part iv.). The Queen also wrote him a very angry letter (4th October)

consenting on strict conditions that the English shall only be allowed to remain a month longer in France.

[584] From a long letter from Burghley (22nd October), Essex appears to have again left his command and run over to England. He begged Burghley to ask the Queen’s permission for him to join Biron at the siege of Caudebec. The Lord Treasurer says he had not done so, as he was sure the Queen would refuse. Her strict orders were that neither Essex nor his men should risk themselves at the siege of Havre or elsewhere except by her orders. Essex appears to have disobeyed, and returned to France at once without seeing the Queen. During his absence the Englishmen had deserted wholesale. Burghley says there were not 2000 of them remaining—they were unpaid and mutinous, and, according to Biron and Leighton, were committing outrages on all sides. Beauvoir de Nocle wrote to Essex as soon as he had gone back to France (22nd October), “Les courroux de la reine redoublent.”

[585] See the Queen’s very angry letter peremptorily recalling him (24th December 1591), (Hatfield Papers, part iv.).

[586] The heroic but unprofitable result of the expedition was the famous fight of the _Revenge_ and the death of Sir Richard Grenville, who quite needlessly, and out of sheer obstinacy, engaged the whole Spanish squadron. The great difficulty of getting the expedition together is seen by the large number of towns which addressed Lord Burghley personally or the Council, begging on the score of poverty to be excused from fitting the ships, as they had been commanded to do. Southampton, Hull, Yarmouth, Newcastle, and other towns professed to be so decayed as to be quite unable to contribute ships (Hatfield Papers, part iv.).

[587] The reports of spies of plots in Flanders at the time amply justified the precautionary measures taken. Burghley was still appealed to by both religious parties, and he appears at this time to have been claimed by both. In March 1591 one of the spy-letters suggested by Phillips to be sent abroad mentions Burghley’s feud with Archbishop Whitgift and his favour to the Puritans. The Catholic spy in Flanders, Snowdon, in June of the same year, says that the _anti-Spanish_ English Catholic refugees there, Lord Vaux, Sir T. Tresham, Mr. Talbot, and Mr. Owen were opposed to the plots then in progress. “It is said amongst them that if occasion be offered they will requite the relaxation now afforded them by his Lordship’s (Burghley’s) moderation, for it is noted that since the cause of the Catholics came to his arbitrament things have gone on with wonderful suavity” (State Papers, Dom.). On the other hand, Phillips (in July) tells another spy, St. Mains, of the extravagances of the fanatics, Hacket, Coppinger, and Ardington, and speaks of Burghley as being on the side of the Puritans.

[588] In a spirited reply (Hatfield Papers) to a remonstrance of Antony Standen, Lord Burghley insists that Catholics who were punished by death in England are “only those who profess themselves by obedience to the Pope to be no subjects of the Queen; and though their outward pretence be to be sent from the seminaries to convert people to their religion, yet without reconciling them from their obedience to the Queen they never give them absolution.” Those, he says, who still retain their allegiance to the Queen, but simply absent themselves from churches, are only fined in accordance with the law. The same contention is more elaborately stated in Lord Burghley’s essay on “The Execution of Justice.” The examinations of various spies, giving alarming accounts of the plots in Flanders at this time to kill the Queen and Burghley (State Papers, Domestic), afford ample proof that Lord Burghley’s contention as to the aims of the Spanish seminarists was correct.

[589] Francis Bacon frankly confessed that he adhered to Burghley’s enemies because he thought it would be for his own personal advantage as well as for that of the State; and his brother Antony writes (Bacon Papers): “On the one side, I found nothing but fair words, which make fools fain, and yet even in those no offer or hopeful assistance of real kindness, which I thought I might justly expect at the Lord Treasurer’s hands, who had inned my ten years’ harvest into his own barn.”

[590] It was during this progress at Oxford that the circumstance thus related by Sir J. Harrington happened: “I may not forget how the Queen in the midst of her oration casting her eye aside, and seeing the old Lord Treasurer standing on his lame feet for want of a stool, she called in all haste for a stool for him; nor would she proceed in her speech till she saw him provided. Then she fell to it again as if there had been no interruption.” Harrington says that some one (probably Essex) twitted her for doing this on purpose to show off her Latin.

[591] Writing to Archibald Douglas advising him how to excuse as well as he might the depredations of Scotsmen on Danish shipping, he says in a postscript, “I write not this in favour of piracies, for I hate all pirates mortally” (Hatfield Papers, part iv.).

[592] Lansdowne MSS., lxx.

[593] Lansdowne MSS., lxx., and Hatfield Papers, part iv.

[594] Through the whole of the autumn and winter Lord Burghley was busy in the liquidation and division of the vast plunder brought in the carrack. Ralegh had risked every penny he possessed, and came out a loser. The Queen got the lion’s share, and the adventurers, with the exception of Ralegh, received large bonuses.

[595] One of Thomas Phillips’ suggested spy-letters to be sent abroad (22nd March 1591) says that although the Puritan party is the weaker, Essex has made Ralegh join him in their favour. Ralegh’s Puritan birth and breeding naturally gave him sympathy for Essex’s party, whilst his active temperament and his greed made him in favour of war, especially with Spain. His only tie with the Cecils was his early political connection. Though he was usually in personal enmity with Essex, his natural bent was therefore more in sympathy with Essex’s party than with that to which he was supposed to be attached.

[596] State Papers, Domestic.

[597] Numerous similar instances of this devotion occur in the letters of Burghley to his son and others. In April 1594 he writes to Sir Robert from Cecil House, that as her Majesty desires to have him there (Greenwich) to-day, he will go, if it be her pleasure that he should leave his other engagements. He then recounts his various duties for the day, including sitting all the morning in the Court of Wards, “with small ease and much pain,” and again in the afternoon; the next day he had to preside in the Exchequer Chamber, the Star Chamber, &c.; “but if her Majesty wishes I will leave all. I live in pain, yet spare not to occupy myself for her Majesty.” In July he writes to his son, “I can affirm nothing of my amendment, but if my attendance shall be earnestly required I will wear out my time at court as well as where I am” (State Papers, Domestic). How great and generally recognised his influence still was is seen by the depositions of what disaffected persons said of him. Prestall (Kinnersley’s deposition, State Papers, Domestic, 1591) said “the Lord Treasurer was the wizard of England, a worldling wishing to fill his own purse, and good for nobody; so hated that he would not live long if anything happened to the Queen.” “The Treasurer led the Queen and Council, and only cared about enriching himself.”

[598] Declarations of Kinnersley, Young, and Walpole (1594), State Papers, Domestic.

[599] _Ibid._

[600] In accordance with the practice of the time Burghley doubtless received presents from suitors for office and others (see State Papers, Domestic); but it is on record that he frequently refused such offerings when they assumed the form of bribes to influence judicial decisions or questions of account. Above all, there is no proof that he accepted any bribes from Spain, even when almost every other Councillor of the Queen was paid by one side or the other. Several mentions are made in the Spanish State Papers of the advisability of paying him heavily, and even sums were allotted for the purpose; but I have not found a single statement of his having accepted such payments; although in after years his son certainly did so.

[601] Francis Bacon answered the book in an able pamphlet published the same year (1592), called “Observations upon a Libel published in the Present Year,” in which Lord Burghley and Sir Robert Cecil are very highly lauded.

[602] One of the loyal English Catholics, St. Mains, writing (January 1593) to Fitzherbert, says that “the Lord Treasurer has been dangerously ill, but is now well recovered, thanks be to God; for the whole state of the realm depends upon him. If he go, there is not one about the Queen able to wield the State as it stands.” The principal Catholic refugees against Spain at this period were Charles Paget, William Gifford, the Treshams, Hugh Griffith, Dr. Lewis, Bishop of Cassano, the Scottish Carthusian Bishop of Dunblane, Thomas Morgan, Thomas Hesketh, Nicholas Fitzherbert, &c.

[603] Francis was member for Middlesex, whilst his brother Antony sat for Wallingford. The Queen remained angry with Francis for many months. It was only in September that Essex with the greatest difficulty obtained permission for him to appear at court (Bacon Papers, Birch).

[604] Morice was sent to Tutbury Castle and kept there in prison for some years for making a speech in this Parliament complaining of the grievances of the Puritans. Wentworth was sent to the Tower, and Stevens and Walsh to the Fleet. Puckering, the Lord Keeper, told the House that the Queen had not called it together to make new laws; there were more than enough already. “It is, therefore, her Majesty’s pleasure that no time be spent therein” (D’Ewes).

[605] Phillips’ suggestions to Sterrell (State Papers, Domestic).

[606] Elizabeth seems to have received the first hint of his intention in May, and Lord Burghley sends an indignant letter to his son about it (26th May). He ends by saying, “If I may not have some leisure to cure my head, I shall shortly ease it in my grave; and yet if her Majesty mislike my absence, I will come thither” (Hatfield Papers, part iv.). See also letters of Sir Thomas Edmunds (State Papers, France, Record Office); and Elizabeth’s curious letters to Henry (July), signed, “Votre tres assurée sœur si ce soit à la vielle mode: avec la nouvelle je n’ay qui faire, E. R.” (Hatfield Papers).

[607] State Papers, Domestic.

[608] How deeply Lady Bacon resented her son’s friendship with Perez is seen in a letter of hers to Francis Bacon: “I pity your brother; but yet so long as he pities not himself, but keepeth that bloody Perez, yea, a court companion and a bed companion—a proud, profane, costly fellow, whose being about him I verily believe the Lord God doth mislike, and doth the less bless your brother in credit and in health. Such wretches as he is never loved your brother, but for his credit, living upon him” (Bacon Papers, Birch).

[609] Nichols’ Progresses, vol. iii.

[610] Burghley appears to have been very dangerously ill a few weeks afterwards at Windsor. Essex’s spy Standen wrote to his friend Antony Bacon (6th November) that he had gone up to the Lord Treasurer’s lodging to inquire after his health; but was refused admittance by the servants, who told him, however, that his Lordship had rested better than on the previous night. Whilst Standen “was going down the stairs, the Queen was at my back, who, unknown to me, had been visiting my Lord, so I stayed among the rest to see her Majesty pass. A little while after I met Mr. Cooke, who told me, that true it was that my Lord had somewhat rested the night past; but that this morning his Lordship had a very rigorous fit of pain, and dangerous” (Bacon Papers, Birch). We hear from the same source of similar attacks in December and January following.

[611] “I hope you will remember,” wrote Raleigh to Howard, “that it is the Queen’s honour and safety to assail rather than to defend” (Hatfield Papers).

[612] Frobisher was mortally wounded in the assault.

[613] See the extraordinary letters of Foulis, Cockburn, and other Scottish agents, to Bacon, &c., in the Bacon Papers (Birch). “Mr Bowes, the English Ambassador here (in Scotland), is very much scandalised at the behaviour of Crato (_i.e._ Burghley) and his son towards me, and assures me he will remonstrate with the Queen at his return,” writes Foulis to Bacon (Bacon Papers); and similar expressions in the letters of other French and Scotch agents show clearly that Essex took care to cultivate the idea that it was only the Cecils who prevented the adoption of a generous policy towards them.

[614] See the many confessions and declarations of spies and informers (1594) as to alleged plots for the murder of the Queen, Burghley, &c., at this time (State Papers, Domestic).

[615] It was here, and at Eton College, where he was lodged when the court was at Windsor, that he wrote his bitter “Relaciones” against Philip. He alleged that men were sent to London to assassinate him, and with indefatigable zeal of tongue and pen kept up and increased the ill-feeling in the court against Spain. His copious correspondence with Henry IV. leaves no doubt whatever either as to the real object of his mission or the utter baseness with which he executed it.

[616] See Burghley’s correspondence with Andrada, Da Vega, and others (State Papers, Domestic), and Mendoza’s references to the same men in the Spanish State Papers.

[617] On the way from this examination Sir Robert Cecil and Essex rode together in a coach. The former—surely to annoy Essex—reverted to a subject which had caused intense acrimony between the Earl and the Cecils for months past, namely, the appointment to the vacant Attorney-Generalship which Essex was violently urging for Francis Bacon; an appointment to which neither the Queen nor Lord Burghley would consent, although the latter was willing for him to have the Solicitor-Generalship. The abuse and insult heaped upon the Cecils behind their backs on this account by the Earl, by the scoundrel Standen, and by the Bacons themselves, may be seen in the Bacon Papers (Birch). On this occasion the violent rashness and want of tact on the part of Essex is very clear. Cecil asked him, as if the subject was new, who he thought would be the best man for the Attorney-Generalship. The Earl was astonished, and replied that he knew very well, as he, Cecil, was the principal reason why Bacon had not already been appointed. Cecil then expressed his surprise that Essex should waste his influence in seeking the appointment of a raw youth. Essex flew in a rage, and told Cecil that _he_ was younger than Francis, and yet he aspired to a much higher post than the Attorney-Generalship, _i.e._ the Secretaryship of State, and then, quite losing control of himself, swore that he _would_ have the appointment for Francis, and would “spend all my power, might, authority, and amity, and with tooth and nail procure the same against whomsoever.” The hot-headed Earl foolishly ended by an undisguised threat against Cecil and his father (Bacon Papers), which we may be sure the former, at least, did not forget, although Essex had quite changed his tone and wrote quite humbly to Cecil on the matter in the following May (Hatfield Papers). It is hardly necessary to say that Bacon was disappointed of the Attorney-Generalship.

[618] See the extensive correspondence and proceedings in the case (State Papers, Domestic, and Hatfield Papers).

[619] Cecil to Windebanke (State Papers, Domestic).

[620] Great obscurity still surrounds the case. Apart from his own alleged confession, Lopez’s condemnation depended upon the declarations of the double spies who were his accomplices, and he solemnly asserted his innocence on the scaffold. I have carefully examined all the evidence—much of it hitherto unknown—and although there is no space to enter into the matter here, I am personally convinced that the service that Lopez was to render was to poison Don Antonio—not the Queen—and bring about some sort of _modus vivendi_ between England and Spain.

[621] Bacon Papers, Birch.

[622] _Ibid._

[623] Hatfield Papers, part iv.

[624] Correspondence with Burghley, in the Hatfield Papers, part v., and State Papers, Flanders (Record Office); and with Essex, in Bacon Papers (Birch). Burghley, apparently to occupy his mind during his illness, wrote a most elaborate minute, “to be shown to her Majesty when she is disposed to be merry, to see how I am occupied in logic and neglect physic;” proving that her demands upon the States to be made by Bodley are founded upon the maxims of civil law. “If,” he says, “my hand and arm did not pain me as it doth in distempering my spirits, I would send longer argument” (Hatfield Papers, part v.). Thanks to Burghley’s persistence, terms were made with the States.

[625] Printed in Strype’s “Annals.”

[626] The Queen at this time appears to have been desirous of saving Burghley trouble. When the court was at Nonsuch (September 1595), the Council was held in his room, the Queen being present. (Bacon Papers.)

[627] That he was not idle in mind even in his greatest pain is shown by the fact that during this autumn, whilst he was almost entirely disabled, he not only continued his close attendance to State affairs, but gave a great amount of attention to the new question which was disturbing the Church, and especially setting the University of Cambridge by the ears. A Mr. Barrett, of Gonville and Caius, had preached a sermon in which the doctrine of free grace was enunciated. This was thought by many to be “Popish,” and Burghley, as Vice-Chancellor, ordered him to recant. The doctrine was eloquently defended by Burghley’s protegé, Professor Baro. Curiously enough, Whitgift, a prelate of prelates, then came out with a series of articles (called the Lambeth articles) enforcing the extreme Calvinistic doctrine of absolute predestination. Burghley was passionately appealed to by both parties, and while supporting the authority of Whitgift, expressed his dissent from the doctrine of predestination. The Queen, annoyed at the question being raised, instructed Sir Robert Cecil to stop the dispute, which had caused much trouble both to her and Burghley.

[628] Venetian State Papers.

[629] _In extenso_ in Bacon Papers (Birch).

[630] Burghley did not prevail with the Queen at this juncture without trouble when Essex was near. In March 1596, Essex arrived at the court at Richmond, and Standen says: “The old man upon some pet would needs away against her will on Thursday last, saying that her business was ended, and he would for ten days go take physic. When she saw it booted not to stay him she said he was a froward old fool” (Bacon Papers). The following dignified letter written soon afterwards by Burghley to his son evidently refers to this incident: “My loving son, Sir Robert Cecil, knt., I do hold, and will always, this course in such matters as I differ in opinion from her Majesty. As long as I may be allowed to give advice I will not change my opinion by affirming the contrary, for that were to offend God, to whom I am sworn first; but as a servant I will obey her Majesty’s command and no wise contrary the same; presuming that she being God’s chief minister here, it shall be God’s will to have her commandments obeyed—after that I have performed my duty as a Councillor, and shall in my heart wish her commandments to have such good success as she intendeth. You see I am a mixture of divinity and policy; preferring in policy her Majesty before all others on earth, and in divinity the King of Heaven above all.” This letter seems to enshrine Burghley’s lifelong rule of conduct as a minister.

[631] Hatfield Papers, part v.

[632] Lord Burghley must be absolved from all blame for the hesitation to succour Calais. The delay and failure were entirely the fault of the Queen. Whilst Burghley held back and resisted attempts to drag England into war with Spain unnecessarily; when English interests were really at stake, as in the case of Calais, he could be as active as any one. On the 6th April, as soon as the news arrived, his secretary wrote to Robert Cecil—the Lord Treasurer being “freshly pinned” with the gout and unable to write—approving of Essex’s plan to relieve Calais; and on the 10th he writes himself, after the town had surrendered, but whilst the citadel held out: “I am heartily sorry to perceive her Majesty’s resolution to stay this voyage, being so far forward as it is; and surely I am of opinion that the citadel being relieved the town will be regained, and if for want of her Majesty’s succour it shall be lost, by judgment of the world the blame will be imputed to her.… These so many changes breed hard opinions of counsell.” Sancy and the Duke de Bouillon came to Elizabeth at Greenwich to remonstrate with her, in Henry’s name, on the effect which her demand for Calais in return for her aid had produced. Sancy had a long conversation with Burghley on the 23rd April, and the latter frankly told him that the conversion of Henry had entirely changed the situation. The only common interests now, he said, between the two countries was their vicinity. Sancy says the Lord Treasurer praised the Spaniards to the skies, to the detriment of the French. The French envoy was endeavouring to secure an offensive and defensive alliance with England, which Burghley steadily opposed. How could Henry help Elizabeth? the Treasurer asked; and what more could Elizabeth do for him than she was doing? In one of their interviews Burghley flatly told Sancy that the Queen did not intend to strengthen Henry in order that he might make an advantageous peace over her head. Sancy was shocked at such an imputation on his master’s honour, and gave a written pledge of Henry that he would never treat without England, and this was embodied in the treaty (26th May 1596). Burghley made as good terms as he could, but he never was in favour of the treaty. His letter quoted above (page 479) and his quarrel with the Queen evidently had reference to this subject.

[633] Bacon Papers.

[634] Writing from Theobalds to Robert Cecil soon after the expedition sailed from Plymouth, he says, “I came here rather to satisfy my mind by change of place, and to be less pressed by suitors, than with any hope of ease or relief.”

[635] Essex had lately, and most intemperately, been trying to force Bodley into the Secretaryship. His importunity was so great as to offend the Queen, and predisposed her against his protegés. How jealous Antony Bacon was may be seen in his letter. “_Elphas peperit_; so that now the old man may say, with the rich man in the gospel, ‘_requiescat anima mea_.’” Bacon Papers.

[636] That the reconciliation was not easy will be seen in Essex’s letters in the Bacon Papers. The Earl writes in September to Lady Russell, “Yesterday the Lord Treasurer and Sir Robert Cecil did, before the Queen, contest with me, … and this day I was more braved by your little cousin (Cecil) than ever I was by any man in my life. But I was, and am, not angry, which is all the advantage I have of him.” In the following April Essex entertained Cecil and Ralegh at dinner, “and a treaty of peace was confirmed.” During the Earl’s disgrace with the Queen shortly afterwards, Cecil appears to have behaved in a friendly manner towards him.

[637] It is curious that in the previous year, when Essex was going on the Cadiz expedition, Bellièvre, the French minister, expressed an opinion that “his appointment is a suggestion of the Lord Treasurer, in order to divert the Queen from sending aid to his Majesty (Henry IV.), and to get rid of the Earl of Essex on the pretext of this honourable appointment, which would leave him (Burghley) master of the Council.” It is fair to say that the Venetian ambassador who transmits this opinion, expresses his disbelief in it. Venetian State Papers.

[638] That the sagacious Bacon saw and foretold the consequences of Essex’s willingness to absent himself in risky enterprises, is evident from his letters to the Earl in October 1596 (Bacon’s Works, ed. Montagu, vol. 9).

[639] There were about 120 ships, English and Dutch, and a force of some 6000 men, including 1000 English veterans from the Low Countries, led by the gallant Sir Francis Vere.

[640] State Papers, Domestic.

[641] State Papers, Domestic.

[642] State Papers, Domestic.

[643] _Ibid._

[644] _Ibid._

[645] De Maisse, the French peace envoy to England, wrote, “These people are still dwelling on their imagination of the house of Burgundy, … but it does not please them to have so powerful a neighbour as the King of Spain.”

[646] Full particulars of his embassy will be found in his Journal, in the Archives de la Ministère des affaires étrangères, Paris, partly reproduced in Prévost-Paradol’s “Elizabeth et Henry IV.”

[647] For Cecil’s account of his embassy see Bacon Papers, Birch. There are also a great number of papers and letters on the subject of the mission in Cotton Vesp., cviii., and B.M. MSS. Add. 25,416.

[648] State Papers, Domestic.

[649] Chamberlain Letters, Camden Society.

[650] The Venetian Ambassador in France writes at this time (24th July): “The States are sending three representatives to England to urge the Queen to continue the war, as in her councils there are not wanting those who recommend this course, chiefly the Earl of Essex; but the Lord Treasurer is opposed, and, more important still, the Queen herself is inclined to peace.”

[651] _Desiderata Curiosa._

[652] A superficial observer, Dudley Carlton, writes a few days after Burghley’s death: “There is so much business to be thought of on the Lord Treasurer’s death. The Queen was so prepared for it by the small hopes of recovery that she takes it not over heavily, and gives ears to her suitors. The great places are in a manner passed before his death.” (State Papers, Dom.)

[653] The full arrangements for the funeral will be found in the State Papers, Domestic, of the 29th August (Record Office). After the funeral at Westminster, the body was carried with great state to Stamford and buried at St. Martin’s Church, in accordance with the will. Dr. Nares appears to be in doubt as to whether the interment was at Westminster or Stamford, but the State Papers seem to admit of no question on the point.

[654] Lytton to Carlton (State Papers, Domestic).

[655] Chamberlain Letters.

INDEX

A’Lasco, his visit to England, 29

Alba, Duke of, 77, 204, 219, 223-224, 227, 245, 249, 258, 265, 282, 288

Alençon, Duke of, his relations with the Flemings, 319, 323, 328, 335, 344, 349, 354-356, 358-359, 360-362, 363-370, 372-373, 379, 382

Alençon, Duke of, suggestions of marriage with Elizabeth, 266-267, 269, 274-275, 288-290, 303, 324-327, 328-341, 344, 349, 353-354, 358-359, 362-370, 379; death of, 384

Alford, Roger, 39

Allington, 232, 249

Alterennes, seat of the Cecil family, 7

Amboise, Treaty of, 136

Andrada, a spy in the Lopez plot, 468

Anglican Church, uniformity in, 78, 139, 144, 160, 163, 166, 290-291, 367, 387

Anjou, Duke of (Henry III.), proposed marriage with Elizabeth, 252-253, 266, 279

Antonio, Don, Portuguese Pretender, 344, 356, 358, 361, 395, 403, 411, 422, 435, 467

Aquila, Bishop of, Spanish Ambassador, 80, 81, 88, 93, 100, 109, 111, 127-128, 130, 136-137, 142; death of, 147

Archduke, the, suggested marriage with Elizabeth, 77, 80, 88, 103, 155-157, 160, 168-170, 173-174, 181, 188, 199, 207

Armada, the, 402, 411, 423, 427, 431, 433-434

Arran, Earl of, 85-86, 88, 114, 126

Arundel, Earl of, 36, 65, 72, 99, 174, 180, 225, 230, 238

Arundell, Charles, 415

Ascham, Roger, 9; appointed tutor to Princess Elizabeth, 12, 13, 62

Audley, Lord, his remedies for gout, 37

Babington plot, 402-405

Bacon, Antony, 450, 458

Bacon, Francis, 450, 458; his attempts to obtain the Attorney-Generalship, 469

Bacon, Lady, 45, 61, 460

Bacon, Sir Nicholas, 9, 61, 71, 79, 138, 192, 273, 294, 373

Baden, Margravine of, Cecilia of Sweden, 174

Bailly, Charles, 258-259

Balfour, Sir James, 295

Ballard, agent in the Babington plot, 403-404

Barker, 257

Barrow, a Brownist leader, 459

Beale, Clerk of the Council, 378, 381, 403, 411, 420

Beaton, 213

Beaton, Cardinal, 15

Beaumont, 36

Beauvoir de Nocle, envoy from Henry of Navarre, 442-444, 461

Bedford, Countess of, 61

Bedford, Earl of, 19, 61, 66-67, 71, 79, 99, 106, 110, 327, 382

Bellièvre Pomponne de, sent to England about Mary Stuart’s condemnation, 412-413, 415

Berchamstow granted to Cecil, 47

Bertie, Francis, 51

Bill, Dr., 9

Biron, Marshal de, 379, 382

Bôchetel de la Forest, French Ambassador, 188, 205, 221-222

Bodley, Sir Thomas, sent to the States, 473

Bonner, Bishop, 18, 23, 50

Borough, Sir John, 423-424

Boston, W. Cecil appointed Recorder of, 32

Bothwell, Earl of, 179, 180, 193-196

Boulogne, 15, 18, 24

Bourne, Lincolnshire, birthplace of Lord Burghley, 6, 8

Bowes, Robert, 378

Boxall, Dr., 206, 223, 224

Briant, Father, 367

Brille, capture of, 264-265

Briquemault, Condé’s envoy to Elizabeth, 136

Brisson, French envoy, 355

Brittany, Spaniards in, 444, 447, 465, 466, 473

Bromley, Lord Chancellor, 365, 408, 419

Brownists, 459

Bruce, Robert, 395

Buckhurst, Lord, 411

Buiz, Paul, 305, 306, 307

Burghley, Lady, 50, 61, 189, 292; death of, 438

Burghley, Lord, birth of, 5; pedigree, 6; education, 8; at Cambridge, 9; first marriage, 10; his first recommendation to Henry VIII., 11, 12; _custos brevium_, 14; Master of Requests to Somerset, 14; present at the battle of Pinkie, 16; secretary to Somerset, 16; grants to, 18; his attitude on the downfall of the Protector, 19-22, 28-31; sent to the Tower, 22; appointed Secretary of State, 24; his character, 25; his attitude towards Northumberland’s foreign policy, 27; knighted, 31; Recorder of Boston, 32; his report upon the Emperor’s demand for help, 33; his care for English commerce, 35; illness of, in the last days of Edward VI., 37; grant of Combe Park, 37; made Chancellor of the Garter, 37; his attitude towards Queen Mary’s succession, 38-43; his justification to Mary, 40-46; grants to him during Edward’s reign, 47; splendour of his household, 47; his love of books, 48; patronage of learning, 49; his liveries, 50; conforms to Catholicism, 52; brings Pole to England, 55; accompanies him to Calais, 56; represents Lincolnshire in Parliament, 57; his action in favour of the Protestants, 58-59; his habits, 60; his devotion to his wife, 61; his connections with Princess Elizabeth, 62-63; his position on the succession of Elizabeth, 66-67; his first arrangements for Elizabeth’s government, 69; his foreign policy on the accession, 72-73, 76-77; his action in passing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, 78; Spanish plan to bribe him, 79; his approaches to Spain, 81; his Scottish policy, 82, 85, 86, 88; war with Scotland, 91-94; arranges the terms of peace in Edinburgh, 95-96; court intrigue against him, 99; checkmates Dudley, 103, 105; the suggestion as to the Council of Trent, 107-109; proceedings against Catholics, 111; his counsel to Knox, 115; his attitude towards Mary Stuart, 116; his numerous activities, 117; against piracy, 118; his assertion of English right to trade, 119; distress at his son’s conduct, 120-125; his attitude towards the Huguenots, 128-129, 132-133; his relations with the Bishop of Aquila, 130-131, 136-138; distrust of the French, 142; his activity in defensive measures, 144; his interest in mineralogy, 144; appointed Master of the Court of Wards, 145; his action as Chancellor of Cambridge University, 145-146; his character, 150; Dudley’s intrigues against him, 152-153; renewed approaches to Spain, 154-157; continued intrigues of Dudley, 158, 160, 164-165; his conditions for the Archduke’s match, 169, 174; his distrust of Catholic interference in Scotland, 175; his support of Murray, 176-177; his connection with the murder of Rizzio, &c., 179-180; urges the Archduke’s match, 181-182; again approaches the Spaniards, 183; with the Queen at Oxford, 186; visited by the Queen at Burghley, 187; dispute with Leicester, 187; urges the Archduke’s match, 189, 190; opposes the Netherlands revolt, 190; his reception of the news of Darnley’s murder, 192-194, 197; again approaches Spain, 198; his attitude towards Murray, 201-202; again leans to the Protestants, 206-207; renewed severity towards Catholics, 210-212; letter from Mary Stuart to him, 216; his treatment of her, 218; aids the Huguenots, 221-222; his rebuke to De Spes, 228; Leicester’s plot against him, 231; magnanimous treatment of his enemies, 238; his despair, 248; visits Mary at Chatsworth, 248; made a peer, 254; his activities, 255; his mode of life, 255-256; Ridolfi plot and expulsion of De Spes, 256-263; execution of Norfolk, 268; entertains the French envoys, 269; urges the measures in Parliament against Mary, 271; serious illness of, 271; action after St. Bartholomew, 278-279; approaches Spain again, 280; negotiations with De Guaras, 280-283; suggests sending Mary to Scotland, 285-286; his conditions for the Alençon match, 289; religious anxieties, 290-291; his household, 292-293; interview with Mary at Buxton, 294; book against him, 294-295; renewed approaches to Spain, 296-305; his anger at the Flushing pirates, 305-306; visit to Buxton, 311-312; his moderating influence, 320-321; in semi-retirement, 327; his attitude towards the Alençon match, 330-335; his foreign policy as an alternative of the Alençon match, 336-340; efforts in favour of peace, 343-344; opposes the retention of Drake’s plunder, 346-348; approaches to France, 351-352; entertains the embassy, 352; details of the feast, 353; his review of the political situation, 353-354; his attitude towards Alençon, 363; renewed approach to Spain, 365; his treatment of the Jesuits, 367-368; fresh predominance of the Protestant party, 372-373; demands new Councillors of his party, 374; wishes to retire, 379-380; his attitude towards the Throgmorton plot, 384; his review of foreign policy, 385; his attitude towards the religious controversy, 387-390; his relations with Dr. Parry, 391-392; slandered by the Leicester party, 393; his kindness to Mary Stuart, 394; his relations with Leicester in the Netherlands, 396-401; his conduct towards Mary Stuart after the Babington plot, 404-409; fresh approach to Spain, 411-412; intrigues against him, 416; his conduct towards Davison, 417-422; his attitude towards Drake’s Cadiz expedition, 424-426; negotiations for peace with Spain, 425, 427-428, 429-432; organises the defence of England, 429, 432-434; visits the camp at Tilbury, 433; his troop of soldiers, 433 _note_; his share in the Lisbon expedition, 436-438; death of his wife and his meditations thereon, 438-439; change of policy, 440-442; opposition of Essex, 445-446, 450; Spenser’s accusation of jealousy, 454; grant of Rockingham Forest, 455; his devotion to duty, 455; persistent attacks upon him, 456-457; his influence on the religious controversy, 459; his son to succeed him, 463-464; his cautious influence on the war-party, 465-466; his attitude in the Lopez plot, 468-470; description of him by Standen, 471; by Sir Michael Hicks, 472; renewed distrust of the French, 473; a scheme of national defence, 474; continued illness, 475; ill-disposed towards France, 477; Essex’s attempt to force his hands, 478-479; his disagreement with the Queen, 479; his attitude towards Essex’s attempt to relieve Calais, 480; towards “the islands voyage,” 484-486; his negotiations with De Maisse, 490-491; strives for peace with Spain to the last, 494-495; results of his national policy, 494; funeral, 496; appreciation of his character, 497-498

Burghley, Lord, his diary, 5, 22, 24, 37, 55, 59, 61, 83, 185, 187, 194, 272, 432, 439

Burghley House, 47, 188-189, 327

Cadiz, Drake’s attack upon, 423-424

Calais, loss of, 64, 72-73, 75-76

Calais, restitution of, claimed, 198, 208, 369, 478

Calais, capture of, by the Spaniards, 479-480

Cambridge University, 9, 15, 145-146, 290

Campion, Father, 367

Cannon Row, Burghley’s house at, 31, 60, 66, 120, 256

Carbery Hill, 196

Carew, Arthur, 228

Carew, Sir Peter, 95

Carrack, the great (_Madre de Dios_), 452-453

Cartwright, leader of the Puritans, 290

Castelnau de la Mauvissière, 175, 277, 341-343

Cateau-Cambresis, peace of, 76, 80

Catharine de Medici, 10, 92, 128, 133, 142, 154, 157, 166, 213, 221-222, 251, 266, 273, 297, 326, 341, 369, 384, 413

Catharine of Aragon, 3, 4, 7

Catholic plots against Elizabeth and Burghley, 225, 244, 256-259, 270, 317, 364-366, 371, 376, 383-384, 389, 390-392, 402-405, 422, 450, 456, 470

Cavalcanti, Guido, 73, 75, 232, 251, 267

Cave, Sir Ambrose, 71

Cecil, David, grandfather of Burghley, 7

Cecil, Mrs., 293, 427

Cecil, Richard, Burghley’s great-grandfather, 6

Cecil, Richard, Burghley’s father, 7, 8, 37

Cecil, Sir Robert, 433, 437-438, 445, 450, 453-454, 454 _note_, 457-458, 461-464, 466-470, 475, 479-480, 482-483, 486; his mission to France, 491-493

Cecil, Thomas, birth of, 10; his journey to Paris, 120-122; his bad conduct, 122-125, 327, 336, 433; quarrel with his brother, 454

Cecil (or Burghley) House, in the Strand, 269; grand banquet at, to the French envoys, 352-353, 411, 442, 476; Burghley’s last days there, 494-495

Chark, a preacher at Cambridge, 291

Charles V., 3, 4, 13, 27, 32, 33, 53

Charles IX., King of France, 157, 166-168, 188, 205, 250, 273, 297; death of, 298

Chartres, Vidame of, 73, 133, 137, 251, 279

Chastelard, 143

Chateauneuf de l’Aubespine, French Ambassador, 407, 413, 416

Chatillon, Cardinal, 221, 244, 251

Cheke, Mary, marriage with W. Cecil, 10; her death, 11

Cheke, Sir John, 9; appointed tutor to Edward VI., 12, 14, 31, 32, 38, 45; exiled, 51; lured to England, conforms and dies, 58

Chester, Colonel, 301, 302, 307

Clerivault, a messenger of Mary Stuart, 194

Clinton, Lord Admiral, 31, 47, 66, 99, 269, 327, 365

Cobham, Lord, 16, 60, 208, 221, 258

Cobham, Sir Henry, sent to Spain, 302; sent to France, 381

Cobham, Thomas, 258

Coinage, Burghley’s care of, 28, 117

Coligny, 106, 110, 133, 136, 183, 206, 221, 242, 270

Combe Park granted to Cecil, 37

Commerce, Burghley’s care of, 35, 118, 151, 183, 211, 283, 338, 345

Commercial war with Spain, 151-153, 158, 227, 280-283

Condé, Prince of, 127-128, 133, 136, 154, 157, 204, 221, 225; killed, 242

Condé, Prince of, the younger, 278, 297, 342-343

Cooke, Sir Anthony, W. Cecil’s father-in-law, 12, 14; exiled by Mary, 51, 58, 61

Cooke, Mildred, married to W. Cecil, 12

Cornwall, Spaniards land in, 474

Courtney, Earl of Devonshire, 50-51

Courtney, Sir William, 59

Cranmer, 14, 19-21, 32, 53, 57

Creighton, Father, 366, 389

Crofts, Sir James, 347, 365, 372, 374, 424, 430-431, 444

Curll, Mary Stuart’s secretary, 404

Dacre, Lord, 234

Dale, Dr., English Ambassador in France, 290

Danett, Thomas, sent to Vienna, 188-189

Darcy, Lord, 240

Darcy, Sir Thomas, 14

Darnley, 93, 130, 144, 161, 163, 171-72, 173, 179-180, 181-182, 192-193

D’Aubigny (Lennox), 341, 354, 364-366, 371, 376

Davison, William, 378, 399; his connection with the execution of Mary Stuart, 417-422; Essex proposes him for Secretary of State, 445

De Cossé, Marshal, 298, 303

De Maineville, Guisan envoy to Scotland, 376-377

De Maisse, Henry IV.’s envoy to Elizabeth, proposes peace with Spain, 489-491

Deeping granted to Cecil, 47

Dering, Edward, Lecturer at St. Paul’s, 291

Doughty, Lord Burghley’s agent with Drake, 346-347

Douglas, Archibald, 414

Drake, Sir Francis, his voyage round the world, 346-348; the question of his plunder, 358, 365; his expeditions to aid Don Antonio, &c., 361, 422, 436-438; his expedition to Santo Domingo, &c., 395-396, 402; his attack upon Cadiz, 423-425; urges reprisals against Spain, 465; his last expedition, 470, 474-475

Dreux, battle of, 135

Drury, Sir William, 215, 295, 300

Drury, Thomas, 19

Dudley, Guildford, 38

Dudley, Lady Robert, 101

Dudley, Lord Robert. _See_ Leicester

Durham Place, 38, 44, 128, 137; the Spanish Ambassador expelled, 138; Cecilia of Sweden lodged there, 174

Dymoke, Sir Edward, champion, 51

Edmunds, Sir Thomas, 393, 479

Edward VI., 12-13; his appeal for Somerset, 20; betrothed to Elizabeth of Valois, 24; his journal, 33; his will, 38; death of, 43; his educational foundations prompted by Cecil, 49

Egmont, Count, 138, 204

Elizabeth, Princess, 12, 49; enters London with Mary, 50, 51, 52, 62, 63; proposals for marriage of, 63-64, 65; her accession, 66

Elizabeth, Queen, her accession, 66-68; suggestions for marriage, 75, 76-77; her first religious measures, 78, 79, 80; proposal for marriage to Nemours, 84; with Arran, 85; with the Archduke, 80, 88; with the Prince of Sweden, 89-90; war with Scotland, 91-96; talk of marriage with Dudley, 100-103; her religious intrigues with Spain, 104-105, 111; fears of plots to poison, 111; her distrust of Mary Stuart, 113; illness of, 117; her attitude towards the Darnley match, 132; aids the Huguenots, 133; falls ill of smallpox, 134; anger at Condé’s defection, 136; her anger with Parliament on the succession question, 141; visits Cambridge University, 147; renewed approaches to Spain, 157; suggested marriage with Charles IX., 157, 166-168; approaches to the Catholics, 165; her attitude towards the Darnley match, 172-173; her reception of Murray, 176-177; renewed approach to Leicester, 181; her reception of the news of James Stuart’s birth, 185-186; illness of, 186; visits Oxford, 186-187; renewal at Burghley House of negotiations for marriage with Charles IX., 188-189; her anger with Parliament respecting the succession, 191; her reception of the news of Darnley’s murder, 192-193; condemns the rising in the Netherlands, 198; her attitude towards Murray, 202; towards the Catholics, 209; removes Mary from Carlisle, 217; aids the Huguenots, 221-222; seizure of the Spanish treasure, 227; her treatment of Norfolk, 231-241, 246; her danger, 242, 247-248; suggestions for marriage with Anjou, 251-253; Ridolfi plot, 256-263; alliance with France, 264-267; in favour of Mary Stuart, 270-271; receives the news of St. Bartholomew, 275; progress in Kent, 293; approaches to Spain, 299-300; projected war with Henry III., 301; refuses aid to Orange, 303-305; rejects the sovereignty of Holland, 304; her treatment of Burghley, 310; her reception of Mendoza, 320; her difficulty with Alençon, 330-332; interview with Condé, 342; danger of war, 350; her relations with France and Alençon, 353-362; her parsimony, 361-362; pledges herself to Alençon, 363; her trouble to get rid of him, 368-370; negotiations with Mary Stuart, 378; letter to Burghley, 380; assumes the Protectorship of the Netherlands, 396; her rage at Leicester’s conduct there, 399-401; her treatment of Mary after the Babington plot, 404-408; her answers to Parliament, 410; her reception of French and Scotch remonstrances, 412-415; her conduct in the execution of Mary Stuart, 417-422; her perplexity, 426-429; anger with Essex for going to Lisbon, 437-438; her aid to Henry of Navarre, 442-444; anger with Essex, 448-450; dangerous position, 451-452; anger at Henry IV.’s conversion, 461; fears of attack from Spain, 465-466; anger with Essex about Lopez, 470; her anger with the Hollanders, 473; Drake’s last voyage, 474; her policy towards Henry of Navarre, 478; her hesitation to relieve Calais, 479-480; her fickleness about Essex’s Cadiz voyage, 481; about “the islands voyage,” 484-486; her anger with Essex, 486-487; her indignation at Henry IV. for entering into peace negotiations with Spain, 489-493; urges the States to stand firm, 493; grief at the death of Burghley, 495-496

Elizabeth of Valois marries Philip II., 76, 84

English Jesuit party in favour of Spain, 456-457, 467, 470

English troops in France against the League, 443-444, 466

Erasmus at Cambridge, 9

Essex, Earl of (Robert Devereux), 421, 435, 443, 445, 448, 449, 450-451, 454, 457-458, 460-462, 466-467, 472-473, 477; his plan to force war with Spain, 478-480; his attempt to relieve Calais, 480; his expedition to Cadiz, 482-483; “the islands voyage,” 484-486; retires from court, 486-487; urges war with Spain, 493; attends Burghley’s funeral, 496

Essex, Lady, marriage with Leicester, 332

Farnese, Alexander, 316, 318, 328; peace negotiations with England, 425-432

Felton, 243

Fère, La, siege of, 477

Feria, Duke of, Spanish Ambassador, 65-67, 72-73, 76-77

Fitzwilliam sent to Spain, 260

Flanders, revolt against the Spaniards in, 133, 184, 189, 204, 209, 219, 224, 229, 242, 245, 264-265, 273, 283-285, 303-307, 313-319, 320-321, 325, 328, 335, 359, 370-373, 379, 382-385, 395-401, 411, 422, 488-489

Foix, De, French Ambassador, 157, 158, 166, 169-170, 175, 265, 269

Foreign policy of England, 4, 26, 33, 46, 64, 72-73, 74, 80-81, 85, 88, 91-92, 112-114, 128-129, 136-138, 154-155, 166-168, 175-176, 182, 198-200, 205, 211, 219, 223-224, 228-229, 256-263, 269, 273-279, 280-283, 300-303, 308, 322, 328-329, 336-337, 353-354, 370, 379, 383-384, 385, 395-396, 407, 411-412, 426, 440-444, 473, 488-493

France, civil wars in, 126, 133-136, 205, 221, 242, 251, 273, 276-279, 297, 300-303, 319, 342-343; wars of the League, 442-444, 447, 461-480

Francis I., 13

Francis II., King of France, 92; death of, 106

French embassy to England (1581), 351-359

French influence in Scotland, 15, 82, 91-92, 94-96, 107, 132, 144, 175, 198, 213, 217, 243, 285, 326, 365, 378

Frobisher, death of, 466

Gama, a spy in the Lopez plot, 468

Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, 14, 23, 29-30, 50

Garrard, Sir William, 118

Gemblours, battle of, 318

German mercenaries, 301-302

Gifford, agent in the Babington plot, 403-404

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 283

Glajon, De, his mission from Philip to Elizabeth, 93

Glasgow, Archbishop of, exhorts Mary to clear herself, 195, 285, 367

Gondi, 323

Gonson, Controller of the Navy, 118

Gout, curious remedies for, 37, 293 _note_

Granvelle, De, 77, 172

Gray, Master of, 394, 411, 414, 417

Gray’s Inn, Burghley a student at, 11

Greenwood, a Brownist leader, 459

Grenville, Sir Richard, 449 _note_

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 221

Grey, Catharine, 93, 134, 140, 192

Grey, Lady Jane, 36, 38, 43, 44

Grey, Lord, 73, 374, 429

Grey, Lord John, 60, 91, 99

Grimstone, Mr., 447

Grindall, Archbishop, 387

Guaras, Antonio de, Spanish agent, 248, 271, 280-283, 296, 299, 302, 308, 318

Guise, Francis, Duke of, 126

Guise, Henry, Duke of, 299, 341, 359, 371, 381, 383-384, 411; murder of, 440

Guzman de Silva, Spanish Ambassador, 152, 158, 165, 170-171, 174-175, 181-182, 190, 192-194, 199, 201, 210-212, 219

Haddon, Dr., 9

Hales, Sir John, 39

Hampton Court, 19, 469, 471

Hatfield, 5, 6, 51, 65-66, 120, 255

Hatton, Sir Christopher, 292, 321, 329, 334, 336, 347, 364-365, 369-370, 372, 374, 399, 408, 419, 424

Havre de Grace, 133-134, 142, 190

Hawkins, John, 204, 344-345, 361, 452, 465, 475; lays a trap for Philip, 260-261

Heath, Archbishop of York, 66, 71

Heckington, William, grandfather of Burghley, 8

Heneage, Sir Thomas, 399-401

Henry II. of France, 27, 75; death of, 84

Henry III. of France, 297-298, 303, 313, 325, 328, 359, 370-371, 379, 384-385; his attitude towards Mary Stuart’s trial and execution, 407, 412-414, 416; his fear of the Guises, 426, 440; rallies to the Huguenots, 440; murder of, 441

Henry of Navarre, 278, 297, 301, 303, 342, 385, 440-444, 447-449, 461, 465-466, 473, 477-480, 488; makes peace with Spain, 488-493

Henry VIII., 4; favours W. Cecil, 11-12; his death, 13

Herbert, Lord, 19

Herll, 306-307, 314

Herries, Lord, 215, 262

Hertford, Earl of, 140, 192

Hertford, Earl of. _See_ Somerset

Hoby, Lady, 234

Hoby, Sir Philip, betrays Somerset, 20; friendly with Cecil, 60

Hoby, Sir Thomas, English Ambassador in France, 187

Holt, Father, 366, 456

Horn, Bishop of Winchester, 109

Horn, Count, 204

Howard, Lady, 193

Howard, Lord Thomas, 484, 485

Howard, Lord William, 66, 72, 99

Howard of Effingham, 187, 370, 417, 429, 465, 475, 480-481; Earl of Nottingham, 486

Huguenots. _See_ France, civil wars in

Hume, Lord, 295

Humphreys, Dr. Laurence, 186-187

Hunsdon, Lord, 245, 370, 403, 429

Huntingdon, Earl of, 101-102, 134, 140

Huntly, Earl of, 180

Ireland, Papal intrigues in, 111, 243, 247, 317, 335, 348, 355, 357-358, 374, 474

Ivry, battle of, 444

James VI., his birth, 185; coronation, 202; Catholic plans to kidnap him, 296; English mission to, 378, 380-382; sends the Master of Gray to England, 394; alliance with England, 403; his remonstrance with Elizabeth at Mary’s condemnation, 414; attempts of Catholics to convert him, 426; his alliance with England, 441; again listens to the Catholics, 451, 465; Essex’s attitude towards him, 466

Juan, Don, 313-316, 318

Keith, Sir William, 414

Kent, Earl of (Reginald Grey), 419

Killigrew, 199, 285, 286, 419

Kingston, Sir Anthony, 59

Kirkaldy of Grange, 262, 285, 295

Knollys, Henry, 228

Knollys, Sir Francis, 71, 79, 187, 192, 217, 218, 334, 365, 367, 372, 382, 388, 392, 403

Knox, John, 86, 114-115, 287

Knyvett, Sir Henry, 228

La Mark, capture of Brille by, 264-265

La Mole, French envoy, 274-275

La Mothe Fénélon, French Ambassador, 252, 275-277, 376-377

La Motte, Spanish Governor of Gravelines, 300

La Noue, Huguenot leader, 136, 443

Langside, battle of, 214

Latimer, 57

League, the Catholic, 154, 157, 199-200, 205, 251, 265, 273, 277, 288, 326, 371, 442-444, 447, 461-466

Leicester, Earl of, 70, 87, 90, 99, 100, 112, 132, 135-136, 138, 152, 157-158, 159, 161, 163-164, 165, 167-170, 174, 181, 186-187, 191-192, 231, 249, 252, 282, 286, 291-292, 296, 307-309, 311, 317, 320, 322, 324, 327, 329, 330-332, 334, 336, 340, 342-343, 347, 352, 356, 359, 363-364, 365, 368-370, 372-374, 382-384, 386, 388, 392-393, 395-401, 406, 411, 416, 418, 423, 429-430, 433; death of, 434-435

Leith, siege of, 93-96

Lennox, Lady Margaret, 114, 127, 130, 143, 171, 175, 182, 193

Lennox, the Regent, 130, 195, 248, 285

Lincoln, Lord. _See_ Clinton

Lisbon, the English expedition to, 436-438

Liturgy, Cecil aids Cranmer in settling, 32

Livingston sent to Scotland, 248

Lochleven, 196

Longjumeau, peace of, 221

Lopez, Dr. Ruy, 467-470

Lorraine, Cardinal, 83, 113, 154, 171, 178, 205, 222, 251, 285, 288

Lumley, Lord, 232, 234

Maitland of Lethington, 113-114, 126, 132, 141-144, 171, 285

Man, Dr. English, Ambassador in Spain, 210, 263

Mary, Queen, 17, 23, 30, 36; her succession, 38-43, 46, 50; coronation of, 51; her marriage, 53; her reign, 53-65; her death, 66

Mary of Lorraine, 15, 17; death of, 95

Mary Queen of Scots, 15; to marry Edward VI., 15; to marry the Dauphin, 17, 75, 78, 82-83, 85-86, 92-93; refuses to ratify the peace of Edinburgh, 106; intrigues for her marriage, 112-113; arrives in Scotland, 113-115; her approaches to Elizabeth, 131-132; her claims to the succession, 140-142; proposal to marry Don Carlos, 142-143; suggested marriage with Leicester, 162; with Darnley, 170-171; her approaches to Spain, 171-173, 175, 184; suspicions of her complicity in the murder of Darnley, 193-198; Lochleven, 196; the casket letters, 201; appeals to Elizabeth and France, 213; escapes to England, 214; her interview with Knollys, 216-217; removed from Carlisle, 217; the Commission at York, 219; her approaches to Spain, 223; English plots in her favour, 225-246; Elizabeth negotiates for her release, 247-250; leans entirely on Spain, 256-257; her connection with the Ridolfi plot, 261; suggestion to send her to Scotland, 286; goes to Buxton, 293; adheres entirely to Spain, 341; approaches to D’Aubigny’s government, 364-366; Spanish-Jesuit plot in her favour, 371, 376; her negotiations with Elizabeth, 378, 381; sent to Tutbury, 394; sends Nau to Elizabeth, 394; her letters intercepted, 395; disinherits James in favour of Philip, 402; her connection with the Babington plot, 404; removed to Tixhall, 404; to Fotheringay, 407; her trial, 408-409; condemned and sentenced, 409-410; executed, 417, 420

Mason, Sir John, 26, 27, 99;

Mathias, Archduke, 315, 318

Maurice of Saxony, 13, 32

Mayenne, Duke of, 444

Maynard, Sir Thomas, 475

Melancthon, 9

Melvil, Sir Andrew, 408

Melvil, Sir James, 161-162, 185, 192

Melvil, Sir Robert, 182, 184, 415

Mendoza, Spanish Ambassador, 319, 324, 326-327, 339, 348, 356, 363-364, 366, 372-373, 376, 378, 381-382, 402-404, 411, 423

Mercœur, Duke of, 443

Mewtys, Sir Peter, 106, 130

Mildmay, Sir Walter, 248, 350, 381, 407, 435

Monluc, Bishop of Valence, 95

Montagu, Chief-Justice, 38

Montgomerie, Count de, 84, 133, 206, 278-279, 297

Montmorenci, Constable, 81, 84, 269, 299, 303

Morette, the Duke of Savoy’s agent, 194

Morgan, Thomas, 395, 402

Morice, a Puritan Parliament man, 459

Morton, Earl of, Regent, 285, 295, 324, 341; execution of, 364

Morysine, Thomas, 26, 31

Muhlberg, battle of, 13, 27

Mundt, Dr., 155

Murray, Earl of, 110, 113-114, 126, 132, 175-176, 177-180, 182, 197, 201, 212, 218-219, 223; murder of, 243

Nantouillet, Provost of Paris, a hostage in England, 137

Nau, Mary’s secretary, 394, 404

Navarre, King of (Anthony de Bourbon), 106, 110, 127; death of, 135

Navy, English, 144, 248, 338

Noailles, De, French Ambassador, 36

Norfolk, Duke of, 50

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of, 90, 101, 165, 169, 180, 191, 192, 231-241, 246-257; condemned to death, 267; executed, 268

Norris, Sir Henry, English Ambassador in France, 193, 201, 205, 208, 213, 222, 225, 237, 244, 252

Norris, Sir John, 379, 396, 429, 436-438, 447, 466

Northampton, Marquis of, 71, 191

Northern Lords, rising of, 240-241

Northumberland, Duke of, 16, 18-25; his foreign policy, 27; his religious policy, 36; his action as to the succession, 38-39; leads the forces against Mary, 43-44; his betrayal by the Council, 45-46; his execution, 50

Northumberland, Earl of, 185, 239

Nowell, Dean of St. Paul’s, 165

O’Neil, Shan, 127, 136, 185

Orange, Prince of, 242, 283-284, 288, 296, 302, 304, 307, 316, 328, 335, 372, 379, 382; murder of, 384

Oxford, Countess of (Anne Cecil), 61, 263 _note_, 292, 305-306 _note_; death of, 432

Oxford, Earl of, 263 _note_, 292, 301, 305, 375-376

Paget, Charles (Mopo), 383, 395

Paget, Sir William, 19-21, 36; Lord Paget, 59, 64, 66, 76-77, 99

Palmer, Sir Thomas, divulges Somerset’s alleged plot against Northumberland, 28

Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, 108, 140, 206, 296

Parry, Dr. William, 390-392

Parry, Sir Thomas, 62, 66-67, 71; is jealous of Cecil, 79-80

Passau, peace of, 33

Patten, William, his description of the Scotch campaign, 16

Paulet, Sir Amias, 394-395, 404-405, 407; his refusal to poison Mary Stuart, 418, 420, 430

Peace negotiations with France (1555), Cecil present at, 56; (1558-1559), 65, 72-76, 80

Pembroke, Earl of, 45, 66, 191-192, 238

Percy, Sir Henry, 95; Earl of Northumberland, 384

Perez, Antonio, 461-462, 466-467, 478-479

Persons, Father, 366; his books against Burghley, 456-457

Petre, Sir William, 19-22, 24, 59, 95

Philip II., 53, 57, 64-65, 74-75, 84, 89, 92, 113, 133, 190, 208, 220, 225, 249, 314-315, 318, 364, 372, 402-403, 443, 483; death of, 495

Philip II. and Mary Stuart, 142-143, 171-172, 223, 245, 256-259, 266, 341, 371-372, 378, 381-382, 395, 402-403

Phillips, T., cipher secretary, 404, 467

Pickering, Sir William, 27, 31; flight under Mary, 52

Pinart, Secretary, French envoy, 356

Pinkie, battle of, 16, 17

Plague in London, 246, 375

Pole, Cardinal, 53; brought to England by Cecil, 55; accompanies him to Calais, 56

Pollard, Sir John, 59

Popham, Attorney-General, 408

Portugal, 211; succession to the crown of, 329, 341

Poynings, Sir Adrian, 134

Privateers, 220, 224-225, 298

Protestant exiles under Mary, 51, 57-59

Puckering, Lord Keeper, 458

Ralegh, Sir Walter, 374, 376, 401, 411, 421, 424, 429, 435, 452-453, 458, 465, 482-483, 484-486

Rambouillet, 181

Randolph sent to Scotland, 107, 110, 127, 130, 162, 172-173, 179

Reformation, birth of, 2-3, 13

Religious matters, Cecil’s participation in them, 32, 53-54, 70, 99, 104-106, 107-109, 139, 144, 160, 163, 186, 203, 206-207, 209, 270, 290-291, 296, 322, 327, 350, 367, 387-390, 450, 457-460

Renard, Imperial Ambassador, 53, 57

Rennes, Bishop of, 222

Requesens, Spanish Governor of Flanders, 296, 298

Ridley, 57

Ridolfi plot, 225, 229-230, 235, 257-259

Rizzio, 173, 179, 182

Rogers, Edward, 71, 141

Ross, 257

Ross, Bishop of, 225, 232, 243, 250, 256-259, 295

Rouen, siege of, 448-449

Russell, Lord. _See_ Bedford

Russian Company, Cecil one of the founders of, 36

Ruthven, raid of, 376

Ruy Gomez, 77

Sadler, Sir Ralph, 86, 91, 95

St. Aldegonde, 305

St. Bartholomew, 275-276, 288

St. John’s College, Cambridge, 9, 15, 146

St. Quentin, battle of, 64

Sandys, Archbishop, 339

Sarmiento de Gamboa, 411

Savage one of the Babington conspirators, 404

Savoy, Duke of, 63

Scotland, anarchy in, 15; war with, 16; invasion of, by Somerset, 16; battle of Pinkie, 16; French forces in, 82; war with England, 91; peace of Edinburgh, 95-96; English support of Protestants in, 107, 110; Mary and the Protestants, 113-114; Mary refuses to ratify the peace of Edinburgh, 115; marriage with Darnley, 173; revolt of Murray, 173, 175; murder of Rizzio, 182; murder of Darnley, 192-193; French plots in, 197-199; Murray as Regent, 212; Langside, 214; civil war, 218; murder of Murray, 243; Catholic influence dominant, 243; Morton Regent, 285; rise of the Protestant party, 295; rise of D’Aubigny, 341, 354, 364; Spanish Jesuit plot in, 371; Master of Gray sent to England, 394

Scrope, Lady, 232

Scrope, Lord, 216

Seminary priests in England, 209, 336, 349, 354, 366, 389-390, 402, 450-451

Seymour, Lord Admiral, 17

Sherwin, Father, 367

Shrewsbury, Countess of, her accusations against her husband and Mary Stuart, 394

Shrewsbury, Earl of, 66, 293, 310-311, 352, 378, 394

Sidney, Lady, 88, 90

Sidney, Sir Henry, 104

Simier, 326, 328-329, 330-332, 334-335, 336, 354

Smalkaldic league, 13

Smith, Sir John, sent to Madrid, 314

Smith, Sir Thomas, 9, 16, 19-22, 24, 62, 134, 157, 266, 274, 290

Somers, English envoy to France, 359

Somerset, Duke of, 12-14; his invasion of Scotland, 16; Cabal against him, 17; his downfall, 19-25; execution of, 28; Burghley’s behaviour towards him, 28-31

Southampton, Earl of. _See_ Wriothesley

Spain, English relations with, 33, 72-73, 76-77, 80-82, 88, 92-94, 103-106, 129-130, 136-139, 152, 154, 158-160, 181-183, 187, 189, 210-211, 219, 227-229, 232-241, 248, 257-263, 280-283, 296, 300-308, 313-316, 319-320, 326-327, 336-337, 346-347, 356-359, 385-386, 411-412, 422, 453, 457-458, 465, 474

Spalding, 18

Spanish fury in Antwerp, 314

Spes, Gerau de, Spanish Ambassador, 220, 223-224, 225, 227-228, 232-239, 245-248; expelled from England, 263

Spinola, 159, 224

Stafford, Sir Edward, English Ambassador in France, 415, 423

Stamford Grammar School, 49

Standen, Anthony, 460, 464 _note_, 471

Stanhope arrested on Somerset’s downfall, 21

Stolberg, Count, 199

Storey, Dr., 262

Stuart, Arabella, 457

Stubbs’ book against the French match, 330

Succession to the crown of England, 140, 191, 231, 402, 413, 419, 457-458

Suffolk, Duchess of (Lady Willoughby), 7, 15, 26, 31; flight under Mary, 51, 58, 99, 327

Suffolk, Duke of (Grey), 31, 43

Supremacy, Act of, 78

Sussex, Earl of, 60, 169-170, 174, 181, 190, 192, 240, 245, 292, 301, 324, 326, 331, 333-334, 340, 343, 347, 353, 365, 372

Swetkowitz, Adam, an envoy of the Emperor, 168-170, 174

Sweden, King of (Eric XIV.), 89-90, 103, 112, 113, 174

Talbot, Gilbert, 322, 420

Theobalds, Burghley’s house, 255; the Queen visits, 272, 321-323, 327, 358, 375, 446, 463, 476; Burghley’s last visits, 494

Thetford granted to Cecil, 47

Thirlby, Bishop of Ely, 65, 72, 206

Throgmorton, Francis, his plot, 383

Throgmorton, Sir Nicholas, 83-84, 92, 106, 110, 120-124, 128-129, 130, 134, 172-173, 174, 192, 203, 221, 230

Thynne arrested on Somerset’s downfall, 21

Tinoco, a spy in the Lopez plot, 468

Trent Council, 105, 108-109, 111

Tyrone’s rebellion, 474

Unton, Sir Henry, his mission to France, 478-479

Valdés, Pedro de, 302

Venturini, Borghese, 128, 130

Verstegen, his book against Burghley, 457

Vervins, peace of, 493

Vielleville, Marshal, 133

Waldegrave, Sir Edward, in the Tower, 111

Walsingham, Sir Francis, 252, 264-265, 275-277, 290, 310, 320, 322, 331, 336, 347, 354-355, 356, 359-360, 363, 365, 367, 372-373, 378, 381-382, 386, 392, 396, 399-401, 403, 416, 418, 429

Warwick, Earl of. _See_ Northumberland

Warwick, Earl of (Ambrose Dudley), 134, 159

Watson, Dr., 9

Wentworth, Mrs. (Elizabeth Cecil), 375

Wentworth, Peter, 458-459

West, rising of the, 17

Westmoreland, Earl of, 240

Whalley, 29

White, Bishop of Winchester, 70

White, Nicholas, 254

Whitgift, Archbishop, 387-389, 460

Wilkes, Clerk of the Council, 301, 317

Williams, Sir Roger, 478

Williams, Speaker of the House of Commons, 139

Willoughby D’Eresby, Lord, 7

Willoughby D’Eresby, Lord (Peregrine Bertie), 370, 443

Wilson, Dr., sent to the States, 314; Secretary, 347

Wimbledon, 18, 31, 37, 47, 51, 60

Winchester, Marquis of, 31, 37, 47, 99, 139; death of, 271

Windebank, 121-124

Wolsey, 3

Wotton, Dr., Secretary of State, 22; succeeded by Burghley, 24, 65, 72, 74, 95

Wotton, Sir Henry, sent to France respecting Mary Stuart’s condemnation, 412

Wrangdike granted to Cecil, 47

Wriothesley, Lord Chancellor, 13, 18, 36

Wroth, Sir Thomas, 129

Wurtemburg, Duke of, 155, 168

Wyatt’s Rebellion, 51

Wynter, 118

Yaxley, an envoy of Mary Stuart to Spain, 176

Yeoman of the Robes. _See_ Cecil, Richard

THE END

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