ii. In it the king himself is represented as discoursing on the duties of

subjects towards their king. ‘Do to your king as you would wish your own subjects to do to you.’

_Epideictic Speeches_

Many of the Sophists wrote imaginary speeches on legendary themes, and Isocrates, though this art was outside his province, strayed into it as a critic. The _Busiris_ (Or. xi.), 391 B.C., addressed to a Sophist Polycrates, contains first a criticism of a speech composed by Polycrates on that subject, and secondly an exposition of how Isocrates himself would treat such a theme. Incidentally, Isocrates accepts the early legends as true on the whole, while rejecting certain parts of them as unbecoming.

The _Encomium of Helen_ (Or. x.), 370 B.C., begins with criticism of a certain encomium which is generally believed to be the extant one attributed to Gorgias. The previous writer has written not an encomium but an apology; Isocrates himself will write a real encomium, omitting all the topics which have been used by others.

The _Evagoras_ (Or. ix.), 365 B.C. (?), was composed for a festival celebrated by Nicocles in memory of his father, Evagoras of Salamis, who died 374 B.C. It contains a laudatory account of the king’s career, and an encouragement to the son to emulate his father’s virtues.

The _Panathenaicus_ was begun when Isocrates was 94 years old, _i.e._ in 342 B.C. Owing to an illness, he was not able to finish it for three years. It contains much of the material which had already been used in the _Areopagiticus_. Its main topic is the greatness of Athens, considered historically, and not with reference to contemporary politics. But it contains long digressions—a defence of his own system against the attacks of certain baser Sophists (§§ 5-34); a discourse on Agamemnon (§§ 62-73); a personal explanation (§§ 99 _sqq._), in which the author explains that the speech would naturally end at this point, and details the conversations and discussions which led him to continue it. He was blamed for being too harsh against Sparta, and though he silenced his critics, he had some misgivings. The result is to increase the length of the speech by one third, and completely to spoil the balance and destroy whatever unity it possessed.

_Forensic Speeches_

Six forensic speeches have come down to us; they belong to the early days of Isocrates, who in later years regretted that he had ever been concerned with such an art; they may be dismissed in a few words:

_Against Lochites_ (Or. xx.), 394 B.C., is an action for assault; _Aegineticus_ (Or. xix.), 394 B.C., a claim to an inheritance; _Against Euthynus_ (Or. xxi.), 403 B.C., an action to recover a deposit; _Trapeziticus_ (Or. xvii.), 394 B.C., a similar action, against the famous banker Pasion; περὶ τοῦ ζεύγους (Or. xvi.), 397 B.C., spoken by the younger Alcibiades against a man Tisias, who asserts that the elder Alcibiades, father of the speaker, robbed him of a team of four horses. This is an action for damages amounting to five talents. _Against Callimachus_, 399 B.C., a παραγραφή or special plea entered by the defendant, who contends that an action for damages brought against him cannot be maintained.

_Letters_

Reference has already been made to certain letters, to Dionysius, 368 B.C., Archidamus, 365 B.C., Philip and Alexander, 342 B.C. Others extant are addressed to the children of Jason (_Ep._ vi.), 359 B.C.—_i.e._ Thebe, and her half-brothers, children of the tyrant of Pherae, who was murdered in 370 B.C.; to Timotheus (_Ep._ vii.), 345 B.C.—a king of Heraclea on the Euxine; to the Rulers of Mitylene (_Ep._ viii.), 350 B.C.—the oligarchs who had recently overthrown the democracy; to Antipater (_Ep._ iv.), 340 B.C., at the time, apparently, regent of Macedonia during Philip’s absence in Thrace. This list of the correspondents of Isocrates, with some of whom at least he is on terms of familiarity, may serve to indicate his importance in the Greek world.

Isocrates is also credited with the composition of a τέχνη or treatise on the art of rhetoric, now lost, except for a single quotation; and the editions of the text contain a number of apophthegms attributed to him. None are important.