CHAPTER XIII.

VERDI.

GUISEPPE VERDI, the successor at once of Bellini and of Donizetti, but whose energetic style bears a far greater resemblance to that of Donizetti in his later works (_Maria di Rohan_, for instance) than to that of Bellini, was born near Parma, on the 9th of October, 1814. His father was an innkeeper in a humble way of business, and Verdi's first lessons in music were taken from the local organist. In 1833, thanks to the assistance of a rich patron of art, he went to Milan, where for three years he studied under Lavigna, musical conductor at the Scala Theatre. It was not until 1839 that he succeeded in getting his first opera, _Oberto, Conte di San Bonifazio_, produced. But the manager of the Scala, where it was performed was so satisfied with its success that he gave the young composer an order for three other works. Unfortunately at this juncture Verdi lost a wife whom he had recently married and to whom he was tenderly attached. He had just undertaken the uncongenial and now hateful task of composing an _opera buffa_ entitled, _Un Giorno di Regno_; and, as might have been expected, this work was somewhat deficient in comedy. It failed; and so complete was the fiasco that the director of La Scala felt himself justified in declining to receive from Verdi the two other operas which he had agreed to take.

The unhappy composer had now to begin his career again; and as the first step he passed a year without writing a note. He then set to work once more and composed his well-known opera on the subject of Nebuchadnezzar, called familiarly _Nabuco_. _Nabucodonosore_, produced in London, where the biblical subject had been objected to by the censorship, under the title of Nino, was the first work by which Verdi became famous out of his own country; and the success of _Nabuco_ became in due time European. _Nabuco_ (1842) was followed by _I Lombardi_ (1843), and _Ernani_ (1844); and the three works by which Verdi established his reputation in Italy were all given without much delay at Her Majesty's Theatre. The first production, in fact, of Verdi's works dates from immediately before the secession which led to the establishment of the Royal Italian Opera. An opera on the subject of the _Two Foscari_ was brought out at Rome in 1844, and some three or four years afterwards was given at the Royal Italian Opera, with Ronconi in the principal part. _Ernani_, however, at both our rival opera houses was for some time the most admired and the most often played of the new composer's works.

At this time Verdi's music met with but little appreciation from critics, who declared it to be noisy and commonplace, and who were particularly offended by so much brass being employed in the orchestration, and by so many of the choruses being written in unison. The new composer was accused, moreover, of passing too abruptly from one piece to another, of not sufficiently preparing his effects, and so on. We have seen how Rossini was attacked when his operas were first produced in England; and the Lord Mount-Edgcumbes of 1848, and indeed of many years later, were thoroughly dissatisfied with Verdi, whom it was the fashion to represent in the newspapers of the day as a sort of melodramatic mountebank. Even as late as 1856, when the richly melodious, and in many respects highly dramatic _Trovatore_ was given at the Royal Italian Opera, the talent, or rather the genius of Verdi, was still systematically denied. The style in which Verdi's operas were habitually executed in London may have had something to do with the charges pressed so energetically against him. Those, however, who have heard Verdi conduct his own works are aware that though his scores may contain parts for a considerable number of brass instruments, yet the brassiness of the orchestra is kept down and a proper balance of sonority maintained. Fully informed as to why Verdi's works ought not to be admired, the public of London persisted in admiring them; and it may be here mentioned that for some years Verdi was not much better treated by the critical press of France than by that of England. M. Scudo, writing in the _Revue des deux Mondes_ found in Verdi the same faults already mentioned as those of which he was habitually accused in England. _Il Trovatore_, however, did much towards converting M. Scudo; and the success of that work, if not the work itself, did much to shake the faith, or rather the unfaith, of those English critics and connoisseurs who had previously disbelieved in Verdi. The production of _Rigoletto_ at the Royal Italian Opera a year or two later, with Madame Bosio (most charming of Gildas), Signor Mario, and Signor Ronconi in the principal parts, made those who were still sceptical as to Verdi's high merits appear somewhat ridiculous. _La Traviata_, with its questionable story derived from the younger Dumas's novel and play of _La Dame aux Camélias_, was a good deal blamed by reason of its libretto; and also on account of the alleged triviality of the music, which, however, thanks to the tone of genuine emotion in many of its strains, still lives, and is now, indeed, more popular than ever.

Verdi's success in England was confirmed, and more than confirmed, by the production at the Royal Italian Opera of _Un Ballo in Maschera_ (founded on the same subject as Auber's _Gustave III._), with an execution which was above all remarkable for the style in which the part of the Duke, vaguely described as "Il Duca," was played by Signor Mario, and that of Renato, whose wife the Duke betrays, by Signor Graziani; and for the last twelve or fifteen years it has been considered bad taste not to admire Verdi's music. Indeed, since _Aïda_, his latest, most serious, most studied, and, in the true sense of the word, most dramatic opera, it has become the fashion in some musical circles to place him above all other Italian composers, to contrast the significance of his melodies, the characterisation of his personages, and the forcible construction of his scenes, with the careless, haphazard stringing together of meaningless, if singable tunes, and of ingenious rather than dramatic concerted pieces which mark the style or want of style of so many Italian composers. It is only fair, however, to remember that Verdi has not yet surpassed _William Tell_, that he has produced nothing superior in the way of concerted finale to the celebrated one which closes the second act of _Lucia_, and that he scarcely could have treated the last act of _La Favorita_ more dramatically, or with a greater abundance of melodic ideas than Donizetti--here by the way, writing at times very much in Verdi's own manner.

In pursuing the story of Verdi's constantly increasing success among the English we have departed from the general history of his career. It must be mentioned, however, that many of Verdi's operas which gained great favour in Italy have either never been given in England at all, or have been performed in this country without exciting much enthusiasm. Nor was any great impression made in England by the work which, under the title of _Masnadieri_, Verdi wrote expressly for Her Majesty's Theatre in the days of Jenny Lind, with Jenny Lind herself, Gardoni, and Lablache in the principal parts. No one seems to have suggested that Verdi's _King Lear_ should be performed in England; but from time to time there has been some talk of producing his _Macbeth_, of which a French version was brought out, not unsuccessfully, at the Théâtre Lyrique of Paris, with some additional music, and especially some new ballet scenes by the composer.

It is scarcely worth while to recall Verdi's failures: but _Luisa Miller_ and _La Forza del Destino_ must in fairness be reckoned among the number. _Luisa Miller_ is based on the theme of Schiller's pathetic but over-dolorous drama _Cabale und Liebe_. For the basis of _La Forza_ Verdi did not have recourse to Schiller as in the case of _Luisa Miller_ and _I Massdieri_, nor to Victor Hugo as in that of _Ernani_ and of _Rigoletto_ (_Le Roi s'amuse_). His librettist borrowed the subject from a most sanguinary melodrama by a Spanish author of some distinction, though with such bloodthirsty tendencies that he brings almost every character in his play to a violent end, while one of the leading personages, after apparently meeting his death, is restored to life to be killed again. In _La Forza del Destino_ the composer has so neglected the concerted music that the work does not include one regularly constructed concerted piece. It contains, however, some beautiful melodies for the solo voice, including one in particular assigned to the prima donna, which Verdi, from having inscribed it beneath one of his best portraits, would seem to regard as characteristically his own. Of Verdi's _Requiem_, composed in memory of Manzoni, little need be said except that it is melodious, impressive, and often very dramatic--dramatic, however, in the style of _Aïda_ not of the less thoroughly dramatic, but more stagey works of Verdi's youth.

Verdi, now (1880) in his sixty-seventh year, has by no means renounced musical composition; and he is understood to be actively engaged on a new _Othello_, of which Signor Boito, author and composer of _Mefistofele_, has furnished the libretto, and which is to be brought out as soon as completed under the title of _Iago_.

Unlike other composers, Verdi has played a certain political part, which, however, seems in a great measure to have been forced upon him. In the days before Italian unity it was discovered that the letters composing his name might, in due order, be regarded as signifying "Vittore Emanuele, Re d'Italia"; so that "Viva Verdi!" came to be accepted as an aspiration for a united Italian kingdom with Victor Emanuel on the throne. When _Macbeth_ was brought out, all sorts of political allusions were discovered in the libretto; and nothing would satisfy the electors of Verdi's native town but to make him a member of the National Assembly of Parma. After the formation of the Italian kingdom Verdi became a member of the Italian parliament; and in 1874 the king made him a senator.

LIST OF ROSSINI'S WORKS

WITH THE DATE OF THEIR PRODUCTION IN PUBLIC.

1. Il Pianto d'Armonia. Cantata, 1808 2. Orchestral Symphony. 1809 3. Quartet for Stringed Instruments. 1809 4. La Cambiale di Matrimonio. Opera, 1810 5. L'Equivoco Stravagante. Opera, 1811 6. Didone Abbandonata. Cantata, 1811 7. Demetrio e Polibio. Opera, 1811 8. L'Inganno Felice. Opera, 1812 9. Ciro in Babilonia. Opera, 1812 10. La Scala di Seta. Opera, 1812 11. La Pietra del Paragone. Opera, 1812 12. L'Occasione fa il Ladro. Opera, 1812 13. Il Figlio per Azzardo. Opera, 1813 14. Tancredi. Opera, 1813 15. L'Italiana in Algeri. Opera, 1813 16. L'Aureliano in Palmira. Opera, 1814 17. Egle e Irene. Cantata (unpublished), 1814 18. Il Turco in Italia. Opera, 1814 19. Sigismondo. Opera, 1814 20. Elisabetta. Opera, 1815 21. Torvaldo e Dorliska. Opera, 1816 22. Il Barbiere di Seviglia. Opera, 1816 23. La Gazella. Opera, 1816 24. Otello. Opera, 1816 25. Teti e Peleo. Cantata, 1816 26. Cenerentola. Opera, 1817 27. La Gazza Ladra. Opera, 1817 28. Armida. Opera, 1817 29. Adelaida di Borgagna. Opera, 1818 30. Mosè Opera, 1818 31. Adina. Opera (written for Lisbon), 1818 32. Ricciardo e Zoraïde. Opera, 1818 33. Ermoine. Opera, 1819 34. Eduardo e Cristina. Opera, 1819 35. La Donna del Lago. Opera, 1819 36. Cantata in honour of the King of Naples. 1819 37. Bianca e Faliero. Opera, 1820 38. Maometto II. Opera, 1820 39. Cantata in honour of the Emperor of Austria. 1820 40. Matilda di Shubrun. Opera, 1821 41. La Riconoscenza. Cantata, 1821 42. Zelmira. Opera, 1822 43. Il vero Omaggio. Cantata, 1822 44. Semiramide. Opera, 1823 45. Il Viaggio a Reims. Opera, 1825 46. Le Siège de Corinthe. Opera, 1826 47. Moïse. Opera, 1827 48. Le Comte Ory. Opera, 1828 49. Guillaume Tell. Opera, 1829 50. Les Soirées musicales. Douze morceaux de Chant, 1840 51. Quatre Ariettes Italiennes. 1841 52. Stabat Mater. 1842 53. La Foi, L'Espérance et la Charité. Trois Choeurs, 1843 54. Stances à Pie IX. 1847 55. Messe Solennelle. 1869

THE END.

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_CADOGAN (Lady A.) Illustrated Games of Patience._ Twenty-four Diagrams in Colours, with Descriptive Text. Foolscap 4to, cloth extra, gilt edges, 3rd Edition, 12_s._ 6_d._

_Caldecott (R.)._ _See_ "Breton Folk."

_Carbon Process (A Manual of)._ _See_ LIESEGANG.

_Ceramic Art._ _See_ JACQUEMART.

_Changed Cross (The)_, and other Religious Poems. 16mo, 2_s._ 6_d._

_Chant Book Companion to the Book of Common Prayer._ Consisting of upwards of 550 Chants for the Daily Psalms and for the Canticles; also Kyrie Eleisons, and Music for the Hymns in Holy Communion, &c. Compiled and Arranged under the Musical Editorship of C. J. VINCENT, Mus. Bac. Crown 8vo, 2_s._ 6_d._; Organist's Edition, fcap. 4to, 5_s._

_Of various Editions of_ HYMNAL COMPANION, _Lists will be forwarded on application_.

_Child of the Cavern (The); or, Strange Doings Underground._ By JULES VERNE. Translated by W. H. G. KINGSTON. Numerous Illustrations. Sq. cr. 8vo, gilt edges, 7_s._ 6_d._; cl., plain edges, 5_s._

_Child's Play_, with 16 Coloured Drawings by E. V. B. Printed on thick paper, with tints, 7_s._ 6_d._

---- _New._ By E. V. B. Similar to the above. _See_ New.

_Children's Lives and How to Preserve Them; or, The Nursery_ Handbook. By W. LOMAS, M.D. Crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._

_Children's Magazine._ Illustrated. _See_ St Nicholas.

_Choice Editions of Choice Books._ 2_s._ 6_d._ each, Illustrated by C. W. COPE, R.A., T. CRESWICK, R.A., E. DUNCAN, BIRKET FOSTER, J. C. HORSLEY, A.R.A., G. HICKS, R. REDGRAVE, R.A., C. STONEHOUSE, F. TAYLER, G. THOMAS, H. J. TOWNSHEND, E. H. WEHNERT, HARRISON WEIR, &c.

Bloomfield's Farmer's Boy. Campbell's Pleasures of Hope. Coleridge's Ancient Mariner. Goldsmith's Deserted Village. Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield. Gray's Elegy in a Churchyard. Keat's Eve of St. Agnes. Milton's L'Allegro. Poetry of Nature. Harrison Weir. Rogers' (Sam.) Pleasures of Memory. Shakespeare's Songs and Sonnets. Tennyson's May Queen. Elizabethan Poets. Wordsworth's Pastoral Poems.

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_Christ in Song._ By Dr. PHILIP SCHAFF. A New Edition, Revised, cloth, gilt edges, 6_s._

_Cobbett (William)._ A Biography. By EDWARD SMITH. 2 vols., crown 8vo, 25_s._

_Comedy (The) of Europe_, 1860-1890. A retrospective and prospective Sketch. Crown 8vo, 6_s._

_Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism._ By Dr. GERHARD UHLHORN. Edited and Translated from the Third German Edition by G. C. SMYTH and C. J. H. ROPES. 8vo, cloth extra, 10_s._ 6_d._

_Continental Tour of Eight Days for Forty-four Shillings._ By a JOURNEY-MAN. 12mo, 1_s._

"The book is simply delightful."--_Spectator._

_Corea (The)._ _See_ "Forbidden Land."

_Covert Side Sketches: Thoughts on Hunting, with Different_ Packs in Different Countries. By J. NEVITT FITT (H.H. of the _Sporting Gazette_, late of the _Field_). 2nd Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._

_Cradle-Land of Arts and Creeds; or, Nothing New under the_ Sun. By CHARLES J. STONE, Barrister-at-law, and late Advocate, High Courts, Bombay, 8vo, pp. 420, cloth, 14_s._

_Cripps the Carrier._ 3rd Edition, 6_s._ See BLACKMORE.

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_DANA (R. H.) Two Years before the Mast and Twenty-Four_ years After. Revised Edition with Notes, 12mo, 6_s._

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_Day of My Life (A); or, Every Day Experiences at Eton._ By an ETON BOY, Author of "About Some Fellows." 16mo, cloth extra, 2_s._ 6_d._ 6th Thousand.

_Day out of the Life of a Little Maiden (A): Six Studies from_ Life. By SHERER and ENGLER. Large 4to, in portfolio, 5_s._

_Diane._ By Mrs. MACQUOID. Crown 8vo, 6_s._

_Dick Cheveley: his Fortunes and Misfortunes._ By W. H. G. KINGSTON. 350 pp., square 16mo, and 22 full-page Illustrations. Cloth, gilt edges, 7_s._ 6_d._

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_Dogs of Assize._ A Legal Sketch-Book in Black and White. Containing 6 Drawings by WALTER J. ALLEN. Folio, in wrapper, 6_s._ 8_d._

_EIGHT Cousins._ _See_. ALCOTT.

_Eldmuir: An Art-Story of Scottish Home-Life, Scenery, and_ Incident. By JACOB THOMPSON, Jun. Illustrated with Engravings after Paintings of JACOB THOMPSON. With an Introductory Notice by LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A., &c. Demy 8vo, cloth extra, 14_s._

_Elinor Dryden._ By Mrs. MACQUOID. Crown 8vo, 6_s._

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_English Catalogue of Books (The)._ Published during 1863 to 1871 inclusive, comprising also important American Publications. 30_s._ *** Of the previous Volume, 1835 to 1862, very few remain on sale; as also of the Index Volume, 1837 to 1857.

---- _Supplements_, 1863, 1864, 1865, 3_s._ 6_d._ each; 1866 to 1880, 5_s._ each.

_English Writers_, Chapters for Self-Improvement in English Literature. By the Author of "The Gentle Life," 6_s._; smaller edition, 2_s._ 6_d._

_English Philosophers._ A Series of Volumes containing short biographies of the most celebrated English Philosophers, designed to direct the reader to the sources of more detailed and extensive criticism than the size and nature of the books in this Series would permit. Though not issued in chronological order, the series will, when complete, constitute a comprehensive history of English Philosophy. Two Volumes will be issued simultaneously at brief intervals, in square 16mo, price 2_s._ 6_d._

_The following are already arranged:_--

=Bacon.= Professor FOWLER, Professor of Logic in Oxford.

=Berkeley.= Professor T. H. GREEN, Professor of Moral Philosophy, Oxford.

=Hamilton.= Professor MONK, Professor of Moral Philosophy, Dublin.

=J. S. Mill.= Miss HELEN TAYLOR., Editor of "The Works of Buckle," &c.

=Mansel.= Rev. J. H. HUCKIN, D.D., Head Master of Repton.

=Adam Smith.= Mr. J. A. FARRER, M.A., Author of "Primitive Manners and Customs."

=Hobbes.= Mr. A. H. GOSSET, B.A., Fellow of New College, Oxford.

=Bentham.= Mr. G. E. BUCKLE, M. A., Fellow of All Souls', Oxford.

=Austin.= Mr. HARRY JOHNSON, B.A., late Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford.

=Hartley.=} Mr. E. S. BOWEN, B. A., late Scholar of New College, =James Mill.=} Oxford.

=Shaftesbury.=} Professor FOWLER. =Hutcheson.=}

_Erchomenon; or, The Republic of Materialism._ Small post 8vo, cloth, 5_s._

_Erema; or, My Father's Sin._ _See_ BLACKMORE.

_Eton._ _See_ "Day of my Life," "Out of School," "About Some Fellows."

_Evans (C.) Over the Hills and Far Away._ By C. EVANS. One Volume, crown 8vo, cloth extra, 10_s._ 6_d._

---- _A Strange Friendship._ Crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._

_FAMILY Prayers for Working Men._ By the Author of "Steps to the Throne of Grace." With an Introduction by the Rev. E. H. BICKERSTETH, M.A. Cloth, 1_s._; sewed, 6_d._

_Fern Paradise (The): A Plea for the Culture of Ferns._ By F. G. HEATH. New Edition, entirely Rewritten, Illustrated with Eighteen full-page, numerous other Woodcuts, including 8 Plates of Ferns and Four Photographs, large post 8vo, cloth, gilt edges, 12_s._ 6_d._ Sixth Edition. In 12 Parts, sewn, 1_s._ each.

"This charming Volume will not only enchant the Fern-lover, but will also please and instruct the general reader."--_Spectator._

_Fern World (The)._ By F. G. HEATH. Illustrated by Twelve Coloured Plates, giving complete Figures (Sixty-four in all) of every Species of British Fern, printed from Nature; by several full-page Engravings. Cloth, gilt, 6th Edition, 12_s._ 6_d._ In 12 parts, 1_s._ each.

"Mr. HEATH has really given us good, well-written descriptions of our native Ferns, with indications of their habitats, the conditions under which they grow naturally, and under which they may be cultivated."--_Athenæum._

_Few (A) Hints on Proving Wills._ Enlarged Edition, 1_s._

_First Steps in Conversational French Grammar._ By F. JULIEN. Being an Introduction to "Petites Leçons de Conversation et de Grammaire," by the same Author. Fcap. 8vo, 128 pp., 1_s._

_Five Years in Minnesota._ By MAURICE FARRAR, M.A. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 6_s._

_Flooding of the Sahara (The)._ _See_ MACKENZIE.

_Food for the People; or, Lentils and other Vegetable Cookery._ By E. E. ORLEBAR. Third Thousand. Small post 8vo, boards, 1_s._

_A Fool's Errand_. By ONE OF THE FOOLS. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 5_s_.

_Footsteps of the Master_. See STOWE (Mrs. BEECHER).

_Forbidden Land (A): Voyages to the Corea_. By G. OPPERT. Numerous Illustrations and Maps. Demy 8vo, cloth extra, 21_s_.

_Four Lectures on Electric Induction_. Delivered at the Royal Institution, 1878-9. By J. E. H. GORDON, B.A. Cantab. With numerous Illustrations. Cloth limp, square 16mo, 3_s_.

_Foreign Countries and the British Colonies_. Edited by F. S. PULLING, M.A., Lecturer at Queen's College, Oxford, and formerly Professor at the Yorkshire College, Leeds. A Series of small Volumes descriptive of the principal Countries of the World by well-known Authors, each Country being treated of by a Writer who from Personal Knowledge is qualified to speak with authority on the Subject. The Volumes will average 180 crown 8vo pages, will contain Maps, and, in some cases, a few typical Illustrations.

_The following Volumes are in preparation_:--

Denmark and Iceland.|Russia.|Canada. Greece. |Persia.|Sweden and Norway. Switzerland. |Japan. |The West Indies. Austria. |Peru. |New Zealand.

_Franc (Maude Jeane)_. The following form one Series, small post 8vo, in uniform cloth bindings:--

---- _Emily's Choice_. 5_s_.

---- _Hall's Vineyard_. 4_s_.

---- _John's Wife: a Story of Life in South Australia_. 4_s_.

---- _Marian; or, the Light of Some One's Home_. 5_s_.

---- _Silken Cords and Iron Fetters_. 4_s_.

---- _Vermont Vale_. 5_s_.

---- _Minnie's Mission_. 4_s_.

---- _Little Mercy_. 5_s_.

---- _Beatrice Melton_. 4_s_.

_Friends and Foes in the Transkei: An Englishwoman's Experiences_ during the Cape Frontier War of 1877-8. By HELEN M. PRICHARD. Crown 8vo, cloth, 10_s_. 6_d_.

_Froissart (The Boy's)_. Selected from the Chronicles of England, France, Spain, &c. By SIDNEY LANIER. The Volume will be fully Illustrated. Crown 8vo, cloth, 7_s_. 6_d_.

_Funny Foreigners and Eccentric Englishmen_. 16 coloured comic Illustrations for Children. Fcap. folio, coloured wrapper, 4_s_.

_Games of Patience. See_ CADOGAN.

_Gentle Life_ (Queen Edition). 2 vols. in 1, small 4to, 10_s._ 6_d._

THE GENTLE LIFE SERIES.

Price 6_s._ each; or in calf extra, price 10_s._ 6_d._; Smaller Edition, cloth extra, 2_s._ 6_d._

A Reprint (with the exception of "Familiar Words" and "Other People's Windows") has been issued in very neat limp cloth bindings at 2_s._ 6_d._ each.

_The Gentle Life._ Essays in aid of the Formation of Character of Gentlemen and Gentlewomen. 21st Edition.

"Deserves to be printed in letters of gold, and circulated in every house."--_Chambers' Journal._

_About in the World._ Essays by Author of "The Gentle Life."

"It is not easy to open it at any page without finding some handy idea."--_Morning Post._

_Like unto Christ._ A New Translation of Thomas à Kempis' "De Imitatione Christi." 2nd Edition.

"Could not be presented in a more exquisite form, for a more sightly volume was never seen."--_Illustrated London News._

_Familiar Words._ An Index Verborum, or Quotation Handbook. Affording an immediate Reference to Phrases and Sentences that have become embedded in the English language. 3rd and enlarged Edition. 6_s._

"The most extensive dictionary of quotation we have met with"--_Notes and Queries._

_Essays by Montaigne._ Edited and Annotated by the Author of "The Gentle Life." With Portrait. 2nd Edition.

"We should be glad if any words of ours could help to bespeak a large circulation for this handsome attractive book."--_Illustrated Times_

_The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia._ Written by Sir PHILIP SIDNEY. Edited with Notes by Author of "The Gentle Life." 7_s._ 6_d._

"All the best things are retained intact in Mr. Friswell's edition."--_Examiner._

_The Gentle Life._ 2nd Series, 8th Edition.

"There is not a single thought in the volume that does not contribute in some measure to the formation of a true gentleman."--_Daily News._

_The Silent Hour: Essays, Original and Selected._ By the Author of "The Gentle Life." 3rd Edition.

"All who possess 'The Gentle Life' should own this volume."--_Standard._

_Half-Length Portraits._ Short Studies of Notable Persons. By J. HAIN FRISWELL. Small post 8vo, cloth extra, 6_s._

_Essays on English Writers_, for the Self-improvement of Students in English Literature.

"To all who have neglected to read and study their native literature we would certainly suggest the volume before us as a fitting introduction."--_Examiner._

_The Gentle Life Series (continued)_:--

_Other People's Windows._ By J. HAIN FRISWELL. 3rd Edition.

"The chapters are so lively in themselves, so mingled with shrewd views of human nature, so full of illustrative anecdotes, that the reader cannot fail to be amused."--_Morning Post._

_A Man's Thoughts._ By J. HAIN FRISWELL.

_German Primer._ Being an Introduction to First Steps in German. By M. T. PREU. 2_s._ 6_d._

_Getting On in the World; or, Hints on Success in Life._ By W. MATHEWS, LL.D. Small post 8vo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._; gilt edges, 3_s._ 6_d._

_Gilpin's Forest Scenery._ Edited by F. G. HEATH. Large post 8vo, with numerous Illustrations. Uniform with "The Fern World" and "Our Woodland Trees." 12_s._ 6_d._

"Those who know MR. HEATH'S Volumes on Ferns, as well as his 'Woodland Trees,' and his little work on 'Burnham Beeches,' will understand the enthusiasm with which he has executed his task.... The Volume deserves to be a favourite in the boudoir as well as in the library."--_Saturday Review._

_Gordon (J. E. H.)._ _See_ "Four Lectures on Electric Induction," "Physical Treatise on Electricity," &c.

_Gouffé. The Royal Cookery Book._ By JULES GOUFFÉ; translated and adapted for English use by ALPHONSE GOUFFÉ, Head Pastrycook to her Majesty the Queen. Illustrated with large plates printed in colours. 161 Woodcuts, 8vo, cloth extra, gilt edges, 2_l._ 2_s._

---- Domestic Edition, half-bound, 10_s._ 6_d._

"By far the ablest and most complete work on cookery that has ever been submitted to the gastronomical world."--_Pall Mall Gazette._

_Gouraud (Mdlle.) Four Gold Pieces._ Numerous Illustrations. Small post 8vo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._ _See also_ Rose Library.

_Government of M. Thiers._ By JULES SIMON. Translated from the French. 2 vols., demy 8vo, cloth extra, 32_s._

_Great Artists. See_ Biographies.

_Greek Grammar. See_ WALLER.

_Guizot's History of France._ Translated by ROBERT BLACK. Super-royal 8vo, very numerous Full-page and other Illustrations. In 5 vols., cloth extra, gilt, each 24_s._

"It supplies a want which has long been felt, and ought to be in the hands of all students of history."--_Times._

---- _Masson's School Edition._ The History of France from the Earliest Times to the Outbreak of the Revolution; abridged from the Translation by Robert Black, M.A., with Chronological Index, Historical and Genealogical Tables, &c. By Professor GUSTAVE MASSON, B.A., Assistant Master at Harrow School. With 24 full-page Portraits, and many other Illustrations. 1 vol., demy 8vo, 600 pp., cloth extra, 10_s._ 6_d._

_Guizot's History of England._ In 3 vols. of about 500 pp. each, containing 60 to 70 Full-page and other Illustrations, cloth extra, gilt, 24_s._ each.

"For luxury of typography, plainness of print, and beauty of illustration, these volumes, of which but one has as yet appeared in English, will hold their own against any production of an age so luxurious as our own in everything, typography not excepted."--_Times._

_Guyon (Mde.) Life._ By UPHAM. 6th Edition, crown 8vo, 6_s._

_HANDBOOK to the Charities of London. See_ LOW'S.

---- _of Embroidery; which see._

---- _to the Principal Schools of England. See_ Practical.

_Half-Hours of Blind Man's Holiday; or, Summer and Winter_ Sketches in Black & White. By W. W. FENN. 2 vols., cr. 8vo, 24_s._

_Half-Length Portraits._ Short Studies of Notable Persons. By J. HAIN FRISWELL. Small post 8vo, 6_s._; Smaller Edition, 2_s._ 6_d._

_Hall (W. W.) How to Live Long; or, 1408 Health Maxims_, Physical, Mental, and Moral. By W. W. HALL, A.M., M.D. Small post 8vo, cloth, 2_s._ Second Edition.

_Hans Brinker; or, the Silver Skates. See_ DODGE.

_Have I a Vote?_ A Handy Book for the Use of the People, on the Qualifications conferring the Right of Voting at County and Borough Parliamentary Elections. With Forms and Notes. By T. H. LEWIS, B.A., LL.B. Paper, 6_d._

_Heart of Africa._ Three Years' Travels and Adventures in the Unexplored Regions of Central Africa, from 1868 to 1871. By Dr. GEORG SCHWEINFURTH. Numerous Illustrations, and large Map. 2 vols., crown 8vo, cloth, 15_s._

_Heath (Francis George). See_ "Fern World," "Fern Paradise," "Our Woodland Trees," "Trees and Ferns;" "Gilpin's Forest Scenery," "Burnham Beeches," "Sylvan Spring," &c.

_Heber's (Bishop) Illustrated Edition of Hymns._ With upwards of 100 beautiful Engravings. Small 4to, handsomely bound, 7_s._ 6_d._ Morocco, 18_s._ 6_d._ and 21_s._ An entirely New Edition.

_Hector Servadac. See_ VERNE. 10_s._ 6_d._ and 5_s._

_Heir of Kilfinnan (The)._ New Story by W. H. G. KINGSTON, Author of "Snoe Shoes and Canoes," "With Axe and Rifle," &c. With Illustrations. Cloth, gilt edges, 7_s._ 6_d._

_History and Handbook of Photography._ Translated from the French of GASTON TISSANDIER. Edited by J. THOMSON. Imperial 16mo, over 300 pages, 70 Woodcuts, and Specimens of Prints by the best Permanent Processes. Second Edition, with an Appendix by the late Mr. Henry Fox Talbot. Cloth extra, 6_s._

_History of a Crime (The); Deposition of an Eye-witness._ By VICTOR HUGO. 4 vols., crown 8vo, 42_s_. Cheap Edition, 1 vol., 6_s_.

---- _England. See_ GUIZOT.

---- _France. See_ GUIZOT.

---- _of Russia, See_ RAMBAUD.

---- _Merchant Shipping. See_ LINDSAY.

---- _United States. See_ BRYANT.

---- _Ireland_. STANDISH O'GRADY. Vols. I. and II., 7_s_. 6_d_. each.

---- _American Literature_. By M. C. TYLER. Vols. I. and II., 2 vols, 8vo, 24_s_.

_History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power_. With several hundred Illustrations. By ALFRED BARLOW. Royal 8vo, cloth extra, 1_l_. 5_s_. Second Edition.

_Hitherto_. By the Author of "The Gayworthys." New Edition, cloth extra, 3_s_. 6_d_. Also, in Rose Library, 2 vols., 2_s_.

_Home of the Eddas_. By C. G. LOCK. Demy 8vo, cloth, 16_s_.

_How to Live Long. See_ HALL.

_How to get Strong and how to Stay so_. By WILLIAM BLAIKIE. A Manual of Rational, Physical, Gymnastic, and other Exercises. With Illustrations, small post 8vo, 5_s_.

"Worthy of every one's attention, whether old or young."--_Graphic_.

_Hugo (Victor) "Ninety-Three."_ Illustrated. Crown 8vo, 6_s_.

---- _Toilers of the Sea_. Crown 8vo. Illustrated, 6_s_.; fancy boards, 2_s_.; cloth, 2_s_. 6_d_.; On large paper with all the original Illustrations, 10_s_. 6_d_.

----. _See_ "History of a Crime."

_Hundred Greatest Men (The)_. 8 vols., containing 15 to 20 Portraits each, 21_s_. each. See below.

"Messrs. SAMPSON LOW & CO. are about to issue an important 'International' work, entitled, 'THE HUNDRED GREATEST MEN;' being the Lives and Portraits of the 100 Greatest Men of History, divided into Eight Classes, each Class to form a Monthly Quarto Volume. The Introductions to the volumes are to be written by recognized authorities on the different subjects, the English contributors being DEAN STANLEY, Mr. MATTHEW ARNOLD, Mr. FROUDE, and Professor MAX MÜLLER; in Germany, Professor HELMHOLTZ; in France, MM. TAINE and RENAN; and in America, Mr. EMERSON. The Portraits are to be Reproductions from fine and rare Steel Engravings."--_Academy_.

_Hygiene and Public Health (A Treatise on)_. Edited by A. H. BUCK, M.D. Illustrated by numerous Wood Engravings. In 2 royal 8vo vols., cloth, one guinea each.

_Hymnal Companion to Book of Common Prayer. See._ BICKERSTETH.

_ILLUSTRATED Text-Books of Art-Education_. A Series of Monthly Volumes preparing for publication. Edited by EDWARD J. POYNTER, R.A., Director for Art, Science and Art Department.

_The first Volumes, large crown 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d. each, will be issued in the following divisions_:--

PAINTING.

Classic and Italian. French and Spanish. German, Flemish, and Dutch. English and American.

ARCHITECTURE.

Classic and Early Christian. Gothic, Renaissance, & Modern.

SCULPTURE.

Classic and Oriental. Renaissance and Modern.

ORNAMENT.

Decoration in Colour. Architectural Ornament. _

Illustrations of China and its People_. By J. THOMPSON F.R.G.S. Four Volumes, imperial 4to, each 3l. 3s.

_In my Indian Garden_. By PHIL ROBINSON. With a Preface by EDWIN ARNOLD, M.A., C.S.I., &c. Crown 8vo, limp cloth, 3s. 6d.

_Involuntary Voyage (An)_. Showing how a Frenchman who abhorred the Sea was most unwillingly and by a series of accidents driven round the World. Numerous Illustrations. Square crown 8vo, cloth extra, 7s. 6d.

_Irish Bar_. Comprising Anecdotes, Bon-Mots, and Biographical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of Ireland. By J. RODERICK O'FLANAGAN, Barrister-at-Law. Crown 8vo, 12s. Second Edition.

_JACK and Jill_. By Miss ALCOTT. Small post 8vo, cloth, gilt edges, 5s. _ Jacquemart (A.) History of the Ceramic Art_. By ALBERT JACQUEMART. With 200 Woodcuts, 12 Steel-plate Engravings, and 1000 Marks and Monograms. Translated by Mrs. BURY PALLISER. Super-royal 8vo, cloth extra, gilt edges, 28s.

_Jimmy's Cruise in the Pinafore_. _See_ ALCOTT.

_KAFIRLAND: A Ten Months' Campaign_. By FRANK N. STREATFIELD, Resident Magistrate in Kaffraria, and Commandant of Native Levies during the Kaffir War of 1878. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, 7s. 6d.

_Keble Autograph Birthday Book (The)_. Containing on each left-hand page the date and a selected verse from Keble's hymns. Imperial 8vo, with 12 Floral Chromos, ornamental binding, gilt edges, 15s.

_Khedive's Egypt (The); or, The old House of Bondage under_ New Masters. By EDWIN DE LEON. Illustrated. Demy 8vo, 8_s_. 6_d_.

_King's Rifle (The): From the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean_; Across Unknown Countries; Discovery of the Great Zambesi Affluents, &c. By Major SERPA PINTO. With 24 full-page and about 100 smaller Illustrations, 13 small Maps, and 1 large one. Demy 8vo.

_Kingston (W. H. G.)_. _See_ "Snow-Shoes."

---- _Child of the Cavern_.

---- _Two Supercargoes_.

---- _With Axe and Rifle_.

---- _Begum's Fortune_.

---- _Heir of Kilfinnan_.

---- _Dick Cheveley_.

LADY _Silverdale's Sweetheart_. 6_s_. _See_ BLACK.

_Lenten Meditations_. In Two Series, each complete in itself. By the Rev. CLAUDE BOSANQUET, Author of "Blossoms from the King's Garden." 16mo, cloth, First Series, 1_s_. 6_d_.; Second Series, 2_s_.

_Lentils_. _See_ "Food for the People."

_Liesegang (Dr. Paul E.)_ _A Manual of the Carbon Process of Photography._ Demy 8vo, half-bound, with Illustrations, 4_s_.

_Life and Letters of the Honourable Charles Sumner (The)_. 2 vols., royal 8vo, cloth. Second Edition, 36_s_.

_Lindsay (W. S.)_ _History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce._ Over 150 Illustrations, Maps and Charts. In 4 vols., demy 8vo, cloth extra. Vols. 1 and 2, 21_s_.; vols. 3 and 4, 24_s_. each.

_Lion Jack: a Story of Perilous Adventures amongst Wild Men and Beasts._ Showing how Menageries are made. By P. T. BARNUM. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, price 6_s_.

_Little King; or, the Taming of a Young Russian Count_. By S. BLANDY. 64 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, gilt edges, 7_s_. 6_d_.; plainer binding, 5_s_.

_Little Mercy; or, For Better for Worse_. By MAUDE JEANNE FRANC, Author of "Marian," "Vermont Vale," &c., &c. Small post 8vo, cloth extra, 4_s_. Second Edition.

_Long (Col. C. Chaillé) Central Africa_. Naked Truths of Naked People: an Account of Expeditions to Lake Victoria Nyanza and the Mabraka Niam-Niam. Demy 8vo, numerous Illustrations, 18_s_.

_Lost Sir Massingberd_. New Edition, crown 8vo, boards, coloured wrapper, 2_s_.

_Low's German Series_--

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