CHAPTER XXXVI.

1821-1871.

The Company still King in the North-West -- Its Forts Described -- Fort Garry -- Fort Vancouver -- Franklin -- Walla Walla -- Yukon -- Kamloops -- Samuel Black -- Mountain House -- Fort Pitt -- Policy of the Great Company.

The Company, in yielding the sovereignty of the Great North-West to Canada, was still a king, though crown and sceptre had been taken from it. Its commercial ascendancy was no whit injured; it is still one of the greatest corporations and the greatest fur company in the world. But new interests have arisen; its pristine pride, splendour and dignity, would now be out of place. The old lion has been shorn of its mane, and his roar is now no longer heard in the Great North-West. It no longer crouches in the path of progress determined to sell dearly the smallest sacrifice of its ancient rights and privileges; it is ready to co-operate with the settler and explorer, and all its whilom enemies.

[Sidenote: Canada's debt to the Company.]

Yet, since 1871, its history has not been without many stirring passages. Its long record of steady work, enterprise, and endurance, has never been greater. Its commanding influence with the Indians, and with a large number of the colonists, has enabled it to assist the authorities in many ways and often in forwarding the public interests, suppressing disorder and securing the good-will of the Red men who inhabit Canada. The Great Dominion owes much to the Great Company.

The posts of the Company reach from the stern coasts of Labrador to the frontiers of Alaska, and throughout this enormous region it yet controls the traffic with the aborigines. To-day there are one hundred and twenty-six posts at which this active trade is conducted, besides those numerous wintering stations or outposts, which migrate according to circumstances and mercantile conditions.

[Sidenote: Latter-day forts of the Company.]

The forts of the Company in Rupert's Land and on the Pacific, with few exceptions, all resembled each other. When permanent, they were surrounded by palisades about one hundred yards square. The pickets were of poles and logs ten or fifteen inches in diameter, sunk into the ground and rising fifteen or twenty feet above it. Split slabs were sometimes used instead of round poles; and at two diagonally opposite corners, raised above the tops of the pickets, two wooden bastions were placed so as to command a view of the country. From two to six guns were mounted in each of these bastions--four six or twelve-pounders, each with its aperture like the port-hole of a ship. The ground floor beneath served as a magazine. Within the pickets were erected houses, according to necessity, store and dwelling being most conspicuous.

The older forts have already been described. When Fort Garry was constructed it became the Company's chief post and headquarters. High stone walls, having round towers pierced for cannon at the corners, enclosed a square wherein were substantial wooden buildings, including the storehouses, dwellings, the Governor's residence and the gaol. Some distance below Fort Garry, on Red River, was Stone Fort, which comprised about four acres, with numerous buildings.

The chief establishment of the Saskatchewan district was Fort Edmonton. It was of sexagonal form, with pickets, battlemented gateways and bastions. Here were the usual buildings, including the carpenter's shop, blacksmith's forge and windmill. At Fort Edmonton were made and repaired, boats, carts, sleighs, harness and other articles and appliances for the annual voyage to York Factory, and for traffic between posts. There was also here a large and successful farm, where wheat, barley and vegetables were raised in abundance.

How different was Fort Franklin, a rough, pine-log hut on the shore of Great Bear Lake, containing a single apartment eighteen by twenty feet! It was roofed with sticks and moss, and the interstices between the logs were filled with mud.

[Sidenote: Fort Vancouver.]

In 1825 was built Fort Vancouver, the metropolitan establishment of the Company on the Pacific. It stood on the north side of the Columbia River, six miles above the eastern mouth of the Willamette. At first located at the highest point of some sloping land, about a mile from the river, this site was found disadvantageous to transport and communication, and the fort was moved a few years later to within a quarter of a mile of the Columbia. The plan presented the familiar parallelogram, but much larger than usual, of about seven hundred and fifty feet in length and five hundred in breadth. The interior was divided into two courts, with about forty buildings, all of wood, except the powder magazine, which was of stone. In the centre, facing the main entrance, stood the Governor's residence, with the dining-room, smoking-room, and public sitting-room or bachelors' hall, the latter serving also for a museum of Indian relics and other curiosities. Single men, clerks and others, made the bachelors' hall their place of resort, but artisans and servants were not admitted. The residence was the only two-storey house in the fort, and before its door were mounted two old eighteen-pounders. Two swivel guns stood before the quarters of the chief factor. A prominent position was occupied by the Roman Catholic chapel, to which the majority of the fort's inmates resorted, the dining-hall serving for the smaller number of Church of England worshippers. The other buildings were dwellings for officers and men, school and warehouses, retail stores and artisan shops. The interior of the dwellings exhibited, as a rule, an unpainted pine-board panel, with bunks for bedsteads, and a few other simple pieces of furniture.

Another post on the Pacific, of different character and greater strength, was Fort Walla Walla. It stood on the site of Fort Nez Percé, which was established when the Indians attacked Ogden's party of fur-traders here in 1818. The assault was repelled; but it was found necessary as a safeguard to rear this retreat. Fort Walla Walla was built of adobe and had a military establishment.

A strong fort was Fort Rupert, on the north-east coast of Vancouver Island. For a stockade, huge pine trees were sunk into the ground and fastened together on the inside with beams. Round the interior ran a gallery, and at two opposite corners were flanking bastions mounting four nine-pounders. Within were the usual shops and buildings, while smaller stockades protected the garden and out-houses.

Fort Yukon was the most remote post of the Company. It was beyond the line of Russian America, and consequently invited comparison with the smaller and meaner Russian establishments. Its commodious dwellings for officers and men had smooth floors, open fire-places, glazed windows, and plastered walls. Its gun room, fur press, ice and meat wells were the delight and astonishment of visitors, white and red.

After the treaty of 1846, by which the United States obtained possession of Oregon territory, the headquarters of the Company on the Pacific Coast were transferred from Fort Vancouver to Fort Victoria. This post was enclosed one hundred yards square by cedar pickets twenty feet high. At the north-east and south-west corners were octagonal bastions mounted with six six-pounders. It had been founded three years earlier as a trading post and depot for whalers, and possessed more than three hundred acres under cultivation, besides a large dairy farm, from which the Russian colonies in Alaska received supplies.

Old Fort Kamloops was first called Fort Thompson, having been begun by David Thompson, astronomer of the North-West Company, on his overland journey from Montreal to Astoria, by way of Yellowhead Pass, in 1810. It was the capital of the Thompson River district, and one of the oldest in all the Oregon region. After Thompson, hither came Alexander Ross, who, in 1812, conducted operations there on behalf of Astor's Pacific Fur Company. After the coalition in 1821, the veteran fur-trader, John McLeod, was in charge of the Thompson River district. Then came Ermatinger, who presided at Kamloops in 1828, when Governor Simpson visited the fort and harangued the neighbouring Indians, beseeching them to be "honest, temperate and frugal; to love their friends, the fur-traders, and above all to bring in their heaps of peltries, and receive therefor the goods of the Company."

[Sidenote: Legend of Kamloops.]

The post was not without thrilling legends and abundance of romance. It was here that the Company's officer in command, Samuel Black, in 1840, challenged his brother Scot, and guest, David Douglas, the wandering botanist, to fight a duel, because the latter bluntly, one night, over his rum and dried salmon, had stigmatized the Honourable Adventurers as "not possessing a soul above a beaver skin." Black repelled in fury such an assertion; but Douglas refused to fight. He took his departure, only to meet his death shortly afterwards by falling into a pit at Hawaii, while homeward bound.

If this was the fate of the calumniator of the Company, that of its defender was not less tragic; for soon after his display of loyalty, while residing at Fort Kamloops, he was assassinated by the nephew of a friendly neighbouring chief, named Wanquille, "for having charmed his uncle's life away." Black's successor, John Tod, built a new fort on the opposite side of the river, which differed but little from the later fortresses of the Company. There were seven houses, including stores, dwellings and shops, enclosed in palisades fifteen feet in height, with gates on two sides and bastions at two opposite angles.

Early in 1848 a small post was erected by the Company on the Fraser River, near a village of the Lachincos, adjacent to the rapids ascended by Alexander Anderson the previous year. The fort was called Yale, in honour of Chief Factor Yale, who was at that time in charge of Fort Langley. It was the only post on that wild stream, the Fraser, between Langley and Alexandria, a distance of some three hundred miles. Two causes led to its erection: the Waiilatpu massacre in 1847, and the conclusion of the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which placed the boundary line several degrees north of the Lower Columbia.

[Sidenote: Mountain House.]

Perhaps one of the most remarkable of the Company's posts was Mountain House. "Every precaution known to the traders," writes a visitor of thirty years ago, "has been put in force to prevent the possibility of a surprise during 'a trade.' Bars and bolts, and places to fire down at the Indians who are trading, abound in every direction; so dreaded is the name borne by the Blackfeet, that it is thus their trading-post has been constructed." Eighty years ago, the Company had a post far south of the Bow River, in the very heart of the Blackfeet country; but, despite all precautions, it was frequently plundered and finally burnt down by the Blackfeet, and no attempt was since made to construct another fort in their country.

The hilly country around Fort Pitt was frequently the scene of Indian ambush and attack, and on more than one occasion the post itself has been captured by the Blackfeet. The surroundings are a favourite camping-ground of the Crees; and it was found difficult to persuade the Blackfeet that the factors and traders there are not the active friends and allies of their enemies. In fact, they regarded both Fort Pitt and Fort Carlton as places belonging to another company from that which ruled at Mountain House and Edmonton. "If it was the same company," they were wont to say, "how could they give our enemies, the Crees, guns and powder; for do they not give us guns and powder, too?"

The strength of the Company throughout the vast region where their rule was paramount, was rather a moral strength than a physical one. Its roots lay deep in the heart of the savage, who in time came to regard the great corporation as the embodiment of all that was good, and great, and true, and powerful. He knew that under its sway justice was secured to him; that if innocent he would be unharmed, that if guilty he would inevitably pay the penalty of his transgression. The prairie was wide, the forests were trackless, but in all those thousands of miles there came to be no haven for the horse-thief, the incendiary or the murderer, where he would be free, in his beleaguered fastness, to elude or defy Nemesis. The Company made it its business to find and punish the real offender; they did not avenge themselves on his friends or tribe. But punishment was certain--blood was paid for in blood, and there was no trial. Often did an intrepid factor, trader or clerk, enter a hostile camp, himself destitute of followers, walk up to the trembling malefactor, raise his gun or pistol, take aim, fire, and seeing his man fall, stalk away again to the nearest fort.

"This certainty of punishment," it was said, "acted upon the savage mind with all the power of a superstition. Felons trembled before the white man's justice, as in the presence of the Almighty."

That sense of injustice which rankled in the bosoms of the other Indians of the Continent, causing them to continually break out and give battle to their tormentors and oppressors--a warfare which, in 1870, had cost the United States more than five hundred million of dollars, could not exist. The Red men, as Red men, could have no well-founded grievance against the Company, which treated white and red with equity.

[Sidenote: The Great Company's Policy.]

"I have no hesitation in attributing the great success attendant for so many years upon the Indian policy of the Hudson's Bay Company," wrote an American Commissioner, Lieutenant Scott, in 1867, "to the following facts:--

"The savages are treated justly--receiving protection in life and property from the laws which they are forced to obey.

"There is no Indian Bureau with attendant complications.

"There is no pretended recognition of the Indian's title in fee-simple to the lands on which he roams for fish or game.

"Intoxicating liquors were not introduced amongst these people so long as the Hudson's Bay Company preserved the monopoly of trade.

"Prompt punishment follows the perpetration of crime, and from time to time the presence of a gunboat serves to remind the savages along the coast of the power of their masters. Not more than two years ago the Fort Rupert Indians were severely punished for refusing to deliver up certain animals demanded by the civil magistrate. Their village was bombarded and completely destroyed by Her Britannic Majesty's gunboat _Clio_."

What was the direct consequence of such a policy? That among distant and powerful tribes trading posts were built and maintained, well stocked with goods tempting to savage cupidity, yet peacefully conducted by one or two white men. There was not a regular soldier in all this territory (except the marines on shipboard and at Esquimault) and yet white men could hunt through the length and breadth of the land in almost absolute security.

Search all Europe and Asia, and you will find no parallel to the present sway of the Company, for it feeds and clothes, amuses and instructs, as well as rules nine-tenths of its subjects, from the Esquimaux tribes of Ungava to the Loucheaux at Fort Simpson, thousands of miles away--all look to it as to a father.

The communication with the outside world is slight, yet the thread that binds is encrusted with hoar frost, reaching far away to that little island in the North Sea which we call Britain. If these strong men, immured for years in the icy wildernesses are moved by the news which reaches them twice in the year, through a thousand miles and more of snow, it is British news. Kitchener's victory at Khartoum sent a patriotic thrill through thousands of bosoms six months after it became known to the Englishman who is content to live at home.

THE HUDSON'S BAY POSTS.

In their Report of 28th June, 1872, the Governor and Committee report the details of the varied posts from Ocean to Ocean of the Hudson's Bay Company, as follows:--

_Statement of Land belonging to the HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, exclusive of their claim to one-twentieth of the Land set out for settlement in the "Fertile Belt."_

========================+====+==========================+======= | | | Acres DISTRICT. | | POST. | of | | | Land ------------------------+----+--------------------------+------- Lake Huron | 1 | La Cloche | 6,400 Temiscaminque | 2 | Kakababeagino | 10 Superior | 3 | Long Lake | 10 United States | 4 | Georgetown | 1,133 | | | Manitoba, or } | 5 | Fort Garry | 500 Red River Settlement } | 6 | Lower Fort | 500 | 7 | White Horse Plains | 500 Manitoba Lake | 8 | Oak Point | 50 Portage la Prairie | 9 | | 1,000 | | | Lac la Pluie | 10 | Fort Alexander | 500 | 11 | Fort Frances | 500 | 12 | Eagles Nest | 20 | 13 | Big Island | 20 | 14 | Lac du Bennet | 20 | 15 | Rat Portage | 50 | 16 | Shoal Lake | 20 | 17 | Lake of the Woods | 50 | 18 | White Fish Lake | 20 | 19 | English River | 20 | 20 | Hungry Hall | 20 | 21 | Trout Lake | 20 | 22 | Clear Water Lake | 20 | 23 | Sandy Point | 20 | | | Swan River | 24 | Fort Pelly | 3,000 | 25 | Fort Ellice | 3,000 | 26 | Qu'Appelle Lakes | 2,500 | 27 | Touchwood Hills | 500 | 28 | Shoal River | 50 | 29 | Manitoban | 50 | 30 | Fairford | 100 | | | CUMBERLAND | 31 | Cumberland House | 100 | 32 | Fort la Corne | 3,000 | 33 | Pelican Lake | 50 | 34 | Moose Woods | 1,000 | 35 | The Pas | 25 | 36 | Moose Lake | 50 | 37 | Grand Rapid Portage | 100 | | |50 Acres | | |at each | | |end of | | |Portage SASKATCHEWAN | 38 | Edmonton House | 3,000 | 39 | Rocky Mountain House | 500 | 40 | Fort Victoria | 3,000 | 41 | St. Paul | 3,000 | 42 | Fort Pitt | 3,000 | 43 | Battle River | 3,000 | 44 | Carlton House | 3,000 | 45 | Fort Albert | 3,000 | 46 | Whitefish Lake | 500 | 47 | Lac la Biche | 1,000 | 48 | Fort Assiniboine | 50 | 49 | Lesser Slave Lake | 500 | 50 | Lac St. Anne | 500 | 51 | Lac la Nun | 500 | 52 | St. Albert | 1,000 | 53 | Pigeon Lake | 100 | 54 | Old White Mud Fort | 50 | | | ENGLISH RIVER | 55 | Isle à la Crosse | 50 | 56 | Rapid River | 5 | 57 | Portage la Loche | 20 | 58 | Green Lake | 100 | 59 | Cold Lake | 10 | 60 | Deers Lake | 5 | | | YORK | 61 | York Factory | 100 | 62 | Churchill | 10 | 63 | Severn | 10 | 64 | Trout Lake | 10 | 65 | Oxford | 100 | 66 | Jackson's Bay | 10 | 67 | God's Lake | 10 | 68 | Island Lake | 10 | | | NORWAY HOUSE | 69 | Norway House | 100 | 70 | Berens River | 25 | 71 | Grand Rapid | 10 | 72 | Nelson's River | 10 | | | ALBANY | 73 | Albany Factory | 100 | 74 | Martin's Falls | 10 | 75 | Osnaburg | 25 | 76 | Lac Seul | 500 | | | EAST MAIN | 77 | Little Whale River | 50 | 78 | Great Whale River | 50 | 79 | Fort George | 25 | | | MOOSE | 80 | Moose Factory | 100 | 81 | Hannah Bay | 10 | 82 | Abitibi | 10 | 83 | New Brunswick | 25 | | | RUPERT'S RIVER | 84 | Rupert's House | 50 | 85 | Mistassing | 10 | 86 | Temiskamay | 10 | 87 | Woswonaby | 10 | 88 | Meehiskun | 10 | 89 | Pike Lake | 10 | 90 | Nitchequon | 10 | 91 | Kamapiscan | 10 | | | KINOGUMISSEE | 92 | Matawagauinque | 50 | 93 | Kuckatoosh | 10 | | | LABRADOR | 94 | Fort Nascopie | 75 | 95 | Outposts do | 25 | 96 | Fort Chimo (Ungava) | 100 | 97 | South River, Outposts | 30 | 98 | George's River | 50 | 99 | Whale River | 50 |100 | North's River | 25 |101 | False River | 25 | | | ATHABASCA |102 | Fort Chippewyan | 10 |103 | Fort Vermilion | 500 |104 | Fort Dunvegan | 50 |105 | Fort St. John's | 20 |106 | Forks of Athabasca River | 10 |107 | Battle River | 5 |108 | Fond du Lac | 5 |109 | Salt River | 5 | | | MCKENZIE RIVER |110 | Fort Simpson | 100 |111 | Fort Liard | 300 |112 | Fort Nelson | 200 |113 | The Rapids | 100 |114 | Hay River | 20 |115 | Fort Resolution | 20 |116 | Fort Rae | 10 |117 | Fond du Lac | 10 |118 | Fort Norman | 10 |119 | Fort Good Hope | 10 |120 | Peel's River | 10 |121 | Lapierre's House | 10 |122 | Fort Halkett | 100 ------------------------+----+--------------------------+------

WESTERN DEPARTMENT.

===============+========================================+====== | | Acres DISTRICT. | POST. | of | | Land ---------------+----+-----------------------------------+------ VANCOUVER'S | 123| Victoria, including Town Lots, | ISLAND | | about | 70 | 124| Esquimault (Puget's Sound | | | Company's Land) | 2,300 | 125| Uplands Farm | 1,125 | 126| North Dairy Farm | 460 | | | BRITISH | 127| Fort Alexander | 100 COLUMBIA | 128| Fort George | 100 | 129| Fraser's Lake | 100 | 130| Stuart's Lake | 100 | 131| McLeod's Lake | 100 | 132| Connolly's Lake | 100 | 133| Babine | 100 | 134| Chilcotin | 100 | | Five other places | 100 | 135| Fort Dallas | 50 | 136| Fort Berens | 50 | 137| Fort Shepherd | 100 | 138| Fort Simpson | 100 | 139| Salmon River | 50 | 140| Langley and Langley Farm | 2,220 | 141| Yale, sundry small blocks | | 142| Hope | 5 | 143| Kamloops | 1,976 | 144| Similkameen | 1,140 | | Barkerville } | Town | | Quesnel } | Lots. ---------------+----+-----------------------------------+-------

APPENDIX.

THE CHARTER INCORPORATING THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY.

_Granted by His Majesty King Charles the Second, in the 22nd Year of his Reign, A.D. 1670._

CHARLES THE SECOND, by the grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c.

To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting:

Whereas our dear entirely beloved Cousin, Prince Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria and Cumberland, &c.; Christopher Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, Henry Lord Arlington, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir John Robinson, and Sir Robert Vyner, Knights and Baronets; Sir Peter Colleton, Baronet; Sir Edward Hungerford, Knight of the Bath; Sir Paul Neele, Knight; Sir John Griffith and Sir Philip Carteret, Knights; James Hayes, John Kirk, Francis Millington, William Prettyman, John Fenn, Esquires; and John Portman, Citizen and Goldsmith of London; have, at their own great cost, and charges, undertaken an expedition for Hudson's Bay in the north-west part of America, for the discovery of a new passage into the South Sea, and for the finding some trade for furs, minerals, and other considerable commodities, and by such their undertaking have already made such discoveries as to encourage them to proceed further in pursuance of their said design, by means whereof there may probably arise very great advantages to us and our kingdom.

And whereas the said undertakers, for their further encouragement in the said design, have humbly besought us to incorporate them, and grant unto them and their successors the sole trade and commerce of all those seas, straits, bays, rivers, lakes, creeks and sounds, in whatsoever latitude they shall be, that lie within the entrance of the straits commonly called the Hudson's Straits, together with all the lands, countries and territories upon the coasts and confines of the seas, straits, bays, lakes, rivers, creeks and sounds aforesaid, which are not now actually possessed by any of our subjects, or by the subjects of any other Christian Prince or State.

Now know ye, that we, being desirous to promote all endeavours tending to the public good of our people, and to encourage the said undertaking, have, of our especial grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, given, granted, ratified and confirmed, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do give, grant, ratify and confirm, unto our said Cousin, Prince Rupert, Christopher Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, Henry Lord Arlington, Anthony Lord Ashley, Sir John Robinson, Sir Robert Vyner, Sir Peter Colleton, Sir Edward Hungerford, Sir Paul Neele, Sir John Griffith and Sir Philip Carteret, James Hayes, John Kirk, Francis Millington, William Prettyman, John Fenn and John Portman, that they, and such others as shall be admitted into the said society as is hereafter expressed, shall be one body corporate and politic, in deed and in name, by the name of "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay," and them by the name of "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay," one body corporate and politic, in deed and in name, really and fully forever, for us, our heirs and successors, we do make, ordain, constitute, establish, confirm and declare by these presents, and that by the same name of Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay, they shall have perpetual succession, and that they and their successors, by the name of The Governor and Company of Adventures trading into Hudson's Bay, be, and at all times hereafter shall be personable and capable in law to have, purchase, receive, possess, enjoy and retain lands, rents, privileges, liberties, jurisdictions, franchises and hereditaments, of what kind, nature or quality so ever they be, to them and their successors; and also to give, grant, demise, alien, assign and dispose lands, tenements, and hereditaments, and to do and execute all and singular other things by the same name that to them shall or may appertain to do; and that they and their successors, by the name of The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay, may plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered, defend and be defended, in whatsoever courts and places, before whatsoever judges and justices and other persons and officers, in all and singular actions, pleas, suits, quarrels, causes and demands whatsoever, of whatsoever kind, nature or sort, in such manner and form as any other our liege people of this our realm of England, being persons able and capable in law, may or can have, purchase, receive, possess, enjoy, retain, give, grant, demise, alien, assign, dispose, plead, defend and be defended, do, permit and execute: and that the said Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay, and their successors, may have a common seal to serve for all the causes and businesses of them and their successors, and that it shall and may be lawful to the said Governor and Company, and their successors, the same seal, from time to time, at their will and pleasure, to break, change, and to make anew or alter, as to them shall seem expedient.

And further we will, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, we do ordain that there shall be from henceforth one of the same company to be elected and appointed in such form as hereafter in these presents is expressed, which shall be called the Governor of the said Company; and that the said Governor and Company shall or may select seven of their number, and in such form as hereafter in these presents is expressed, which shall be called the Committee of the said Company, which Committee of seven, or any three of them, together with the Governor or Deputy Governor of the said Company for the time being shall have the direction of the voyages of and for the said Company, and the provision of the shipping and merchandises thereunto belonging, and also the sale of all merchandises, goods and other things returned, in all or any the voyages or ships of or for the said Company, and the managing and handling of all other business, affairs and things belonging to the said Company: And we will, ordain and grant by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, unto the said Governor and Company, and their successors, that they, the said Governor and Company, and their successors, shall from henceforth for ever be ruled, ordered and governed according to such manner and form as is hereafter in these presents expressed, and not otherwise; and that they shall have, hold, retain and enjoy the grants, liberties, privileges, jurisdictions and immunities only hereafter in these presents granted and expressed, and no other: And for the better execution of our will and grant in this behalf we have assigned, nominated, constituted and made, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, we do assign, constitute and make our said Cousin Prince Rupert, to be the first and present Governor of the said Company, and to continue in the said office from the date of these presents until the 10th November then next following, if he, the said Prince Rupert, shall so long live, and so until a new Governor be chosen by the said Company in form hereafter expressed: And also we have assigned, nominated and appointed, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, we do assign, nominate and constitute the said Sir John Robinson, Sir John Vyner, Sir Peter Colleton, James Hayes, John Kirk, Francis Millington and John Portman to be the seven first and present Committee of the said Company, from the date of these presents until the said 10th day of November then also next following, and so on until new Committees shall be chosen in form hereafter expressed: And further we will and grant by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, unto the said Governor and Company, and their successors, that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Governor and Company for the time being, or the greater part of them present at any public assembly, commonly called the Court General, to be holden for the said Company, the Governor of the said Company being always one, from time to time elect, nominate and appoint one of the said Company to be Deputy to the said Governor, which Deputy shall take a corporal oath, before the Governor and three or more of the Committee of the said Company for the time being, well, truly and faithfully to execute his said office of Deputy to the Governor of the said Company, and after his oath so taken, shall and may from time to time, in the absence of the said Governor, exercise and execute the office of Governor of the said Company, in such sort as the said Governor ought to do: And further we will and grant by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, unto the said Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay, and their successors, that they, or the greater part of them, whereof the Governor for the time being or his Deputy to be one, from time to time, and at all times hereafter, shall and may have authority and power, yearly and every year, between the first and last day of November, to assemble and meet together in some convenient place, to be appointed from time to time by the Governor, or in his absence by the Deputy of the said Governor for the time being, and that they being so assembled, it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Governor or Deputy of the said Governor, and the said Company for the time being, or the greater part of them which then shall happen to be present, whereof the Governor of the said Company or his Deputy for the time being to be one, to elect and nominate one of the said Company, which shall be Governor of the said Company for one whole year then next following, which person being so elected and nominated to be Governor of the said Company, as is aforesaid, before he be admitted to the execution of the said office, shall take a corporal oath before the last Governor, being his predecessor, or his Deputy, and any three or more of the Committee of the said Company for the time being, that he shall from time to time well and truly execute the office of Governor of the said Company in all things concerning the same; and that immediately after the said oath so taken he shall and may execute and use the said office of Governor of the said Company for one whole year from thence next following: And in like sort we will and grant that as well every one of the above-named to be of the said Company of fellowship, as all others hereafter to be admitted or free of the said Company, shall take a corporal oath before the Governor of the said Company or his Deputy for the time being to such effect as by the said Governor and Company or the greater part of them in any public Court to be held for the said Company, shall be in reasonable and legal manner set down and devised, before they shall be allowed or admitted to trade or traffic as a freeman of the said Company: And further we will and grant by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, unto the said Governor and Company, and their successors, that the said Governor or Deputy Governor, and the rest of the said Company, and their successors for the time being, or the greater part of them, whereof the Governor or Deputy-Governor from time to time to be one, shall and may from time to time, and at all times hereafter, have power and authority, yearly and every year, between the first and last day of November, to assemble and meet together in some convenient place, from time to time to be appointed by the said Governor of the said Company, or in his absence by his Deputy; and that they being so assembled, it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Governor or his Deputy, and the Company for the time being, or the greater part of them which then shall happen to be present, whereof the Governor of the said Company or his Deputy for the time being to be one, to elect and nominate seven of the said Company, which shall be a Committee of the said Company for one whole year from thence next ensuing, which persons being so elected and nominated to be a Committee of the said Company as aforesaid, before they be admitted to the execution of their office, shall take a corporal oath before the Governor or his Deputy, and any three or more of the said Committee of the said Company, being their last predecessors, that they and every of them shall well and faithfully perform their said office of Committees in all things concerning the same, and that immediately after the said oath so taken, they shall and may execute and use their said office of Committees of the said Company for one whole year from thence next following: And moreover, our will and pleasure is, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, we do grant under the said Governor and Company, and their successors, that when and as often as it shall happen, the Governor or Deputy Governor of the said Company for the time being, at any time within one year after that he shall be nominated, elected and sworn to the office of the Governor of the said Company as is aforesaid, to die or to be removed from the said office, which Governor or Deputy Governor not demeaning himself well in his said office WE WILL to be removable at the pleasure of the rest of the said Company, or the greater part of them which shall be present at their public assemblies commonly called their General Courts, holden for the said Company, that then and so often it shall and may be lawful to and for the residue of the said Company for the time being, or the greater part of them, within a convenient time after the death or removing of any such Governor or Deputy Governor, to assemble themselves in such convenient place as they shall think fit, for the election of the Governor or the Deputy Governor of the said Company; and that the said Company, or the greater part of them, being then and there present, shall and may, then and there, before their departure from the said place, elect and nominate one other of the said Company to be Governor or Deputy Governor for the said Company in the place and stead of him that so died or was removed; which person being so elected and nominated to the office of Governor or Deputy Governor of the said Company, shall have and exercise the said office for and during the residue of the next year, taking first a corporal oath, as is aforesaid, for the due execution thereof; and this to be done from time to time so often as the case shall so require: And also our will and pleasure is, and by these presents for us, our heirs and successors, WE DO GRANT unto the said Governor and Company, that when and as often as it shall happen any person or persons of the Committee of the said Company for the time being, at any time within one year next after they or any of them shall be nominated, elected and sworn to the office of Committee of the said Company as is aforesaid, to die or to be removed from the said office, which Committees not demeaning themselves well in their said office, we will to be removable at the pleasure of the said Governor and Company or the greater part of them, whereof the Governor of the said Company for the time being or his Deputy to be one, that then and so often, it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Governor, and the rest of the Company for the time being, or the greater part of them, whereof the Governor for the time being or his Deputy to be one, within convenient time after the death or removing of any of the said Committee, to assemble themselves in such convenient place as is or shall be usual and accustomed for the election of the Governor of the said Company, or where else the Governor of the said Company for the time being or his Deputy shall appoint: And that the said Governor and Company, or the greater part of them, whereof the Governor for the time being or his Deputy to be one, being then and there present, shall and may, then and there, before their departure from the said place, elect and nominate one or more of the said Company to be the Committee of the said Company in the place and stead of him or them that so died, or were or was so removed, which person or persons so nominated and elected to the office of Committee of the said Company, shall have and exercise the said office for and during the residue of the said year, taking first a corporal oath, as is aforesaid, for the due execution thereof, and this to be done from time to time, so often as the case shall require:

And to the end the said Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay may be encouraged to undertake and effectually to prosecute the said design, of our more especial grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given, granted and confirmed, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, DO give, grant and confirm, unto the said Governor and Company, and their successors, the sole trade and commerce of all these seas, straits, bays, rivers, lakes, creeks and sounds, in whatsoever latitude they shall be, that lie within the entrance of the straits, commonly called Hudson's Straits, together with all the lands and territories upon the countries, coasts, and confines of the seas, bays, lakes, rivers, creeks and sounds aforesaid, that are not already actually possessed by or granted to any of our subjects, or possessed by the subjects of any other Christian Prince or State, with the fishing of all sorts of fish, whales, sturgeons and all other royal fishes, in the seas, bays, inlets and rivers within the premises, and the fish therein taken, together with the royalty of the sea upon the coasts within the limits aforesaid, and all mines royal, as well discovered as not discovered, of gold, silver, gems and precious stones, to be found or discovered within the territories, limits and places aforesaid, and that the said land be from henceforth reckoned and reputed as one of our plantations or colonies in America, called "Rupert's Land."

And further we do, by these presents for us, our heirs and successors, make, create, and constitute the said Governor and Company for the time being, and their successors, the true and absolute lords and proprietors of the same territory, limits and places, and of all other the premises, saving always the faith, allegiance and sovereign dominion due to us, our heirs and successors, for the same to have, hold, possess and enjoy the said territory, limits and places, and all and singular other the premises hereby granted as aforesaid, with their and every of their rights, members, jurisdictions, prerogatives, royalties and appurtenances whatsoever, to them the said Governor and Company, and their successors for ever, to be holden of us, our heirs and successors, as of our manor at East Greenwich, in our County of Kent, in free and common soccage, and not in capite or by Knight's service, yielding and paying yearly to us, our heirs and successors, for the same, two elks and two black beavers, whensoever and as often as we, our heirs and successors, shall happen to enter into the said countries, territories and regions hereby granted.

And further, our will and pleasure is, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, we do grant unto the said Governor and Company, and their successors, that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Governor and Company, and their successors, from time to time, to assemble themselves, for or about any the matters, causes, affairs, or business of the said trade, in any place or places for the same convenient, within our dominions or elsewhere, and there to hold Court for the said Company and the affairs thereof; and that also, it shall and may be lawful to and for them, and the greater part of them, being so assembled, and that shall then and there be present, in any such place or places, whereof the Governor or his Deputy for the time being to be one, to make, ordain and constitute such and so many reasonable laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances as to them, or the greater part of them, being then and there present, shall seem necessary and convenient for the good government of the said Company, and of all governors of colonies, forts and plantations, factors, masters, mariners and other officers employed or to be employed in any of the territories and lands aforesaid, and in any of their voyages, and for the better advancement and continuance of the said trade or traffic and plantations, and the same laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances so made, to put in use and execute accordingly, and at their pleasure to revoke and alter the same or any of them, as the occasion shall require: And that the said Governor and Company, so often as they shall make, ordain or establish any such laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, in such form as aforesaid shall and may lawfully impose, ordain, limit and provide such pains, penalties and punishments upon all offenders, contrary to such laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, or any of them, as to the said Governor and Company for the time being, or the greater part of them, then and there being present, the said Governor or his Deputy being always one, shall seem necessary, requisite or convenient for the observation of the same laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances; and the same fines and amerciaments shall and may, by their officers and servants from time to time to be appointed for that purpose, levy, take and have, to the use of the said Governor and Company, and their successors, without the impediment of us, our heirs or successors, or any of the officers or ministers of us, our heirs, or successors, and without any account therefore to us, our heirs or successors, to be made: All and singular which laws, constitutions, orders, and ordinances, so as aforesaid to be made, we will to be duly observed and kept under the pains and penalties therein to be contained; so always as the said laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, fines and amerciaments, be reasonable and not contrary or repugnant, but as near as may be agreeable to the laws, statutes or customs of this our realm.

And furthermore, of our ample and abundant grace, certain knowledge and mere-motion, we have granted, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do grant unto the said Governor and Company, and their successors, that they and their successors, and their factors, servants and agents, for them and on their behalf, and not otherwise, shall forever hereafter have, use and enjoy, not only the whole, entire, and only trade and traffic, and the whole, entire, and only liberty, use and privilege of trading and trafficking to and from the territory, limits and places aforesaid, but also the whole and entire trade and traffic to and from all havens, bays, creeks, rivers, lakes and seas, into which they shall find entrance or passage by water or land out of the territories, limits and places aforesaid; and to and with all the natives and people inhabiting, or which shall inhabit within the territories, limits and places aforesaid; and to and with all other nations inhabiting any the coasts adjacent to the said territories, limits and places which are not already possessed as aforesaid, or whereof the sole liberty or privilege of trade and traffic is not granted to any other of our subjects.

And we, of our further Royal favour, and of our more especial grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, have granted, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do grant to the said Governor and Company, and to their successors, that neither the said territories, limits and places hereby granted as aforesaid, nor any part thereof, nor the islands, havens, ports, cities, towns, or places thereof or therein contained, shall be visited, frequented or haunted by any of the subjects of us, our heirs or successors, contrary to the true meaning of these presents, and by virtue of our prerogative royal, which we will not have in that behalf argued or brought into question: We straightly charge, command and prohibit for us, our heirs and successors, all the subjects of us, our heirs and successors, of what degree or quality soever they be, that none of them, directly or indirectly do visit, haunt, frequent, or trade, traffic, or adventure, by way of merchandise, into or from any of the said territories, limits, or places hereby granted, or any or either of them, other than the said Governor and Company, and such particular persons as now be or hereafter shall be of that Company, their agents, factors and assigns, unless it be by the license and agreement of the said Governor and Company in writing first had and obtained, under their common seal, to be granted upon pain that every such person or persons that shall trade or traffic into or from any of the countries, territories or limits aforesaid, other than the said Governor and Company, and their successors, shall incur our indignation, and the forfeiture and the loss of the goods, merchandises and other things whatsoever, which so shall be brought into this realm of England, or any of the dominions of the same, contrary to our said prohibition, or the purport or true meaning of these presents, or which the said Governor and Company shall find, take and seize in other places out of our dominion, where the said Company, their agents, factors or ministers shall trade, traffic or inhabit by the virtue of these our letters patent, as also the ship and ships, with the furniture thereof, wherein such goods, merchandises and other things shall be brought and found; and one-half of all the said forfeitures to be to us, our heirs and successors, and the other half thereof we do, by these presents, clearly and wholly, for us, our heirs and successors, give and grant unto the said Governor and Company, and their successors: And further, all and every the said offenders, for their said contempt, to suffer such other punishment as to us, our heirs and successors, for so high a contempt, shall seem meet and convenient, and not be in any wise delivered until they and every of them shall become bound unto the said Governor for the time being in the sum of one thousand pounds at the least, at no time then after to trade or traffic into any of the said places, seas, straits, bays, ports, havens or territories aforesaid, contrary to our express commandment in that behalf set down and published: And further, of our more especial grace, we have condescended and granted, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do grant unto the said Governor and Company, and their successors, that we our heirs and successors, will not grant liberty, license or power to any person, or persons whatsoever, contrary to the tenor of these our letters patent, to trade, traffic or inhabit, unto or upon any of the territories, limits or places afore specified, contrary to the true meaning of these presents, without the consent of the said Governor and Company, or the most part of them: And, of our more abundant grace and favour of the said Governor and Company, we do hereby declare our will and pleasure to be, that if it shall so happen that any of the persons free or to be free of the said Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay, who shall, before the going forth of any ship or ships appointed for a voyage or otherwise, promise or agree, by writing under his or their hands, to adventure any sum or sums of money towards the furnishing any provision, or maintenance of any voyage or voyages, set forth or to be set forth, or intended or meant to be set forth, by the said Governor and Company, or the most part of them present at any public assembly, commonly called their General Court, shall not, within the space of twenty days next after warning given to him or them by the said Governor or Company, or their known officer or minister, bring in and deliver to the Treasurer or Treasurers appointed for the Company, such sums of money as shall have been expressed and set down in writing by the said person or persons, subscribed with the name of the said Adventurer or Adventurers, that then and at all times after it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Governor and Company, or the more part of them present, whereof the said Governor or his Deputy to be one, at any of their General Courts or general assemblies, to remove and disfranchise him or them, and every such person and persons at their wills and pleasures, and he or they so removed and disfranchised, not to be permitted to trade into the countries, territories, and limits aforesaid, or any part thereof, nor to have any adventure or stock going or remaining with or amongst the said Company, without the special license of the said Governor and Company, or the more part of them present at any General Court, first had and obtained in that behalf, any thing before in these presents to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding. And our will and pleasure is, and hereby we do also ordain, that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Governor and Company, or the greater part of them, whereof the Governor for the time being or his Deputy to be one, to admit into and to be of the said Company all such servants or factors, of or for the said Company, and all such others as to them or the most part of them present, at any Court held for the said Company, the Governor or his Deputy being one, shall be thought fit and agreeable with the orders and ordinances made and to be made for the government of the said Company: And further, our will and pleasure is, and by these presents for us, our heirs and successors, we do grant unto the said Governor and Company, and to their successors, that it shall and may be lawful in all elections and by-laws to be made by the General Court of the Adventurers of the said Company, that every person shall have a number of votes according to his stock, that is to say, for every hundred pounds by him subscribed or brought into the present stock, one vote, and that any of those that have subscribed less than one hundred pounds, may join their respective sums to make up one hundred pounds, and have one vote jointly for the same, and not otherwise: And further, of our especial grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, we do, for us, our heirs and successors, grant to and with the said Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay, that all lands, islands, territories, plantations, forts, fortifications, factories or colonies, where the said Company's factories and trade are or shall be, within any of the ports or places afore limited, shall be immediately and from henceforth under the power and command of the said Governor and Company, their successors and assigns; saving the faith and allegiance due to be performed to us, our heirs and successors, as aforesaid; and that the said Governor and Company shall have liberty, full power and authority to appoint and establish Governors and all other officers to govern them, and that the Governor and his Council of the several and respective places where the said Company shall have plantations, forts, factories, colonies or places of trade within any of the countries, lands, or territories hereby granted, may have power to judge all persons belonging to the said Governor and Company, or that shall live under them, in all causes, whether civil or criminal, according to the laws of the kingdom, and to execute justice accordingly; and in case any crime or misdemeanor shall be committed in any of the said Company's plantations, forts, factories, or places of trade within the limits aforesaid, where judicature cannot be executed for want of a Governor and Council there, then in such case it shall and may be lawful for the chief factor of that place and his Council to transmit the party, together with the offence, to such other plantations, factory or fort where there shall be a Governor and Council, where justice may be executed, or into this Kingdom of England, as shall be thought most convenient, there to receive such punishment as the nature of his offence shall deserve: And moreover, our will and pleasure is, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, we do give and grant unto the said Governor and Company, and their successors, free liberty and license, in case they conceive it necessary, to send either ships of war, men or ammunition into any of their plantations, forts, factories, or places of trade aforesaid, for the security and defence of the same, and to choose commanders and officers over them, and to give them power and authority, by commission under their common seal, or otherwise, to continue to make peace or war with any prince or people whatsoever, that are not Christians, in any place where the said Company shall have any plantations, forts or factories, or adjacent thereto, and shall be most for the advantage and benefit of the said Governor and Company and of their trade; and also to right and recompense themselves upon the goods, estates, or people of those parts, by whom the said Governor and Company shall sustain any injury, loss or damage, or upon any other people whatsoever, that shall in any way, contrary to the intent of these presents, interrupt, wrong or injure them in their trade, within the said places, territories and limits granted by this Charter: And that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Governor and Company, and their successors from time to time, and at all times from henceforth, to erect and build such castles, fortifications, forts, garrisons, colonies or plantations, towns or villages, in any parts or places within the limits and bounds granted before in these presents unto the said Governor and Company, as they in their discretion shall think fit and requisite, and for the supply of such as shall be needful and convenient to keep and be in the same, to send out of this kingdom to the said castles, forts, fortifications, garrisons, colonies, plantations, towns or villages, all kinds of clothing, provisions or victuals, ammunition and implements necessary for such purpose, paying the duties and customs for the same, as also to transport and carry over such number of men being willing thereunto, or not prohibited, as they shall think fit, and also to govern them in such legal and reasonable manner as the said Governor and Company shall think best, and to inflict punishment for misdemeanors, or impose such fines upon them for breach of their orders as in these presents are formally expressed: And further, our will and pleasure is, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, we do grant unto the said Governor and Company, and to their successors, full power and lawful authority to seize upon the persons of all such English, or any other our subjects, which shall sail into Hudson's Bay, or inhabit in any of the countries, islands or territories hereby granted to the said Governor and Company, without their leave and license, and in that behalf first had and obtained, or that shall contemn and disobey their orders, and send them to England; and that all and every person and persons, being our subjects, any ways employed by the said Governor and Company, within any the parts, places and limits aforesaid, shall be liable unto and suffer such punishment for any offences by them committed in the parts aforesaid, as the President and Council for the said Governor and Company there shall think fit, and the merit of the offence shall require, as aforesaid; and in case any person or persons being convicted and sentenced by the President and Council of the said Governor and Company, in the countries, lands or limits aforesaid, their factors or agents there, for any offence by them done, shall appeal from the same, that then and in such case it shall and may be lawful to and for the said President and Council, factors or agents, to seize upon him or them, and to carry him or them home prisoners into England, to the said Governor and Company, there to receive such condign punishment as his case shall require, and the law of this nation allow of; and for the better discovery of abuses and injuries to be done unto the said Governor and Company, or their successors, by any servant by them to be employed in the said voyages and plantations, it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Governor and Company, and their respective President, Chief Agent or Governor in the parts aforesaid, to examine upon oath all factors, masters, pursers, supercargoes, commanders of castles, forts, fortifications, plantations or colonies, or other persons, touching or concerning any matter or thing in which by law or usage an oath may be administered, so as the said oath, and the matter therein contained be not repugnant, but agreeable to the laws of this realm: And we do hereby straightly charge and command all and singular our Admirals, Vice-Admirals, Justices, Mayors, Sheriffs, Constables, Bailiffs, and all and singular other our officers, ministers, liegemen and subjects whatsoever to be aiding, favouring, helping and assisting to the said Governor and Company, and to their successors, and their deputies, officers, factors, servants, assigns and ministers, and every of them, in executing and enjoying the premises, as well on land as on sea, from time to time, when any of you shall thereunto be required; any statute, act, ordinance, proviso, proclamation or restraint heretofore had, made, set forth, ordained or provided, or any other matter, cause or thing whatsoever to the contrary in anywise notwithstanding.

In witness whereof we have caused these our Letters to be made Patent.

Witness ourselves at Winchester, the second day of May, in the two-and-twentieth year of our reign.

By Writ of the Privy Seal.

PIGOTT.

THE ALASKA BOUNDARY LINE.

It has been said that but for the Hudson's Bay Company British Columbia would not have been preserved to the British Crown. On the Imperial frontier to the far north and west the Company early established its posts, and vigorously sought to maintain them against, first, Russian, and afterwards American, aggression.

The American purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 included a strip of the coast (_lisière de côté_) extending from north latitude 54° 40' to the region of Mt. St. Elias. It was generally understood that this strip was separated from the British possessions by a mountain range (then believed to exist) parallel to the coast, as in event of this range being too remote, by a line parallel to the windings (sinuosities) of the coast, nowhere greater than ten marine leagues from the same.

There is nothing to lead one to suppose that the strip of coast was designed to be continuous from the parallel of 54° 40' north latitude. The recent great development of the North-West has shown the singular value of this strip, which the American authorities, ignoring the exact possessions of the Anglo-Russian treaty of 1825, has assumed to be their territory. Recent American writers have been quick to perceive the weakness of their case, and one of these, writing in the _Atlantic Monthly_, uses this language:

"Arbitration is compromise.... Once before a board of arbitration, the English Government has only to set up and vigorously urge all its claims, and more that can easily be invented, and _it is all but absolutely certain_ that although _by tradition and equity_ we should decline _to yield a foot of what we purchased_ in good faith from Russia, and which has become doubly valuable to us by settlement and exploration, our lisière will be promptly broken into fragments, and with much show of impartiality divided between the two contracting parties." The italics are mine. Tradition and (the American idea of) equity are hardly equal to the language of a treaty negotiated so recently as 1825.[130]

CONVENTION WITH RUSSIA.

His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, being desirous of drawing still closer the ties of good understanding and friendship which unite them, by means of an agreement which may settle, upon the basis of reciprocal convenience, different points connected with the commerce, navigation, and fisheries of their subjects on the Pacific Ocean, as well as the limits of their respective possessions on the north-west coast of America, have named plenipotentiaries to conclude a convention for this purpose, that is to say--His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Right Hon. Stratford Canning, a member of his said Majesty's Most Hon. Privy Council, etc.; and his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, the Sieur Charles Robert Count de Nesselrode, his Imperial Majesty's Privy Councillor, a member of the Council of the Empire, Secretary of State for the Department of Foreign Affairs, etc., and the Sieur Pierre de Poletica, his Imperial Majesty's Councillor of State, etc.; who, after having communicated to each other their respective full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon and signed the following articles:--

Art. I.--It is agreed that the respective subjects of the high contracting parties shall not be troubled or molested, in any part of the ocean commonly called the Pacific Ocean, either in navigating the same, in fishing therein, or in landing at such parts of the coast as shall not have been already occupied, in order to trade with the natives, under the restrictions and conditions specified in the following articles.

II.--In order to prevent the right of navigating and fishing, exercised upon the ocean by the subjects of the high contracting parties, from becoming the pretext for an illicit commerce, it is agreed that the subjects of his Britannic Majesty shall not land at any place where there may be a Russian establishment, without the permission of the governor or commandant; and, on the other hand, that Russian subjects shall not land, without permission, at any British establishment on the north-west coast.

III.--The line of demarcation between the possessions of the high contracting parties, upon the coast of the continent, and the islands of America to the north-west, shall be drawn in the manner following:--Commencing from the southernmost point of the island called Prince of Wales's Island, which point lies in the parallel of 54 degrees, 40 minutes, north latitude, and between the 131st and 133rd degree of west longitude (meridian of Greenwich), the said line shall ascend to the north along the channel called Portland Channel, as far as the point of the continent where it strikes the 56th degree of north latitude; from this last-mentioned point the line of demarcation shall follow the summits of the mountains situated parallel to the coast, as far as the point of intersection of the 141st degree of west longitude (of the same meridian); and, finally, from the said point of intersection, the said meridian line of the 141st degree in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean, shall form the limit between the Russian and British possessions on the Continent of America to the north-west.

IV.--With reference to the line of demarcation laid down in the preceding article, it is understood:--

1st: That the island called Prince of Wales's Island shall belong wholly to Russia.

2nd: That wherever the summit of the mountains which extend in a direction parallel to the coast, from the 56th degree of north latitude to the point of intersection of the 141st degree of west longitude, shall prove to be at the distance of more than ten marine leagues from the ocean, the limit between the British possessions and the line of coast which is to belong to Russia, as above-mentioned, shall be formed by a line parallel to the windings of the coast, and which shall never exceed the distance of ten marine leagues therefrom.

V.--It is moreover agreed, that no establishment shall be formed by either of the two parties within the limits assigned by the two preceding articles to the possessions of the other; consequently, British subjects shall not form any establishment either upon the coast, or upon the border of the continent comprised within the limits of the Russian possessions as designated in the two preceding articles; and, in like manner, no establishment shall be formed by Russian subjects beyond the said limits.

VI.--It is understood that the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, from whatever quarter they may arrive, whether from the ocean or from the interior of the continent, shall forever enjoy the right of navigating freely, and without any hindrance whatever, all the rivers and streams which in their course towards the Pacific Ocean may cross the line of demarcation upon the line of coast described in Article III of the present convention.

VII.--It is also understood, that for the space of ten years from the signature of the present convention, the vessels of the two powers, or those belonging to their respective subjects, shall mutually be at liberty to frequent without any hindrance whatever, all the inland seas, the gulfs, havens, and creeks on the coast mentioned in Article III for the purpose of fishing and of trading with the natives.

VIII.--The Port of Sitka, or Novo Archangelsk, shall be open to the commerce and vessels of British subjects for the space of ten years from the date of the exchange of the ratification of the present convention. In the event of an extension of this term of ten years being granted to any other power, the like extension shall be granted also to Great Britain.

IX.--The above-mentioned liberty of commerce shall not apply to the trade of spirituous liquors, in fire-arms or other arms, gunpowder or other warlike stores; the high contracting parties reciprocally engaging not to permit the above-mentioned articles to be sold or delivered in any manner whatever, to the natives of the country.

X.--Every British or Russian vessel navigating the Pacific Ocean, which may be compelled by storms or by accident to take shelter in the ports of the respective parties, shall be at liberty to refit therein, to provide itself with all necessary stores, and to put to sea again, without paying any other than port and lighthouse dues, which shall be the same as those paid by national vessels. In case, however, the master of such vessel should be under the necessity of disposing of a part of his merchandise in order to defray his expenses, he shall conform himself to the regulations and tariffs of the place where he may have landed.

XI.--In every case of complaint on account of an infraction of the articles of the present convention, the civil and military authorities of the high contracting parties, without previously acting or taking any forcible measure, shall make an exact and circumstantial report of the matter to their respective courts, who engage to settle the same in a friendly manner, and according to the principles of justice.

XII.--The present convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at London, within the space of six weeks, or sooner if possible.

In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same and have affixed thereto the seals of their arms.

Done at St. Petersburg, the 16th (28th) day of February, in the year of our Lord, 1825.

Stratford Canning. The Count de Nesselrode. Pierre de Poletica.

FOOTNOTE:

[130] T. C. Mendenhall, in _Atlantic Monthly_ for April, 1896.

GOVERNORS OF THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY.

His Highness Prince Rupert 1670-1683

H.R.H. James, Duke of York (afterwards King James II.) 1683-1685

John, Lord Churchill (afterwards Duke of Marlborough) 1685-1691

Sir Stephen Evance, Kt. 1691-1696

The Rt. Hon. Sir William Trumbull 1696-1700

Sir Stephen Evance, Kt. 1700-1712

Sir Bibye Lake, Bart. 1712-1743

Benjamin Pitt 1743-1746

Thomas Knapp 1746-1750

Sir Atwell Lake, Bart. 1750-1760

Sir William Baker, Kt. 1760-1770

Bibye Lake 1770-1782

Samuel Wegg 1782-1799

Sir James Winter Lake, Bart. 1799-1807

William Mainwaring 1807-1812

Joseph Berens, Junior 1812-1822

Sir John Henry Pelly, Bart. 1822-1852

Andrew Colville 1852-1856

John Shepherd 1856-1858

Henry Hulse Berens 1858-1863

Rt. Hon. Sir Edmund Walker Head, Bart., K.C.B. 1863-1868

Rt. Hon. The Earl of Kimberley 1868-1869

Rt. Hon. Sir Stafford H. Northcote, Bart., M.P. (Earl of Iddesleigh) 1869-1874

Rt. Hon. George Joachim Goschen, M.P. 1874-1880

Eden Colville 1880-1889

Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal, G.C.M.G. 1889-

DEPUTY-GOVERNORS OF THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY.

Sir John Robinson, Kt. 1670-1675

Sir James Hayes, Kt. 1675-1685

The Hon. Sir Edward Dering, Kt. 1685-1691

Samuel Clarke 1691-1701

John Nicholson 1701-1710

Thomas Lake 1710-1711

Sir Bibye Lake, Bart. 1711-1712

Captain John Merry 1712-1729

Samuel Jones 1729-1735

Benjamin Pitt 1735-1743

Thomas Knapp 1743-1746

Sir Atwell Lake, Bart. 1746-1750

Sir William Baker, Kt. 1750-1760

Captain John Merry 1760-1765

Bibye Lake 1765-1770

Robert Merry 1770-1774

Samuel Wegg 1774-1782

Sir James Winter Lake, Bart. 1782-1799

Richard Hulse 1799-1805

Nicholas Caesar Corsellis 1805-1806

Wm. Mainwaring 1806-1807

Joseph Berens, Junior 1807-1812

John Henry Pelly 1812-1822

Nicholas Garry 1822-1835

Benjamin Harrison 1835-1839

Andrew Colville 1839-1852

John Shepherd 1852-1856

Henry Hulse Berens 1856-1858

Edward Ellice, M.P. 1858-1863

Sir Curtis Miranda Lampson, Bart. 1863-1871

Eden Colville 1871-1880

Sir John Rose, Bart., G.C.M.G. 1880-1888

Sir Donald A. Smith, G.C.M.G. 1888-1889

The Earl of Lichfield 1889-1898

INDEX.

Agricultural and mercantile enterprise, 457

Alaska Boundary Line, 527

Albanel, Father, journeys to the north, 69

Albany, Fort, 149

" " Attack on, 135

" " Capitulation of, 137

" " renamed St. Anne, 142

" " The English regain, 153

" " Attacked by the French, 193

_Albany_, 212

" Fate of the, 292

Albemarle, Duke of, 42

Allemand, Pierre, 98

America purchases Alaska, 488

Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1825, 448

Argenson, D', 58

Arlington, Lord, letter to, 34

Ashburton, Lord, 456

Assiniboines, The, 222

" Radisson and Groseilliers first meet the, 26

_Astarte_, 321

Astor, John Jacob, 386

Astoria--Fort George, 387, 445

Astronomers at Hudson's Bay, 294

Athabaska, Fort, 426

Avagour, Governor M. d', 28

Back, Captain, 451

Bad Lake, The robbery at, 359

Baffin, expedition of, 47

Bailey, Charles, Governor of Rupert's Land, 70, 178

Balmerino, Lovat, and Kilmarnock, Lords, 260

Barillon, Sieur, 141

Barlow, Capt. George, commanding the _Albany_, 212

" Governor of Albany Fort, 193

Barre, M. de la, 110

" " receives letter from Lewis, 125

" " recalled, 129

Barrow, Sir John, 284

Beaver, Varieties of, 238

Beechy, Captain, 451

Bellicose instructions from the Company, 258

Berens, Thomas, 296

Bering, Capt. Vitus, commanding Russian expedition, 246

Bering's discoveries, 247

Bladen, Martin, 203

Bladen's description of the Commission, 205

Bois-Brulés, The, 383

Bolingbroke's letter, 203

Bonrepas, Sieur, 141

Boundaries between French and English territory, 216

Bourbon, Fort, 96

Bourdon, Jean, 55

Boyle, Robert, letter to, 43

_Brazen_, 392

Bridgar, Arrival of, 92

" John, Governor of the new settlement at Port Nelson, 89

" taken prisoner by the French, 134

Bristol, defence of, 37

Brown, Honorable George, 487

Browne, Sir Richard, 39

Butterfield's, Mrs. Mary, letter, 209

Button, Sir Thomas, pursues Hudson's discoveries, 46

Button's Bay, 47

_California_, 264

Callieres, M. de, memoir, 57

Canada, Conquest of, 279

" exerts pressure on the Company, 490

" Jurisdiction Act, 368

Canada's debt to the Company, 497

Cardwell, Mr., Colonial Secretary, 487

Carr, Robert, 33

Cartwright, George, 33

Catherine of Braganza, 63

Cession to Canadian Government, 493

Charles, Fort, 70

" Fort, Jesuit priest at, 77

" the First, 36

" the Second, 17

" the Second, death of, 129

Charlie's, Prince, stock confiscated, 261

Charlevoix, quotation from, 55

Charlton Island, winters at, 47

Charter, The Royal, 515

Chechouan River, discovers the, 76

Chesnaye, M. de la, 84

Chouart surrenders to Radisson, 120

_Churchill_, 248

" caught in the ice, 138

" captured by the French, 139

Churchill, Lord, succeeds King James as Governor of the Company, 139

Clandestine trade, 283, 297

Coats, Captain, 283

" " Death by his own hand of, 284

_Colbore_, 447

Cole, Captain, 72

Colbert, M., 52, 228

Colonial neutrality, Negotiations for, 140

Coltman, Colonel, 423

Company's losses by French, 146

Comportier, Gauthier de, 128

Convention with Russia, 528

Cook, Captain, 340

Corrigal Case, The famous, 369

Council of Trade, 173

Couture, M., 28

Craven, Lord, 43

Crees, The, 220

Croix, Sieur de la, 125

Cumberland House built, 314

Dablon, Father, 56

Dallas, A. E., succeeds Simpson as Governor, 473

" Governor, issues a circular, 483

Davis, Captain John, 45

Duluth's letter to M. de la Barre, 125

Denonville's letter to Seignely, 149

Denonville, Marquis de, succeeds M. de la Barre as Governor, 129

" plans the capture of Fort Nelson, 150

Deputation goes to England, 489

_Dering_, 159

Diggs, Sir Dudley, 46

_Discovery_, 212

Dobbs, Arthur, 248

" and the North-West Passage, 263

" petition rejected by Parliament, 268

Dobbs' _Galley_, 264

Douglas, Fort, attacked, 399

" Thomas, Earl of Selkirk, 399

" T. M., Governor of Vancouver Island, 465

Drummond, Sir Gordon, Governor of Canada, 406

_Dryad_, 448

Duchesneau, Intendant, 86

" protests against English encroachment, 86

Duffell, 177

Duluth in the West, 125

" builds a fort on Lake Nepigon, 127

Duqué, commander of _Profound_, 159

Duquet, Sieur, King's attorney for Quebec, 58

East India Company, 18

" " transfer of Province of Bombay, 63

_Eddystone_, 392

Elgin, Lord, Governor-General of Canada, 462

Ellice, Edward, 432, 479

_Engageante_, 321

England at war with France, 361

English, departure of, 110

_Erebus_, 466

Esquimaux, first sight of the, 45

" The, 223

Expedition to explore the North-West Passage, 212

Fishery and Fur Company, The, 352

Fitzgerald, James, 296

Fletcher, Major, 423

Fort, construction of the first, 47

Forts, Building of stone, 280

Fox, Captain Luke, 47

France, Joseph la, 239

" War with, 257

Franklin, Expedition of, 449

" " Fate of the, 466

" Lieutenant, 427

French activity, 52

" fur trade, 21

" and English ships, meeting of, 159

French attack Fort Prince of Wales--1782, 320

" attack York Factory, 324

" declare war against England, 191

" encroachment on trade, 275

" prisoners taken by the _Churchill_, 138

" repulsed at Albany Fort, 193

" send fourteen ships, 150

" Surrender of the Company's ships to the, 143

" The, at Michilimackinac, 182

" The, capture a Company's ship, 130

Frobisher, Sir Martin, 45

" intercepts Company's Indians, 316

" escapes from York Factory, 428

_Furnace_, 249

Fur trade, 20

Furs, first sale of, 61

General Court held, 62

George the Fourth, 437

Ghent, Treaty of, 445

Gibraltar, Fort, captured, 408

Gillam, Zachary (Capt. of _Nonsuch_), 33, 43

" Benjamin, 98

" " meets his father, 99

Gladstone, Opposition of Mr., 463

Godey, Captain, attaché to Lord Preston, 112

Gorst, Thomas, secretary to Governor Bailey, 72

Government assistance, 366

Grant, Cuthbert, 385

Granville, Lord, 490

Green, Henry, 46

Grey, Earl, Letter to, 461

Grimington, Captain, 153

Groseilliers (Medard Chouart), 23

" Death of first wife, 24

" first marriage, 23

" first time in English capital, 34

" in Boston, 30

" second marriage, 24

_Hampshire_, 159

" goes down with nearly all on board, 161

_Happy Return_ sails for Hudson's Bay, 117

_Hardi_ goes to the bottom with all on board, 156

Hawke, Sir Edward, 296

Hays' Island fort, 104

" " " burned, 108

Head, Sir Edmund, 485

Hearne returns to England, 307

" blamed for surrendering, 323

Hearne's expedition of discovery, 300

" second expedition, 302

" third expedition, 305

Henry's expedition, 290

Henry, Prince, 46

Herault, Mlle. Elizabeth, 24

Herbert, Sir Edward, Lord-keeper, 39

Hobart, Lord, 368

Holder, John, 40

Holmes, Captain, 41

Horner, Captain John, discharged, 297

Horth's, John, meetings at, 62, 80

_Hudson's Bay_, 159

" " surrendered to the French, 161

Hudson's Bay Company apply for Vancouver Island, 464

Hudson's Bay Company, arms of the, 67

Hudson's Bay Company, List of nations visiting, 81

Hudson's Bay Company in difficulties, 361

Hudson's Bay Company obtains a new license, 438

Hudson's Bay Company, Plan to re-organize, 210

Hudson's Bay Company seek Act of Parliament to confirm charter conferred by Charles II., 147

Hudson's Bay Company's claims, 196

Hudson's Bay Company's claims after Treaty of Ryswick, 189

Hudson's Bay Posts, The, 509, 510, 511, 512.

Hudson's Bay, The, Governor and Company of Merchants-Adventurers charter from the King, 22, 51, 60

Hudson, Captain Henry, 46

" " " fate of, 46

Humes, Edward, captain of the _Merchant of Perpetuana_, 130

Hyde, Edward, afterwards Lord Chancellor Clarendon, 39

Iberville, captures two Company's ships, 143

" demands surrender of the fort, 164

" given the rank of lieutenant in the French Royal Navy, 150

" goes to France, 152

" sails for home in the _Envieux_, 152

" sails for Quebec in the _Hampshire_, 140

" Sieur d', accompanies de Troyes on his expedition, 131

" takes Fort Nelson, 156

" treacherous plan, 144

_Imploy_ to sail in the spring, 65

Iroquois--English allies, 29

Ivett, Robert, 46

Imperial Parliament appoints Select Committee, 469

Indian treachery, 185

" country, 218

Indians as hunters, 230

" Effect of intoxication on the, 229

" Intelligence of the, 225

" liking for liquor, 228

" Superstition of the, 226

International Financial Association, 478

Isbister, A. K., 461

" Joseph, 258

Isle a la Crosse, Lake of, 317

James, Captain, 47

" King, applied to for protection, 139

Jesuits, Relations des, 21, 69

Joliet, Louis, 53

Jonquiere, Fort, 244

Jenyn's, Soame, letter to Pitt, 279

Ka-chou-touay, 121

Kamloops, Legend of, 503

Kas-Kidi-dah, chief of the Nodwayes, 72

Kilistineaux, makes treaty with the, 48

Kirke, Sir John, 25

Kelsey, Henry, recommended for bravery, receives sum of forty pounds, 156, 179

" voyage, 179

Knight, Governor, 191

" Death of, 293

" Letter from the Company to, 212

L'Anglois, Jean, 58

Labau, Murder of, 355

Lack of military system Company's weakness, 491

Lacombe, Father, 504

La Couture, Sieur, 56

" " mythical voyage, 57

Lampson, Mr., 483

Law, John, 206, 208

Letters of marque to the Company's ships, 259

Lewis unwilling to oppose the English, 128

" proposes boundaries, 190

Lincoln, Earl of, 463

Louisburg, Fall of, 260

Lyddal, William, to supersede Bailey as Governor, 78

Mackenzie, Alexander, 329

" reaches the Arctic, 336

" sets out for the Pacific, 338

" Sir Alexander & Co., 349

Mackenzie's expedition to the Arctic, 333

" Sir Alexander, letter, 366

Maissoneuve (voyage from Rochelle), 23

Matonabee, 304

Maverick, Samuel, 33

Ménard, Réné, 27

Meuron, Colonel De, 407

" De, Regiment of, 407

Mezy is recalled, 52

Middleton, Captain Christopher, 248, 264

" explores for a north-west passage, 251

" has trouble with his men, 252

" Lord, 141

" returns without discovering the Passage, 253

Middleton's report, 220

Migichihilinons, 220

Milnes, Sir Robert, 368

_Merchant of Perpetuana_ captured by the French, 130

Monk, Lord, Governor-General of Canada, 486

Montreal merchants combine, 328

Moon, Captain, 142

Moor, Captain William, 264

Moose Factory, Capture of, 133

Moose River fort erected by the French, 73

" " first visit to, 75

" " Bailey at, 76

Mounslow, Captain, 192

Mountain House, 504

Mowat, Trial of, 371

_Musquash_, 248.

McClintock, Captain, 466

McDonnell, Miles, first Governor of the new colony, 379

" surrenders, 399

McDonnell's proclamation, 395

McDougall, Honorable William, Minister of Crown Lands, 486

McTavish, Simon, 249

" " Death of, 352

McTavish, Governor, resigns, 485

Nadouichiouecs, Wintered with the, 26

Nekauba, Dablon reaches, 58

Nelson, Fort, Burning of, 151

" " Erection of, 93, 194

" " evacuated by the French, 202

" " surrendered to the French, 154

" " surrendered to the English, 157

" " surrendered to the French, 166

Nelson, Port, Fox landed at, 47

Nepisingues, 219

Nichols, Richard, 33

Nodwayes, 47, 71, 219

_Nonsuch_ anchors in Hudson's Bay, 45

" Set sail in the, 34

_Nonsuch_ weighs anchor, 44

" sails with cargo, 48

Norton, Governor, 250, 265

" Death of Governor, 312

New Amsterdam, into English hands, 20

New North-West Company, 349

New Severn Fort captured by the French, 143

North-West Association formed, 264

North-West Association, Expedition of the, 264

North-West Company, 328-330

North-West Company oppose Selkirk's scheme, 377

North-West Company partners arrested, 420, 427

North-West passage discovered, 468

North-Westers demand evacuation of Fort Douglas, 415

Oldenburgh, Letter written by, the secretary of the Royal Society, 43

Ontario Boundary Commission, 59

Oregon question, The, 445

Ottawas, Make treaty with the, 48

" treaty, 459

_Owner's Love_, 159

Pacific Scheme, 477

_Palmier_, 158

Parliament and the North-West Passage, 263

Parliamentary enquiry, 269

_Pelican_, 158

Pelly, Sir J. H., 461

Pérouse, Admiral, 321

" La, in the Pacific, 344

Peter the Great, 244

" " " Death of, 245

Petition to the Lords of Treasury, 361

Phipps' letter to the Company, 123

Phipps, William, new Governor, 118

Pishapocanoes, 75

_Poli_, 156

Policy, The Great Company's, 506

Pond, Peter, 317

Pontiac at Detroit, 288

Pontchartrain, 152

" letter to the Marquis de Vaudreuil, 201

Portman, John, 43, 60

Preston's, Lord, letter to Rupert, 42

Preston, Lord, informed of the return of Radisson and Groseilliers, 112

Preston, Lord, induces Radisson to join the English, 116

Prickett, Habbakuk, 46

Prettyman, William, 60

_Profound_, 159

Pulteney, Daniel, 203

Radisson and Groseilliers leave Quebec, 111

" arrives in London, 122

" arrives in Quebec, 85

" assisted by the Jesuits, 85

" captures Hays' Island fort, 104

" captures the _Susan_, 104

" " Fort Nelson, 105

" departs for Hudson's Bay, 117

" discovers young Gillam, 90

" first marriage of, 24

" in France, 83

" offers his services to the French Navy, 82

" overawes the Indians, 109

" Pierre, 23, 24, 65

" receives pension from the Company, 124

" sails from Hudson's Bay, 122

" takes John Bridgar, Governor of Fort Nelson, prisoner, 106

Rae, Dr., Expedition of, 466

Red River claimed by United States, 440

Red River Settlement threatened Deadlock, 485

_Reformation_, 38

" loss of the, 39

Remin, Daniel de, Seigneur de Courcelles, 52

Resolution Isle sighted, 44

Reward offered for Radisson's capture, 123

Richmond, Duke of, Governor of Canada, 429

Riel, Louis, 494

Robertson, Colin, 386

" Governor, taken prisoner, 426

Robinson, John, Lord Bishop of London, 195

" Sir John, 43

Ross, Captain, 451

Rupert created Earl of Holdernesse and Duke of Cumberland, 37

" Fort, captured by the French, 134

" illness of, 43

" is sworn a member of the Privy Council, also the Tangier Commission; is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society; is appointed member of the Council of Trade; and also is a member of the Royal African Company, 41

" second marriage of, 25

" sends for Groseilliers, 43

" sent to command the Guinny fleet, 41

" Prince, 20, 35

" Prince, granted charter by King, 50

" Prince, is paid a lump sum, 64

Rupert, Prince, death of, First Governor of Hudson's Bay Company, 94

_Rupert, The Prince_, arrival of, 78

" " " sails from Gravesend, 51

" " " to sail in the spring, 64

" " " stuck in the ice, 96

" " " wreck of, 102

Rupert's River, 47

Russia looks toward the New World, 244

Russians on the west coast, 347

Russian-American Fur Company, 348

Russian claims, 445

Ryswick, Treaty of, 148, 168, 187

_Salamandre_, 156

Sanford, Robert, 175

Sargeant, Governor, 95, 135, 137

Saxon, Sir Charles, 429

_Sceptre_, 321

Scroggs, John, Captain of the _Whalebone_, 213

_Shark_, 264

_Seahorse_ captured by the press-gang, 268

Seignely, Marquis de, 84

Selkirk arrives at Fort William, 419

" captures " 421

" winters at " 422

" Death of, 432

" Lord, arrives in Canada, 406

" The Earl of, 371

Selkirk's immigrants arrive, 380

" project, 375

" proposal accepted, 378

Semple, Death of, 413

" Robert, 404

Semple's murderers, Trial of, 431

_Shaftesbury_, arrival of the, 78

Sharpe, Mr., Company's solicitor, 269

Shepherd, Captain, of the _Shaftesbury_, 78

Ships besieged by peddlers, 65

Shrewsbury, Duke of, 201

" Death of Thomas, 455

" " Sir George, 473

" expedition to the northern coast, 453

" Thomas, 453

" George, Governor-in-Chief of the amalgamated Companies, 437, 447

Smallpox epidemic, 319

Smith, Cape, 47

" Smith, Francis, 264

" Donald Alexander, Governor, 496

South Sea Company, 208, 209, 211

Spanish claims, 346

" Main, The, 38

Spence, Governor, 267

Stanion, John, 261

Stanton, Governor, at Moose Factory, 177

Stickeen River, 448

Strange, Lord, 271

Strathcona, Lord, 496

Strike of the Company's men, 296

Strong, William, engaged as secretary to Rupert, 40

_St. Anne_, 87

" destruction of the, 106

St. Peter, Fort, 241

St. Simon, Sieur de, 69

_St. Pierre_, 87

" arrives at mouth of St. Lawrence, 110

" destruction of the, 106

" re-built, 107

Superior, Lake, 23, 219

" " reaches shore of, 26

_Susan_ returned to the New England Merchants, 111

Sutherland, Lord, 141

Tabiti Indians encountered, 75

Tadoussac, 86

Talon, Jean, Intendant, 22, 52, 69

" returns to France, 52

" writes Colbert, 53

Tast, Admiral, arrival of, 150

Thompson, David, 342

Three Rivers, 24

Territorial Rights, The surrender of, 487

_Terror_, 466

Tionnontates, or the Tobacco Nation, 26

Toronto merchants petition Legislative Council, 471

Treaty between Russia and Great Britain, 445

" of 1783, 442

" of neutrality, 140

" with Red River Indians, 425

Troyes, Chevalier de, 131

" Chevalier de, receives commission to drive the English from Northern Bay, 131

" de, Expedition of, 132

Turbulent meetings at Hudson's Bay House, 496

Turner's exploration, 341

Union of the two Companies, 433

Upland Indians, 65

Utrecht, Treaty of, 199

Valiere, Sieur de, 56

Vancouver, Fort, 500

Vancouver Island granted to the Company, 464

Varennes, Death of, 243

" Peter Gauthier de, 150, 240, 241

" Sieur de, marries, 241

" sets out to explore the West, 241

" son reaches the Rockies, 243

Vaughan, Captain David, commanding the _Discovery_, 212

Vermilion, Fort, Attack on, 426

_Violent_, 158

_Wales, Prince of_, 392

" Prince of, 61

" Prince of, Fort, built of stone, 281

" Prince of, Fort, surrenders to the French, 321

Walker, Jeremiah, 66

William, King, declares war against France, 146

" Fort, 389, 418

" Fort, restored to the North-Westers, 424

" of Orange landed at Plymouth, 145

" the Third's accession to the throne, 146

_William and Ann_ wrecked, 447

Winnipeg, Lake, Meeting at, 232

_Weesph_, 158

_Welcome_, 249

Western Company, The, 183

West, Rev. Mr., principal chaplain, 437

Weymouth, Viscount, 296

_Whalebone_, 213

Wolseley, Lord, Expedition of, 495

York, Duke of, 20, 61

" " to succeed Rupert as Governor, 94

" " ascends the throne, 129

" Fort, Desperate condition of the French at, 194

" Factory, 232

" " surrenders to the French, 324

Yukon, Fort, 502

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

On page 55, arrét perhaps should be arrêt. On page 103, Englishmen perhaps should be Englishman. On page 166, Fort Anne perhaps should be Fort St. Anne. On page 222, Matonabbee perhaps should be Matonabee. On page 242, peace--leaving should perhaps be peace-loving. On page 279, Secretary Pitts should perhaps be Secretary Pitt. On page 321, and in the Index, Admiral Pérouse should perhaps be La Pérouse. On page 411, Anglaise perhaps should be Anglais. On page 474, unrenumerative should perhaps be unremunerative. The book uses both Medard and Médard. The book uses both Serigny and Sérigny.