pars II incipit ut supra_.
Florence:--Laurentiana, _ex Bibl. S. Crucis_, Plut. xvii, Sin. Cod. vi (sec. xiv _ineuntis_).
_Quodlibeta tria._ (The first contains 22 questions; the second 31; the third 27.) _Inc._ ‘In nostra disputacione de quolibet.’
MSS. Oxford:--Merton Coll. 139, f. 162 (sec. xiv).
Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 14305 (sec. xiii) _Questiones de quolibet_; this may contain either the _Quodl. tria_ or the _Questiones Quodlib._, or both.
Toulouse, 738 (sec. xiii).
Florence:--Laurent. _ut supra_.
Printed at Venice 1509, Paris 1519, and Brescia 1591.
_De gradibus formarum._
MS. Munich 8723, fol. 175 (sec. xiv and xv).
_Quaestiones disputatae_, by R. Middleton and others.
MS. Assisi (see Fratini, p. 203).
_Sermo fratris Ricardi de dilatatione sermonum_ (?). _Inc._ ‘Quoniam emulatores estis.’
MS. Oxford:--Merton Coll. 249, f. 175 (sec. xiii).
=William de la Mare=, =de Mara=, or =Lamarensis=, may have studied at Oxford[1389] before he went to Paris, where he was a disciple of Bonaventura. In 1284 he published a criticism of Thomas Aquinas, called _Correctorium operum fratris Thomae_[1390], which afterwards won for him the title of standard-bearer of the Anti-Thomists[1391]. This treatise, which may perhaps be still extant in an Italian library, is generally known only through the reply to it, attributed sometimes to Aegidius Romanus, but with more probability to Richard Clapwell[1392]. ‘The serious part of the work of William de Lamarre,’ says M. Charles, ‘seems directly inspired by Bacon[1393].’ He had no doubt come under Roger’s influence either at Oxford or Paris. William de Mara appears also to have written in favour of a strict observance of the Rule of St. Francis. In a dispute on the interpretation of the Rule in 1310, Friar Ubertino de Casali, one of the leaders of the ‘Spiritual’ party, quoted, in support of his views,
‘the opinion of St. Francis expressed in his Rule, and of Pope Nicholas in his Declaration, of Friar Bonaventura in his Apologia, of Friars Alexander and Rigaldus ... and of Friar John de Peckham in his book on Evangelical Perfection, and of Friar William de Mara, who were all solemn masters of our Order[1394].’
From this it is clear that William died before 1310.
Some of his writings are extant in MS.
_Summa Fratris Gul. de Mara contra D. Thomam._
MS. Venice:--Bibl. S. Anton. _in Pluteo_ xix (Tomasin).
_Correctorium Fratris Gul. de Mera ... secundum dicta D. Thomae de Aquino contra correctorium Fratris Joannis (?) de Crapuel Ordinis Praedicatorum_--perhaps the printed _Defensorium seu Correctorium_.
MS. _ibid. in Pluteo_ xviii.
_Quaestiones de natura virtutis_, by ‘Gulielmus de le Maire, ordinis Minorum.’
MS. Brit. Museum:--Burney 358 (sec. xiv)--mutilated at the beginning.
_Sermo Fratris Guillermi de la Mare regentis in Theologia._ (On St. Peter.) _Inc._ ‘Precurrens ascendit in arborem sycomorum.... Fratres orate ut sermo Dei currat et clarificetur.’
MS. Troyes, 1788 (sec. xiv).
_Expositio libri Physicorum Aristotelis_; and _Comment. in libros 1, 2, et 3, Sententiarum_[1395].
MSS. Sta. Croce, Florence 380, 381, 382, 383; mentioned in Wadding, _Sup. ad Script._ These MSS. are now in the Laurentiana, _ex Bibl. S. Crucis_, Plut. xxxiv. Sin. Codd. iv, v, vi, vii, but they do not seem to contain the _Physics_.
_Quaestiones tres philosophicae per Gulielmum (de Mara?) de Anglia, fratrem ordinis Minorum._ _Inc._ ‘Est dubitacio utrum lineam componam ex punctis.’
MS. Bodl. Canon. Misc. 226, f. 76 (sec. xv). There seems no reason for attributing these to W. de Mara rather than to William of Ockham, or any English Minorite named William[1396].
=John of Oxford=, Friar Minor, was ordained priest by Peckham in 1284[1397].
=Richard de Slekeburne= (co. Durham), confessor of Devorguila, played an important part in the foundation of Balliol College: this has already been referred to[1398]. There is no direct proof that Friar Richard was himself at Oxford. Several documents relating to him are preserved in the Balliol College Archives, and described in the Reports of the Hist. MSS. Commission[1399].
(1) A letter of Devorguila to him, in which she speaks of
‘the alms of the poor scholars of our House of Balliol now studying at Oxford,’
and urges Friar Richard by all means in his power to promote the perpetuation of the said house, A. D. 1284.
(2) A grant by the executors of Sir John Balliol of sums to the scholars, with the consent of Devorguila and at the advice of Friar R. de Slekeburne (three deeds, 1285-1286).
(3) A confirmation by Friar Richard of another grant by Sir J. Balliol’s executors of debts due to Sir John: the confirmatory deed is dated Coventry, 1287.
=William of Exeter= was summoned in 1289 from Oxford by Deodatus, Warden of the Friars Minors of Exeter[1400], to assist him in choosing a new site for the convent[1401].
=William of Leominster= is placed among the Franciscans by Pits, but it is not certain that he belonged to this Order[1402]. He was a friar and master of Oxford in 1290; in this year his name appears as one of the masters who gave their consent on behalf of the University to the compromise, effected by the intervention of the King and his council, concerning the right of the bishop of Lincoln to confirm the Chancellor-elect[1403]. Bale states that he had seen this friar’s _Collationes Sententiarum_ and _Quaestiones Theologiae_, at London, ‘_in quadam officina_’[1404].
=John Bekinkham= appears to have been an Oxford Minorite; he was one of the friars to whom the royal alms of 25 marks was paid by the exchequer in 1289 or 1290[1405].
=John de Clara= was executor of Hugh de Cantilupe, Archdeacon of Gloucester, in 1285; he was at this time at Oxford[1406]. In 1289 or 1290 he appears, in conjunction with John Bekinkham, as receiving the royal grant of 25 marks in the name of the Oxford Convent[1407]. In 1299 he was entrusted with 10 marks out of the royal exchequer for the expenses of Hugh of Hertepol and William of Gainsborough, who were going to the General Chapter at Lyons[1408]. In 1301 he was sent with instructions to find the Provincial Minister with all speed, and received of the royal bounty 24_s._ 3_d._ for his expenses[1409].
=John Russell= was private chaplain to Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, in 1293. In a letter to Raymund, General Minister of the Friars Minors, dated Aug. 29, 1293[1410], the Earl thanks the Minister
‘pro vestris muneribus preciosis, cultellis vestris videlicet nobilibus de corallo atque insigni vase tiriaco, que in octavis virginis gloriose per manus dilecti et domestici nostri fratris Johannis Rossel ... recepimus.... Dat’ in manerio nostro de B. (Beckley?)[1411] prope Oxon’,’ &c.
Russell wrote about the same time to _dominus_ R. de M. (Roger de Merlawe):
‘Veni ad capitulum fratrum nostrorum Oxon’, proponens vos personaliter visitasse; sed jam istud iter impedivit debilitas corporalis[1412].’
This John Russell was contemporary, and probably identical, with the twenty-second master of the Franciscans at Cambridge[1413].
_Postilla in Cantica Canticorum._ _Inc._ ‘Cogitanti mihi Canticum.’
MS. London:--Lambeth Palace, 180, f. 1 (sec. xv).
_Lectura super Apocalypsim._ _Inc._ ‘Statuit septem piramides.... Accedens ad expositionem.’
MS. Oxford:--Merton Coll. 172, fol. 106 (sec. xiv), manu Will. de Nottingham.
_De potestate imperatoris et pape._
Formerly in the King’s Library, according to Bale (MS. Seld. supra 64, fol. 163b, 193): it is not mentioned in Casley’s Catalogue.
=Henry de Sutton= was warden of the Grey Friars, London, in 1302[1414], and 1307, when the King (Edward I) gave him 40 marks
‘pro pitancia fratrum Minorum in capitulo suo generali celebrando apud Tolosam in festo Pentecost proximo[1415].’
He procured a legacy of 2 marks annually from Henry Waleys, Mayor of London, for his convent[1416]. The evidence of his connexion with Oxford is very slight. His name occurs as the author of a sermon in a collection of sermons which were probably delivered at Oxford at the end of the thirteenth century[1417].
=William Mincy=, =William de Newport=, =Roger de Barton= (Cheshire), =Robert de Gaddestyn= or =Gaddesby=, =John de Westburg=, =Robert de Mogynton= (Derby), Franciscans at Oxford in 1300, were on the 26th of July in that year presented at Dorchester by Hugh of Hertepol the Provincial, and licensed by Dalderby, Bishop of Lincoln, to hear confessions, grant absolution, and enjoin penances, in the Archdeaconry of Oxford. They were not at this time, and probably never became, doctors of divinity[1418].
=John de Stapleton=, A. D. 1300, was similarly presented by the Provincial, but rejected by the Bishop. The Register of the Friars Minors at London says:
‘Friar John de Stapilton, heir to great wealth and lordship, spurning wife and heritage, became a Friar Minor.’
It is doubtful whether this refers to the same person[1419].
=Adam de Corf=, =Peter de Todworth=, =Walter Bosevile=, and =Roger de Alnewyck=, were in like manner presented by the Provincial and rejected by the Bishop, A. D. 1300. They were not at this time D.D’s. Nothing further is known of them, unless Roger de Alnewyck is to be identified with William of Alnwick, 42nd reader at Oxford[1420].
=John Duns Scotus=[1421] was a Franciscan at Oxford in 1300. In the list of friars presented to the Bishop of Lincoln he appears as ‘Johannes Douns’[1422]; the Bishop refused to grant him license to hear confessions. Soon afterwards Duns lectured on the four books of the _Sentences_ as B.D. at Oxford[1423]. At the end of 1304 he was called to Paris to incept as D.D. The letter of the General Minister recommending this choice is given by Wadding[1424], who however has misunderstood it. For this reason, and because it illustrates some points in the educational system of the Minorites, the letter may be quoted in full[1425].
In Christo sibi carissimis Patribus, Guillelmo Guardiano Parisiis, vel ejus Vicario et Magistris, Frater Gondisalvus gaudens in Domino.
Ad expeditionem dilecti in Christo Patris Aegidii de Legnaco, de quo per litteras vestras certificatus existo, cum de alio (ut moris est) eodem calculo praesentando providere oporteat, et cum, secundum statuta Ordinis, et secundum statuta vestri Conventus, Baccalaureus hujusmodi praesentandus ad praesens debeat esse de aliqua provincia aliarum a Provincia Franciae, dilectum in Christo Patrem Joannem Scotum, de cujus vita laudabili, scientia excellenti, ingenioque subtilissimo, aliisque insignibus conditionibus suis, partim experientia longa, partim fama, quae ubique divulgata est, informatus sum ad plenum, dilectioni vestrae assigno, post dictum patrem Aegidium, principaliter et ordinarie praesentandum. Injungo nihilominus vobis ad meritum salutaris obedientiae, quatenus praesentationem hujusmodi cum solemnitate solita sine multo dispendio facere debeatis; si tamen constiterit vobis, quod dominus Cancellarius velit duos simul licentiare de nostris, volo et placet mihi, quod frater Albertus Methensis, si ad Conventum redire poterit, cum praefato fratre Joanne debeat expediri. In quo casu mando et ordino, quod dictus frater Albertus antiquitatis merito prius incipere debeat, dicto fratre Joanne sub eo postmodum incepturo. Valete in Domino et orate pro me. Datum in loco Esculi provinciae Marchiae Anconitanae, XIV Kal. Dec. anno MCCCIV.
Duns probably taught at Paris till 1307. Wadding, indeed, asserts that he was sent to Cologne by the General Minister in 1305[1426]; but this is almost impossible, and the description which Wadding gives of the scene is derived from later and unhistorical tradition. The statement, however, that he was appointed Regent by the friars in the General Chapter at Toulouse in 1307 sounds more plausible[1427]; he may have been made the first Regent at Paris, or he may have been sent at this time as lector or Regent of the Franciscan schools at Cologne. At any rate there seems no reason to distrust the notice of his death which Wadding quotes from the list of friars who died at Cologne[1428].
‘D. P. frater Joannes Scotus, sacrae Theologiae Professor, Doctor Subtilis nominatus, quondam lector Coloniae, qui obiit anno MCCCVIII, VI Idus Novembris.’
This entry, though certainly not contemporary, was probably derived from some authentic record. Duns’ title of _Doctor Subtilis_, though it does not seem to have been given him in his lifetime, is of considerable antiquity. It is mentioned by Bartholomew of Pisa at the end of the fourteenth century[1429], and by the MS. Catalogue at Assisi, written in 1381[1430].
A collected edition of his works was printed at Lyons in 1639. Many of the works included in these twelve folio volumes are considered doubtful by the editors[1431].
Some few treatises not included in this edition are assigned to him.
_Johannis Scoti super Apocalypsin notulae._ _Inc. liber_: ‘Liber iste principaliter dividitur in tres partes.’ (Doubtful.)
MS. Bodl.:--Laud. Misc. 434, f. 1 (sec. xiv).
_[Ejusdem?] super S. Matthaei Evangelium notae._ _Inc._ ‘Liber generacionis,’ &c.: ‘Sicut fluvius de loco voluptatis egrediens.’ (Doubtful.)
MS. _ibid._ f. 75.
‘_Utrum pluralitas formalitatum possit stare cum simplicitate divine essencie._’
MS. Bodl.: Digby 54, f. 123 (sec. xv).
_De perfectione statuum_[1432]. _Inc._ ‘Quod status prelatorum sc. pastorum ecclesie.’
MSS. Oxford:--Merton Coll. 65, f. 119 (A. D. 1456).
Cambridge:--Public Library Dd. III. 47 (sec. xv); Corpus Christi Coll. 107, fol. 77-93a (sec. xv).
Florence:--Laurentiana, _ex Bibl. S. Crucis_, Plut. xxxvi, Dext. Cod. xii, p. 101 (sec. xiv _exeuntis_).
_Opusculum Doctoris Subtilis super aliquos canones Arzachel._ (Doubtful.)
MS. Cambridge:--Public Library 1017, f. 14-15 (sec. xv). Cf. Tanner, _Bibl._ p. 689, _sub_ ‘Stantonus.’
_Tractatus Johannis Dons Scoti de lapide philosophorum._ (Apocryphal.)
MS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 14008, f. 156.
=Robert Cowton=, or =de Couton= (co. York), according to W. Woodford, entered the Order when young[1433]. He was at Oxford in 1300, when the Provincial asked the Bishop of Lincoln to license him, among others, to hear confessions, but Robert was among the rejected[1434]. At this time he was not a doctor. According to Bale and Pits he studied philosophy at Oxford and theology at Paris: there can be little doubt that he obtained the degree of D.D. in the latter University. His title of ‘the pleasant doctor[1435]’ is not vouched for by any early authority.
If we may draw any inference from the number of MSS. preserved, few works by any Franciscan were more in demand in England[1436] in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries than the _Commentaries_ of Robert Cowton _on the Sentences_. The following MSS. contain them, or parts of them.
London:--Brit. Mus. Royal 11 B. i. 11 B. iv.--Gray’s Inn, 20.
Oxford:--Univ. Coll. 76, f. 455--Balliol 192, 199, 200, 201--Merton 91, 92, 93--New College 290--Exeter 43--Lincoln 36.
Cambridge:--Caius Coll. 281, 324--Peterhouse 73, 75--Pembroke 107.
=Malachias of Ireland= is said by Wadding to have been a Franciscan and B.D. of Oxford, c. 1310. According to the same writer, he preached before Edward II, and was not afraid to rebuke the King to his face[1437].
_Libellus septem peccatorum mortalium_, or, _Tractatus de Veneno_ (often wrongly ascribed to Grostete.)
MS. Brit. Mus.: Cott. Vitell. C. xiv, § 6.
Printed at Paris 1518.
=Walter Brinkley= or =Brinkel= (co. Cambridge), called by Willot ‘the Good Doctor,’ ‘the ancient Doctor and Sophist[1438],’ is said by Bale to have been a doctor of Oxford and to have flourished A. D. 1310. Bale and Pits give a list of his works, but nothing of a trustworthy nature appears to be known about him[1439].
=John of Winchelsea=, S.T.P. and Canon of Salisbury, a fellow of Merton in the reigns of Henry III (?) and Edward I, entered the Minorite Order in his old age at Salisbury, and died during the year of his noviciate, A. D. 1326[1440].
=John Canon= is said to have flourished c. 1320, and to have attended the lectures of Duns Scotus at Oxford and Paris[1441]. Wood, referring to the _regestrum Oriell_, says that his
‘philosophicall treatises were soe much esteemed among the students of this University that they were read to them by their tutors and by logick lecturers in each society[1442].’
_Comment. in libros octo Physicorum Aristotelis._ _Inc. prol._ ‘Venite ad me omnes qui laboratis.’ _Inc. opus._ ‘Utrum substancia finita.’
Of the MSS. of the work, which are very numerous, the oldest appears to be Lambeth MS. 100, f. 103, which Todd refers to the thirteenth century.
Printed at Padua 1475[1443], St. Albans 1481, Venice 1481, 1487, 1492, &c.
=John Stanle=, friar, was appointed to receive at the Exchequer the royal grant of 25 marks payable at Easter 1323 to the Friars Minors at Oxford[1444].
‘=Philippus a Castellione Aretino=’ (Castello near Arezzo) in the Tuscan province, is described by Wadding as, ‘_in theologia magister insignis apud Oxonienses_.’ He flourished 1316, and wrote treatises on the poverty of Christ[1445].
=William of Ockham=, ‘Auctor nominalium,’ ‘Doctor singularis,’ ‘Doctor invincibilis[1446],’ was born probably towards the end of the thirteenth century. Whether he was a pupil of Duns Scotus is doubtful. He studied at Oxford in the early years of the fourteenth century, and became B.D. there[1447]. After this he was called to Paris, where he incepted as D.D. Here he became acquainted with Marsiglio of Padua, over whom, according to Pope Clement VI, he exercised a powerful influence[1448]. It is probable that he was present at the famous Chapter of Perugia (1322), though he was not (as is usually asserted) Provincial of England[1449]. From the first he took a prominent part in the struggle against the Pope[1450]. He was imprisoned at Avignon about the end of 1327, and a process was instituted against him in the Curia
‘because of many erroneous and heretical opinions which he had written[1451].’
He remained in custody for seventeen weeks, and refused to modify his opinions. It is said that a ‘rich and noble lady,’ in admiring recognition of his staunch defence of ‘Evangelical Poverty,’ gave him 70 florins[1452]. On May 25, 1328, he fled from Avignon with Cesena, the General Minister, and Bonagratia, joined the Emperor in Italy, and was excommunicated[1453]. In Feb., 1330, he accompanied Louis to Bavaria, and lived henceforth for the most part in the Franciscan Convent at Munich[1454]. His literary activity was enormous, as may be seen from the list of his works. He took a direct part in the affairs of state, being present at the Councils of Rense and Frankfurt in 1338[1455]. From this time his writings, hitherto largely theological, became more distinctly political[1456]. In spite of excommunication, he continued to support the Emperor’s cause till Louis’ death in 1347, and even later[1457]. But now few only of the rebel friars were left: Cesena died in 1342, Bonagratia in 1347; and in 1349 Ockham sent back the seal of the Order to the orthodox General Minister, and professed his desire to be reconciled to the Church[1458]. Clement VI authorized the General Minister to absolve Ockham and his associates on their confessing in set form their errors and heresies, and promising to obey the Pope and his successors. Whether Ockham subscribed the papal formula, nothing remains to show. The date of his death is uncertain; it may however be concluded that he died at Munich not before 1349[1459].
PHILOSOPHICAL AND THEOLOGICAL WORKS.
_Commentarii in Porphyrii librum: in Aristotelis Praedicamentorum librum_ (or _De decem generibus_): _in Aristotelis de Interpretatione libros duo: in libros Elenchorum._
MSS. Oxford:--Bodl. Canonic. Misc. 558, fol. 1, 24, 63{b}, 93 (sec. xiv).
Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 14721.
Bruges 499, _olim_ 59 (sec. xiii?).
The first three of these works (and perhaps the last) were printed at Bologna in 1496, under the title _Expositio aurea super totam artem Veterem_.
In his Catalogue of the Bruges MSS., Haenel reads _ethicorum_ instead of _elenchorum_. Ockham seems to have written no distinct work on morals, though another is attributed to him by a careless blunder. Caius College MS. 200, § 3, contains, according to Smith’s catalogue, _Correcciones Occami_ (_Occani_ in the old catalogue of 1697) _in Oculum moralem_. The MS. really reads:
‘Correcciones octaui capituli de Ira. (_Inc._) nisi tibi iratus fuissem. Refert eciam Valerius. (_Expl._) et ei reuelauit archana. Cum igitur sobrietas.’
In other words, it is merely a fragment of chapter viii. of the well-known _Oculus moralis_ attributed to Grostete or Peter de Limoges. See e.g. MS. Bodl. Laud. Misc. 677, fol. 180 b, 2nd column.
_Summa logices_ (_ad Adamum_): 3 parts. _Inc._ ‘Dudum me frater et amice.... Omnes logicae tractatores.’
MSS. London:--Brit. Mus., Arundel 367 (sec. xiv).
Cambridge:--Caius Coll. 464[1460]: ‘Logica Gul. de Occham in sex tractatus divisa,’ viz. (1) de terminis, (2) de propositionibus, (3) de Sillogismo simplici, (4) de S. demonstrativo, (5) de S. topico, (6) de S. elenchorum, (written at Magdeburg, A. D. 1341): also Peterhouse 217.
Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 6430, 6431, 6432 (sec. xiv); Bibl. Mazarine 3521 (sec. xiv).
Laon 431 (sec. xiv).
Basel F ii. 25 (written at Oxford, A. D. 1342).
Florence:--Laurentiana, _ex Bibl. S. Crucis_, Plut. xii. Sin. Cod. ii (sec. xiv), six books.
Printed at Paris 1488, Venice 1522, Oxford 1675, &c.
_Quaestiones in octo libros physicorum._ _Inc._ ‘Valde reprehensibilis.’
MS. Oxford:--Merton Coll. 293 (sec. xiv). Cf. Vienna:--Bibl. Palat. 5460 (sec. xv).
Printed at Rome 1637[1461].
In the Bibl. Nat. at Paris, MS. 17841 (sec. xv) contains _Quest. Okam super lib. Physic. et quotlibeta_. The first leaf seems to have been misplaced; _inc._, ‘(U)trum deus sit super omnia diligendus: quod non.’ The second leaf begins: ‘Circa materiam de conceptu questio (?) utrum conceptus sit aliquid fictum’: the questions on the physics end on fol. 26. They appear to differ from the above[1462].
_Questiones Ockam super phisicam et tractatus ejusdem de futuris contingentibus._
MS. Bruges 469 (sec. xiv).
_Summulae in libros physicorum_ (called by Leland, _De introitu scientiarum_): 4 parts. _Inc. prol._ ‘Studiosissime saepiusque rogatus.’ _Inc. Pars. I._ ‘Solent ante preambula indagare sapientes ante scientie ingressum de ipsis scientiis.... Primo de ejus unitate.’
MS. Rodez, 56, p. 107 (sec. xv), ‘Philosophia naturalis.’
Printed at Venice 1506, and elsewhere.
_Quaestiones_ (or _Commentarii_) _in quatuor libros Sententiarum._ _Inc._ ‘Circa prologum primi libri Sententiarum quero primo utrum sit possibile intellectui viatoris.’
MSS. Oxford:--Balliol Coll. 299, f. 7 (sec. xiv); Merton College 100 (sec. xiv).
Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 15561, f. 246 (sec. xv).
Basel A vi. 12.
Printed at Lyons 1495, &c.
Ockham’s commentary on the first book of the _Sentences_ was probably composed when he was B.D. of Oxford; it is longer than his commentaries on the other three books together, and is often found separate.
MSS. Oxford:--Merton Coll. 106 (sec. xiv).
Cambridge:--Caius Coll. 325.
Paris:--Bibl. Mazarine 894 (sec. xiv), ‘de ordinacione fratris Guillelmi de Okham de ordine fratrum Minorum Oxonie.’
Troyes 718 (sec. xiv).
Printed separately (at Strasburg) in 1483.
It is possible that the commentaries on the last three books exist in a fuller form in the following MSS. than in the printed editions:--
MSS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 16398 (sec. xv), books 3 and 4; Cf. ibid. 16708, f. 253{b} (sec. xiv), ‘Circa tertium Sententiarum secundum Okkam.’
Munich:--Bibl. Reg. 8943 (sec. xv), books 2, 3, and 4.
_Quodlibeta septem._ _Inc. quodl. i. qu. i._ ‘Utrum possit probari per rationem naturalem quod tantum unus sit deus: quod sic.’
MSS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 16398, f. 173 (sec. xv), and 17841, fol. 28 (sec. xv): the latter ends abruptly near the beginning of the fourth quodlibet.
Venice:--Bibl. S. Anton. (Tomasin, p. 11 b).
Printed at Paris 1487, Argentina 1491.
At the end of the edition of 1491: ‘Expliciunt quotlibeta septem venerabilis inceptoris magistri Wilhelmi de Ockam anglici, veritatum speculatoris acerrimi, fratris ordinis minorum, post ejus lecturam Oxoniensem (super sententias) edita.’
_De motu, loco, tempore, relatione, praedestinatione et praescientia Dei, et quodlibetum._
MS. Basel F ii. 24.
Cf. MS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 14715, f. 82{b} (sec. xiv); 14909, f. 102{b}; 14579, f. 345; 14580, f. 110{b}. _Incipiunt_: ‘Quia circa materiam de predestinatione et prescientia sunt opiniones diverse.’
_De successivis._ _Inc._ ‘Videndum est de locis.’
MS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 16130, f. 121 (sec. xiv). Cf. MS. Bruges, 500.
_Propositio an sit concedenda; essentia divina est quaternitas._
MS. Basel A vii. 13.
_De sacramento altaris_, and _De corpore Christi_: 2 treatises[1463]. _Inc. i._ ‘Circa conversionem panis.’ _Inc. ii._ ‘Stupenda super munera largitatis.’
MSS. Oxford:--Balliol Coll. 299, f. 196 (sec. xiv); Merton College 137 (sec. xiv).
Rouen, 561 (sec. xv).
Printed at Argentina 1491, at the end of the _Quodlibeta_; at Paris (1490?), and Venice 1516.
_Centiloquium theologicum._ _Inc. prol._ ‘Anima nobis innata eo potius naturaliter appetit cognoscere suum finem, quo pre ceteris appetentibus omnibus corruptibilibus creatis ratione ditata ad ymaginem et similitudinem dei celsius eminentiusque figuratur.’
Printed at Lyons 1495, at the end of the _Sentences_.
_Quaestiones Ocham in terminabiles Alberti de Saxonia._
MS. Padua:--Bibl. S. Joannis in Viridario (Tomasin, p. 37).
_Sermones Occham_, by William or Nicholas of Ockham?
MS. Worcester:--Cathedral Library 74 quarto (= Bernard, Tom. II. 918).
_Notes or disputations on theology and philosophy_, to which the name ‘Okam’ is appended.
MS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 15888, f. 163, 174, 181.
_Gul. Ocham quedam scripta._
MS. Venice:--Bibl. SS. Joannis et Pauli (Tomasin, p. 25{b}).
POLITICAL WORKS.
The dates are taken for the most part from Riezler.
_Opus nonaginta dierum_ (written between 1330 and 1333). _Inc. prol._ ‘Doctoris gentium et Magistri Beati Pauli.’
MS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 3387, fol. 1-163 b (sec. xv).
Printed at Louvain 1481, Lyons 1495, and in Goldast’s _Monarchia_, II. 993-1236.
This treatise corresponds to _Dialogus_, Part III, Tract vi. _de gestis fratris Michaelis de Cesena_ (see below).
_Epistola ad Fratres Minores in Capitulo apud Assisium congregatos_, A. D. 1334. _Inc._ ‘Religiosis viris fratribus minoribus universis A. D. Millesimo CCCXXXIIII. in festo Petri apud Assisium congregatis frater Guilhelmus de Ocham fidem defensare.’
MS. Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 3387, fol. 262 b-265 a (sec. xv).
This has not been printed and is not mentioned by Riezler; it is distinct from the letter of Cesena to the Friars Minors about to assemble in Chapter at Perpignan or Avignon, dated April 25, 1331 (printed Lyons 1495), and the letter of Cesena to all the Friars Minors, dated Jan. 24, 1331 (printed ibid.; Goldast, II. 1238, and Riezler, 248, give 1333 as the date of this last letter).
_Dialogus[1464] inter magistrum et discipulum de Imperatorum et Pontificum Potestate_; 3 parts:
i. _De fautoribus haereticorum libri septem_ (written A. D. 1342 or 1343). _Inc._ ‘In omnibus rebus curiosus existis.’
ii. _De dogmatibus Johannis XXII, tractatus duo_ (A. D. 1333 or 1334). _Inc._ ‘Verba oris ejus iniquitas et dolus.’
iii. _De gestis circa fidem altercantium_, (A. D. 1342-3). (1) De potestate papae et cleri; 4 books. (2) De potestate et juribus Romani imperii; 3 books. _Inc._ ‘Discip. Salomonis utcumque sequendo vestigia.’
MSS. London:--Brit. Mus. Royal 7 F xii, §§ 1 and 2 (sec. xv), Parts I and II; Harleian, 33 (sec. xv), Parts I and II; Addit. 33243 (sec. xv), Parts I and II; also Lambeth Palace Library 168 (sec. xv), Parts II and III.
Oxford:--St. John’s College, 69 (sec. xv), Part I.
Paris:--Bibl. Nat. 3657 (sec. xiv) Part I, fol. 1-208; Part II, fol. 289-321; Part III, Tractatus ii, fol. 210-287, breaking off with the words _nec antedicte sedis scil. Romane antistitem_ in Lib. 3, cap. 16 of Tract. ii; also 14313 (A. D. 1389), Parts I and II; 14619, fol. 121-166 (sec. xv), Part III, Tractatus ii, breaking off in Lib. 3, cap. 16 of Tract. ii, as above; 15881 (sec. xiv), Parts I, II; and