CHAPTER X.

The Last Stand. Battle of Wigan Lane. Trial and Death of the Earl of Derby.

During the last five years the Earl of Derby had been in the Isle of Man. Since the failure of the former overtures made to him by the Parliament through the agency of Sir John Meldrum, he had been living in retirement at Castle Rushen. It was the life which he liked best, and had it not been for the recollections of the events of the preceding years, he might have been happy in the leisure afforded for the exercise of the literary tastes in which he delighted. He composed, during this period, his Commonplace Books and several Books of Devotions which manifest his deeply religious nature. But confinement and reflection only deepened the natural melancholy of his nature, and increased his hatred for the enemies who had deprived him of his position and his estates. In 1644 Meldrum had found him willing to listen to reason; proposals made a few years later were rejected with contempt. In 1649 Derby was summoned to surrender the Isle of Man, being offered the enjoyment of half his estate if he would do so. He had apparently petitioned to compound in the ordinary way and particulars of his estate were furnished by himself, upon which his fine was estimated at £15,572; but when matters had gone so far the Earl changed his mind, and he refused to "forfeit his allegiance and sell his loyalty for £15,000."[211] Apparently there would have been opposition on the other side. Representations were made to the Council of State about the resentment with which the prospect of admitting the Earl of Derby to his composition had been received in some parts of Lancashire and Cheshire. It was urged that if he should complete his surrender and be free to enter Lancashire again the peace of the county would be in danger; and the Council of State ordered that the matter should not be proceeded with until the pleasure of Parliament was known.[212] Evidently therefore there were insuperable obstacles on both sides. The last proposals had apparently been made through General Ireton, and in reply to these the Earl of Derby wrote his famous letter of defiance. "I scorn your proffers, disdain your favour, and abhor your treason; and am so far from delivering up this Island to your advantage, that I will keep it to the utmost of my power to your destruction. Take this for your final answer, and forbear any further solicitations; for if you trouble me with any more messages on this occasion, I will burn the paper, and hang the bearer; this is the immutable resolution, and shall be the undoubted practice of him who accounts it his chiefest glory to be his Majesty's most Loyal and Obedient Servant Derby."

It has been suggested with some force that the display of anger in this letter is so unusual in the Earl of Derby, that probably the Countess was chiefly responsible for it;[213] but in any case after this all possible chance of reconciliation between him and the Parliament was at an end. And it must be admitted that the Earl himself from his uncompromising attitude, was largely responsible for the merciless hostility with which he was pursued to the scaffold. In a further list of those to be exempted from Parliament, containing about 30 names, the name of the Earl of Derby comes third, following those of Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice.

The Isle of Man had been put into a position of defence, and plundering expeditions were organised by the few ships which the Earl had under his command. Since the royalist defeat he had been cut off from all communication with England, but maintained intercourse with the Earl of Ormonde in Ireland. Derby addressed many letters to Ormonde urging him to send some guns and ammunition to his help, but without success; eventually Ormonde did despatch some powder, but it was lost at sea.[214] There is no doubt, however, that the piracy of the royalists' vessels was a great nuisance to the shipping in the Irish Sea. In November, 1649, the Admiralty Committee were urged to send a frigate for service upon the coast of Lancashire and North Wales in order to protect the shipping in those parts; but it does not seem to have had very much effect, for the trouble continued during the following year.[215] At length the Parliament adopted a more effective but very dishonourable means of retaliation. In May, 1650, Colonel Birch was ordered to seize the daughters of the Earl of Derby, who were at Knowsley, and any other of the Earl's relatives whom they could secure; and then to send over to Derby to release by a certain date all the Parliamentarian prisoners whom he had, otherwise he must expect retaliation.[216] Lady Katherine and Lady Amelia Stanley were kept in prison for some months; on October 8th, 1650, they were ordered to be set free on bail, but the order was afterwards deferred pending the development of events in the Isle of Man.

There was perhaps some fear in the court of Charles II. now at the Hague, that the Earl of Derby might yield to the proposals made to him by Parliament for surrender. At any rate in January, 1650, he was made a Knight of the Garter, an honour which he had expected in the previous reign. Of the four Knights elected at this time the Duke of Hamilton, Marquis of Newcastle, the Marquis of Montrose, and the Earl of Derby, only Newcastle lived to be installed. The letter of appointment to the Earl of Derby makes special reference to his defence of the Isle of Man; and in the following June Sir Marmaduke Langdale and Sir Lewis Dives were despatched to the Island to urge the importance of preserving it. There had been plans made in the Spring of 1650 for a royalist rising in England, and the Earl of Derby had been named as General in Lancashire; and when Charles II. had a prospect of regaining power, his advisers realised that the Earl of Derby could give substantial assistance in any attempt on the North of England.[217]

It was in June, 1650, that Charles landed at Speymouth in Scotland, took the Covenant, and six months later was crowned King. To anticipate the inevitable invasion of England Cromwell crossed the border and signally defeated Leslie at Dunbar (Sept. 3rd, 1650). After his victory all the South of Scotland submitted to the English. The following summer Cromwell again took the field; Lambert turned the Scots' position by a flank march through Fife, and Leslie, realising that Scotland was lost, staked all on the desperate venture of an invasion of England. Perhaps it did not seem so desperate as it was. They were convinced, as the Jacobites were convinced half a century later, that the country would rise in force out of affection for the House of Stewart; and there was certainly more reason for the expectation in 1651 than in 1715. For the majority of Englishmen after all favoured monarchy, and the prospect of a military despotism alarmed most people. The tyranny of Charles I. was being forgotten, and his tragic death had to a large extent effaced the memory of his incompetence and duplicity. But still more powerful than this feeling was the desire for peace and quietness. The country would probably have accepted Charles II. in 1651 as in 1660, if it could have done so peaceably. Perhaps a majority of the nation, certainly a majority of the inhabitants of Lancashire would have already preferred the restoration of the King to the rule of Cromwell but they were not so anxious for his restoration that they would support it by force of arms. And the old Parliamentarian leaders in Lancashire, estranged as they were from Cromwell, had no more sympathy with their old royalist enemies who now emerged from their retirement in the Isle of Man to welcome Charles' march.[218]

Early in the year the King had opened a correspondence with the Earl of Derby through the medium of Sir John Birkenhead, and had received loyal letters from the Earl in return. It was not to be expected that Charles' submission to the Scots and his taking of the Covenant would be in accord with Derby's views, but it made no difference to the latter's loyalty. When the danger from Scotland seemed imminent the Parliament had made fresh efforts to secure the Isle of Man by force. Derby defeated an attempt of five Parliamentarian ships on the Calf of Man on March 29th, 1651, and shortly afterwards repulsed a second invasion of the Island.

There was some other design of the royalists in England during the Spring of this year for which several people were imprisoned; and by Cromwell's order there were seized at Greenock a party of royalists who were on their way to the Isle of Man to concert measures with the Earl of Derby.[219]

The Scots began their march into England in June, 1651, and entered Lancashire early in August. They had about 16,000 men, "I daresay near double the number of those that the King of Sweden entered Germany with if not more," wrote one of the officers. Charles was proclaimed King at Penrith on August 7th, and afterwards at all the market towns through which he passed. On Saturday, August 9th, the army was at Kendal; two days later they entered Lancaster, and on the following day Charles was proclaimed at the Cross, and all the prisoners in the Castle were released.[220] That night the King slept at Ashton Hall, near Lancaster, and on the 13th at Myerscough Lodge, Sir Thomas Tyldesley's house. Next day they passed through Preston, and leaving there the same day, Charles stayed on August 14 at Sir William Gerrard's house at Bryn Hall, six miles from Warrington. The conduct of the royal army was very different from that of the Scotch Invasion of 1648. No plundering was allowed, and violence was strictly forbidden. No one was forced to join the army, and Charles marched swiftly, staying only a night or two at each place so as not to be too great a burden on the country. Yet in spite of this no great enthusiasm was allowed. Few recruits joined the royal standard, and there were a number of desertions. At Preston Charles rode on horseback through all the streets of the town; but even here he was disappointed by the coolness of his reception. There were already misgivings among his followers. "We have quit Scotland," wrote Hamilton on August 8th, "being scarce able to maintain it; and yet we grasp all; nothing but all will satisfy us or to lose all. I confess I cannot tell you whether our hopes or fears are greatest; but we have one stout argument, despair; for we must now either stoutly fight it or die. All the rogues have left us; I shall not say whether for fear or disloyalty; but all now with His Majesty are such as will not dispute his commands."[221]

The Council of State had not been idle in view of the projected Scotch invasion. On April 19th they had issued instructions to Major-General Harrison to go down to Lancashire with three troops of horse, of his own regiment, and on his arrival to replace Colonel Rich, who was to return to headquarters with the three troops under his command. Harrison remained in Lancashire to keep order. When the Scots approached nearer, Colonels Duckenfield, Birch, and Mackworth were commissioned to raise ten new companies of foot of 100 men each out of the late militia forces in the counties of Lancashire, Cheshire and Salop. Liverpool was to be especially guarded, and Duckenfield, who was Governor of Chester, addressed an appeal to the Council of State for the replacement of forty barrels of powder and a quantity of arms which he had previously furnished out of the magazine under his charge for use of the troops in Ireland.[222] The Council of State were evidently quite satisfied with the preparations which were being made in these three counties for resistance. Meanwhile Cromwell had sent Major-General Lambert with a detachment of cavalry to follow the Scots, and he hung on their rear all along the line of march without being strong enough to engage them. On their way through Lancashire, however, Lambert slipped round them and effected a junction with Harrison somewhere south of the Ribble (Wed., Aug. 13th). Their combined forces, together with the newly raised local troops, amounted in all to 12,000 horse, foot and dragoons; but they were still unwilling to engage the Scots before they had been joined by Cromwell. When Lambert and Harrison met Charles was still north of Preston, and still retreating before him they passed through Bolton on Thursday, August 14th.[223] On reaching Warrington, however, Lambert decided to oppose the Scots' advance. Sending out a few troops to skirmish with their advance guard, he occupied Warrington Bridge by a detachment of foot, whose retreat was secured by cavalry. The skirmishing party encountered the royalists two miles north of Warrington, and were soon dispersed; the royalist scouts entered the town about noon, and being followed by the rest of the army, at once attacked the bridge. The Cheshire foot who were posted there, held their ground for an hour and a half; as 2,000 of the Scots pressed upon them their position was for a time somewhat perilous; but at length, breaking down as much of the bridge as they could, they regained the main body of the army in safety. The Scots following, engaged the Parliamentarian rearguard, consisting of Major-General Lambert's, General Whalley's and Colonel Twistleton's regiments, but they were beaten off; and Lambert withdrew in safety to Knutsford, a more favourable place for cavalry operations, expecting Charles to follow him; but the King continued his march through Cheshire in a more direct line.[224]

The Parliamentarians had really the better of the skirmish, but it was magnified by the royalists into a great victory for themselves. Charles issued from Higher Whitley on the same evening, a statement of his affairs in which he declared that he might have crossed the Mersey by several fords, but attacked the bridge directly in order to give his troops confidence.[225] The fact that it was thought necessary to magnify so greatly this small success, showed how much the royalists lacked confidence. Even Clarendon admits that the extent of the achievement was to force Lambert to retire somewhat faster than he had intended; and it was thought that the disorder of his retreat was partly feigned in order to draw the royalists on. And even in the army there was misgiving in spite of the apparent success. The King perceiving David Leslie's gloomy expression, rallied him upon it, and asked him what he thought of the troops now. Leslie replied that however well the army looked it would not fight.[226]

This was on August 16th. It seems to have been the day before this that the Earl of Derby landed his men from seven ships on Preesall Sands, on the eastern side of the estuary of the River Wyre. He had been delayed by contrary winds from sailing out of Douglas Harbour for some days. After all the announcements of his coming, which had been talked about in Lancashire for months beforehand, the country was surprised to find that he had with him only some 300 foot and 60 horse, not very well armed. On account of the delay Derby had arrived too late to meet Charles in Lancashire, but at once hastening after the main army he had an interview with his royal master between Northwich and Nantwich on August 17th. On the previous day a warrant had been made out to Derby as Captain-General of all the royal forces in Lancashire, authorising him to raise troops by summoning all men "of what quality and condition soever from sixteen to sixty years of age." He was instructed not to make "any distinction of persons with reference to former differences." On Derby's arrival at the royal camp he was directed to return to Lancashire in order to put the warrant into force.[227] According to Clarendon this was a mistake, for Derby's following consisted for the most part of officers and gentlemen, whose presence in the main army would have given it a strength which it very much needed. The Earl thereupon returned to Lancashire, and on August 20th met at Warrington a deputation of the Presbyterian ministers of the county, Major-General Massey also being present. Massey was regarded as a martyr for the Presbyterian cause, and had been especially commissioned by the King to remain behind; he was also personally known to many of the Lancashire Presbyterians. It would almost appear that it had been originally intended to hold this meeting in Manchester, and that the place was afterwards altered on account of the approach of some hostile troops. Massey wrote from Cadishead on August 19th that his journey to Manchester had been interrupted, and he had therefore been unable to meet the gentlemen as expected, but he had sent for them to have an interview with Ashhurst and himself the same evening; and he urged Derby to send a detachment of horse to Manchester. A large number of the local Presbyterians, however, met Derby and Massey at Warrington the following day (Aug. 20); but the conference was of no service to the royalist party. The estrangement between the local leaders and the ruling powers was complete; "they are the men who are grown here more bitter and envious against you than others of the old Cavaliers stamp," wrote Robert Lilburne to the Speaker: and Manchester itself was "very malignant." But the Presbyterians would not go so far as to make an alliance with their old enemies. The Earl of Derby before his coming over had been promised substantial help by them; but when it came to the point, the Presbyterian ministers, who really ruled the councils of their party, would give no help except on their own terms. There was indeed no bond between these two ill-assorted allies but hatred of the Sects, and that was not sufficient to bridge over the gulf which otherwise divided them. The ministers began with a demand that Derby should put away all the papists whom he had brought with him from the Isle of Man, and himself take the Covenant. The Earl replied that on those terms he might long ago have been restored to all his estates, and the late King to his throne; and urged that this was not a time to argue but that everyone who was desirous for the restoration of Charles II. should fight for him. He added that he would refuse none who came to him with that purpose. The Presbyterians, however, refused to make the slightest concession, and after Derby and Massey had both argued in vain for some time, the meeting broke up without having arrived at any decision. The Earl made one last appeal for support; if this was refused "I cannot hope to effect much, I may perhaps have men enough at my command, but all the arms are in your possession without which I shall only lead naked men to slaughter; however I am determined to do what I can with the handful of Gentlemen now with me for His Majesty's service, and if I perish I perish; but if my master suffer, the blood of another Prince and all the ensuing miseries of this nation will lie at your doors." This appeal, however, was equally unavailing; and Derby had to abandon all prospect of aid from the Presbyterians, and depend on the royalists. Massey thereupon hastened after the King.[228]

On landing from the Isle of Man on August 15th, the royalists had marched that night to Weeton, near Kirkham, and next day over the Ribble to Lathom, proceeding the same evening to Upholland. It would have been a sad sight for the Earl to have visited the ruins of his formerly splendid home, but he was probably not with the march that day, having hurried on after the King. The main body had, however, reached Warrington before he returned there, and on his arrival a Council of War was held on the day before the abortive meeting with the Presbyterians. There were present the Earl of Derby, Lord Widdrington, Sir Thomas Tyldesley, Sir William Throgmorton, Sir Francis Gamul, Sir Theophilus Gilbey, Sir Edward Savage, and Colonels Vere, Standish, James Anderton, Hugh Anderton, Robinson and Legge. It was resolved to raise out of Lancashire altogether 1,300 horse and 6,000 foot. The Hundreds of Leyland and West Derby were to provide 500 horse and 2,000 foot, Amounderness and Lonsdale Hundred the same number, and the proportion of the others was to be assessed on Derby's further advance. Rates of pay were fixed. The Earl had previously issued Commissions to officers to serve under him; they were particularly directed that there was to be no plunder. Derby issued an appeal to the Gentlemen of Lancashire, urging his royal warrant, and for a few days the prospect seemed bright.[229] "He thought himself master of Lancashire (as indeed he was)" wrote Lilburne. There were at present no troops near to the county, and no one dared rise against the royalists in Lancashire. But Derby might well be disappointed at the response with which his appeals were met; for not one-fifth of the numbers estimated were raised, and probably never would have been raised even if there had been more time. It might reasonably have been expected that in this county where royalism was so strong, many more troops could have been raised. It was not Derby's fault; no one could have done so much as he, but partly the difficulty already referred to of Presbyterians and royalists acting together was responsible, and above all the general wearisomeness of the war.

And even in the royalist Fylde the Earl's enemies were already active. Some of the Commissioners of the Militia collected a few soldiers, and surprised the crews of Derby's ships at Preesall, took them prisoners and seized the ships. The prisoners were taken first to Preston, and then on an alarm of the royalists' march thither, to York, narrowly escaping a rescue party under Tyldesley. The chief of them, Captain Cotterell, who had done much service for the royalists at sea, was tried and executed.[230] Moreover, Colonel Robert Lilburne had been ordered to Lancashire with his regiment, and was now marching in hot haste. From Warrington the Earl of Derby moved northwards to Preston, and remained there for some days. He issued warrants for raising troops in the Fylde, and arranged for musters at Singleton and at Kirkham on August 25th; but these musters were never held. Lilburne, having made a forced march from Cheshire, reached Wigan on August 21st, thinking to have surprised the royalists; but they had retreated to Chorley. Next day (Friday, August 22nd) he advanced to Preston, and in the night sent 40 horse to make a surprise attack. Colonel Vere was wounded in the skirmish and apparently took no part in the further fighting. The royalists had now increased their numbers to about 600 horse and 900 foot, and held a rendezvous at Preston on Saturday, August 23rd.

Lilburne was not anxious to force on an engagement, as he had no infantry with him, and his men were tired with their long marches from Cheshire. Cromwell's own regiment of foot under Major-General Worsley were following him as fast as possible, and he resolved to wait for this reinforcement. On the same day the royalists delivered a surprise attack on their own account. Lilburne had now encamped at Brindle, four miles from Preston, and the royalists were informed by a secret enemy "they being all enemies hereabouts" that the horses were turned loose and the men off their guard. A party of about 20 horse, mostly gentlemen's sons from the Fylde and their servants, rode out of Preston for the adventure, and guided by byways reached the Parliamentarian camp unperceived. Lilburne's troopers were lying on the grass by their saddles, half asleep in the summer afternoon, with their horses grazing near by in the fields between Brindle and Preston. Suddenly the royalists, who had evaded the guard in the lane below burst out upon them. For a few moments all was confusion; but "the finest soldiers in Europe" were more than a match for a few hot-headed youths, even caught thus at a disadvantage. Recovering their horses they fell upon the assailants and pursued them as far as Ribble Bridge; and all the royalists were either taken or slain, excepting one who escaped like Charles II. after Worcester, by climbing into a tree and hiding there until the following day. Among those killed were the sons of Mr. Butler of Rawcliffe and Mr. Hesketh of Maines Hall, near Poulton-le-Fylde. John Clifton, the second son of Mr. Clifton of Lytham, was badly wounded and taken prisoner.

Not knowing what other surprises might be delivered in such a hostile country Lilburne moved his camp next morning (Sunday, August 24th) two miles further east to Hoghton, and that day Colonel Richard Shuttleworth and a number of others from the neighbourhood came to him at Hoghton Tower and remained till evening; showing that the county was not entirely hostile to the Cromwellians. On the previous evening Lilburne had received two companies of foot from Chester, and there also arrived another company of newly raised foot from Liverpool; but he was still waiting for Cromwell's regiment which was now reported to be at Manchester. The royalists, however, had also heard of their advance, and thinking to surprise Worsley before he could join the cavalry, and having also the promise of reinforcements in Manchester themselves, they marched out of Preston towards midnight on Sunday and proceeded south. The movement was not one of flight as has been suggested, and as Lilburne at first thought. He did not hear of their march until 8 or 9 o'clock next morning when intelligence was brought by an old woman. At once he started off in hot pursuit, and came up with the royalists about mid-day near Wigan. But Lilburne, when he found that the royalists were not flying, still held off, hoping to be able to march on their flank to Manchester. The royalists, however, had now resolved to give him battle, and about 3 o'clock in the afternoon they were seen advancing along the lane which led out of the town towards Standish.

It was a gallant company of royalists who rode out of Wigan that August afternoon to make their last stand for the King in Lancashire. In command was the Earl of Derby, the uncompromising enemy of the Parliament; and with him were Sir Thomas Tyldesley, the hero of many fights, the perfect exponent of all the cavalier virtues; Lord Widdrington, "one of the most goodly persons of that age, being near the head higher than most tall men, and a gentleman of the best and most ancient extraction";[231] Sir William Throgmorton, who had been Major-General in Newcastle's Yorkshire army; Colonel Boynton, some time Governor of Scarborough for the Parliament, and their chief instrument in the discovery of the Hothams' plot to betray Hull; with many others of equal bravery but of less note. Opposed to them were the stern, well disciplined cavalry of the Cromwellian army. The two forces were absolutely typical of the opposing armies of the Civil War. It is said that when Lilburne's men saw that they must fight they turned on the country people who had come out to see their march and dispersed them with harsh words.

The two forces were nearly equal in cavalry,[232] for the Earl of Derby had by now 600, and Lilburne his own regiment, which would be 600 if the ranks were full; and Lilburne also had about 60 horse and dragoons which Birch had mounted for him from the Liverpool garrison. The royalists were superior in foot, having 800 to the Cromwellians 300; but the advantage was not so great as it appeared, for the Manxmen whom Derby had brought over with him were poor fighters; and moreover the battle was essentially a cavalry engagement, in which infantry played only a subordinate part. Wigan Lane was then a broad sandy lane bordered by hedges, and was thus as unsuitable a position for manoeuvring cavalry as could be imagined; but the time was too short for Lilburne to choose any other ground. Placing his musketeers behind the hedges, he awaited the royalist onset. The place had other memories for him, and perhaps for some of his men; for it was here that he had driven in Hamilton's rearguard in the campaign of 1648.

Difficult as the ground was, the combat which ensued was the fiercest of all the 10 years fighting in Lancashire. So furious was the royalist charge that they drove back the Cromwellians far along the lane. In the confined space no manoeuvring was possible, and for nearly an hour the cavalry fought at close quarters. At length at the third charge Lilburne brought up a small reserve, and the superior steadiness of the veterans of the new Model prevailed over the impetuous bravery of the cavaliers. The royalists wavered and began to give ground; Widdrington fell dead, Tyldesley was unhorsed and shot down as he attempted to extricate himself from the press;[233] Derby himself was wounded, and Lilburne's men chased the now broken royalist squadrons down the hill into Wigan. The pursuit and slaughter continued through the streets and town. The rout was complete; Throgmorton and Boynton were also among the slain which numbered 300; 400 prisoners were taken, and the rest of the force melted away. In an hour the hopes of the royalists in Lancashire had been destroyed.

The Earl of Derby, who had fought with his accustomed bravery, was surrounded by six of his men and succeeded in reaching the town, where he slipped in through an open door of a house in the Market Place and lay concealed until nightfall. He had a number of slight wounds about the arms and shoulders, and his beaver which he wore over a steel cap was picked up afterwards in the Lane with thirteen sword cuts upon it. In the middle of the night he left his place of refuge disguised in a trooper's old coat, and accompanied only by Colonel Roscarrock and two servants, made his way out of the town and rode away to join the King.

Events had moved with too tragic suddenness for news to come to those waiting in the Isle of Man. There is in the Tanner MSS. a short letter written by Henrietta Stanley on August 11th from Castle Rushen to Tyldesley who was superintending the embarkation of the troops at Douglas. The girl writes light-heartedly, in high hopes of the success of the expedition which fair winds were just about to set free to sail, and closes with a playful message to Colonel Roscarrock about a book. Now, just fourteen days later, the royalist army had been scattered, Tyldesley was slain, and Roscarrock one of the three who rode away under cover of darkness with the wounded Earl of Derby. But no tidings of the disaster came to Castle Rushen for many weeks. After long waiting, the Countess sent out a pinnace but it was driven by contrary winds upon the coast of Cheshire, and fell into the enemy's hands.[234]

Journeying as quickly as his wounds and weariness would permit, Derby reached the house of a Mr. Watson at Newport in Shropshire, where he met a friend, who conducted him to Boscobel House, which was then only occupied by two servants, William Penderel and his wife (Friday, August 29th). This was just a fortnight after he had landed at Preesall. Resting there until Sunday, the Earl was then guided by Penderel to Gatacre, and so reached Worcester. Pursued by ill-fortune to the last, he arrived there bringing the news of his own disaster, only two days before the Battle of Worcester; where Cromwell, with an army more than twice as numerous as the Scots, had no difficulty in gaining a complete victory. Derby fought in the battle, and after the defeat his chief care was for Charles' safety. He was one of the few noblemen who attended the King to Kinver Heath near Kidderminster; and it was by Derby's advice that Charles was conducted to White Ladies, and from there, under the care of the Penderels Richard and William, to Boscobel. "This is the King," said Derby to William Penderel, "thou must have a care of him and preserve him as thou didst me." Thus saved from the first pursuit, Charles after many narrow escapes reached Brighton and crossed to France.[235]

Derby then joined the retreat northwards with Leslie, the Earl of Lauderdale, Lord Talbot and others. They were attacked by Colonel Blundell, but managed to make their escape. Soon afterwards, however, they fell in with another skirmish and were captured. A Lancashire captain named Oliver Edge was riding by himself to see what had become of the 'forlorn,' when he noticed a party of horse in the field behind him. Fearing they were enemies he hastened back towards his regiment; when to his surprise all the horsemen dismounted and surrendered themselves prisoners. The Earls of Derby and Lauderdale were the most important of those captured. Edge gave the prisoners quarter but his action was over-ruled by the Parliament through no fault of his own. Derby afterwards wrote of Edge as "one that was so civil to me, that I and all that love me are beholden to him." The Earl with some other prisoners was carried to Chester Castle.[236]

After the battle of Wigan Lane, Lilburne sent up Lieutenant Turner to London with letters to the House of Parliament which were read on August 30th. After hearing the letters Turner was called in to give an account of the battle; and the House made him a present of £100, at the same time voting to Lilburne the sum of £500 and lands to the yearly value of £200. This was to be raised out of some delinquent's lands, and was in satisfaction of two former votes of £1,000 each which remained undischarged. The Sunday after the battle (August 31st) was named as a public thanksgiving.[237]

The Earl of Derby's papers were referred to the Council of State to see whether they contained anything of importance (August 30th); for so hasty had been his flight from Wigan that all his baggage, including his cloaks with his Orders, fell into Lilburne's hands. On the following Monday Sir Harry Vane, the younger, reported to the House that papers of great importance had been found in the Earl's hampers, and as a result of their examination the Council of State decided on September 10 to represent to Parliament that Derby was a fit person to be brought to trial and made an example of justice; and that he should be tried by court-martial at Chester.[238] Parliament made the required vote on the following day, September 11th.

The irreconcilable hostility of the Earl to the Parliament, his high rank, and especially his prominent part in the last campaign, rather than his personal character, probably decided the Council of State to deal hardly with him. He was not a dangerous man. But it was thought necessary that an example should be made. Much has been written by royalists of the perfidy of putting him on trial for his life after quarter had been given; but Derby must have known that Edge's promise was liable to be over-ruled by a higher authority; and in any case it could have made little difference, for if Derby and his companions had not surrendered at Newport, they must have been captured during the next few days.

The trial began at Chester on September 29th. The Earl of Lauderdale had been sent to the Tower, and Giffard, another of those who had surrendered, escaped from Bunbury in Cheshire. Two other prisoners, Sir Timothy Featherstonhaugh and Captain Benbow were tried at Chester with Derby. After the resolution of Parliament on September 11th, a commission was directed to Major-General Mitton, Colonel Duckenfield, Colonel Mackworth, Colonel Birch, Colonel Henry Brooke, Colonel Henry Bradshaw, Colonel Thomas Croxton, Colonel Gilbert Ireland, Colonel John Carter, Colonel Twistleton, Colonel Mason or any three of them. Most of the names were those of officers of the Cheshire Militia Regiments enrolled in Hamilton's invasion of 1648. Birch and Ireland were the only two Lancashire names, and neither of them attended any of the sittings of the court martial. Mackworth was chosen President. He was Governor of Shrewsbury, and on Charles' march it was thought that he might be prevailed upon to surrender the town, but he returned a rude denial. Most of the other members of the commission were comparatively unknown; indeed it was not a dignified court by which to try a great nobleman.[239]

The articles against Derby were that he had in defiance of the Act of Parliament of August 12th, 1651, making it treason to hold correspondence with Charles Stewart, received a commission from him, proclaimed him King at several places in Lancashire, had raised forces to assist him, and on their defeat had himself fought in the Battle of Worcester. The Earl did not attempt to deny his acts, but he asked for more time to consider his answer, and the court was adjourned until the following day, Derby being furnished with a copy of the articles. Next morning (September 30th) at 8 o'clock in the morning the other two prisoners were tried. Derby was then brought to the bar, and pleaded that he was in the Isle of Man on August 12th and had never heard of the Act under which he was being convicted. His request for counsel was considered and allowed, and at the Earl's own suggestion Mr. Zancthy, a Chester lawyer, was named. The court then adjourned, and it was decided that the Earl should have liberty at 9 o'clock next morning to plead his own case. Later in the day a request was made on his behalf that he might have Sir Maurice Enslow or Sir Robert Brerewood as counsel instead of Zancthy, but this was refused.

Next day the Earl again pleaded that he was ignorant of the Act of Parliament of August 12th, and further that Captain Edge had given him quarter, and therefore that a court-martial had no authority over him; and he appealed to Cromwell to support his claim. The court, however, over-ruled the plea, and decided with two dissentients that there was cause to proceed to a conviction according to the articles proved. It was objected that quarter could not be allowed to traitors, and it cannot be supposed that Derby would have acted otherwise had he known of the Act of August 12th. The two voting in the negative were Twistleton and Delves, and the former desired his vote to be recorded. When the court met in the afternoon, however, and decided that the Earl was worthy of death and should be executed at Bolton on October 16th, Twistleton was one of those who voted. Delves was apparently not present, but of the nineteen members, none voted in the negative. Regarding the place of execution ten voted for Bolton, and eight for Manchester; against the name of Lieutenant-Colonel Finch no place is given. So that it was only by a bare majority that Bolton was fixed upon.

The trial of the Earl of Derby was really only a pretence of justice. As in the case of Charles I., two years before, the verdict had been decided upon before the court met. The result was a foregone conclusion, for Parliament had resolved to put Derby out of the way. As a matter of law his excuses were good enough; but no one could suppose that the trial would be decided by technical points. Of course the Earl had not heard of the Act of August 12th, but it would have made no difference if he had; and he knew quite well that he had been exempted from pardon by the Parliament years before, and must have been fully conscious of the risk he ran in taking part in the invasion of the Scots. The Council of State had evidently decided also that the sentence of the court-martial should be carried into effect. They had written to Colonel Duckenfield on September 30th "As to what you mention of the Earl of Derby, order has been given by Parliament concerning him, which is to be effectually pursued, without expecting any interposition from Council."[240] Nevertheless great efforts were naturally made to secure a reprieve. On September 29th, after the first day's sitting of the court, Derby himself directed two petitions, one to the Council, and the other to Parliament, promising to surrender the Isle of Man if his life should be spared. He also wrote to Lady Derby to surrender the Island, but no hope was given that his petition would be granted even on these terms.

As a matter of fact the Isle of Man was not surrendered until November. After the Earl's death Duckenfield and Birch led an expedition against it, and landed troops; but the Countess asked for terms, and before any fighting took place capitulated. Castle Rushen was given up on November 1st, and Peel Castle on November 3rd. Duckenfield thought that the terms were satisfactory, because "these Castles might have cost a great expense of blood, time and charge, besides several other difficulties which in this Island are to be undergone in a siege, which are only obvious to such as be upon the place."[241]

To return, however, to the trial of the Earl of Derby, Charles, Lord Strange, now appeared upon the scene. He was a worthless person of whom his father had written "I have no good opinion of him; he is not ashamed of his faults."[242] Strange was only 14 on the breaking out of the war, and had therefore been too young to have any considerable part in affairs. But a few years later the exile of the Isle of Man became irksome to him and he left his parents and went to France, where he spent most of the next few years. Now, however, he returned, and a reconciliation was made; and to do him justice Strange seems to have used great efforts on his father's behalf. He journeyed to London, but no one in London would intercede for the Earl, the intention of Parliament being evidently too well known. Derby then applied personally to Cromwell, emphasising the illegality of his condemnation by a court-martial after having received quarter. There seems to have been no doubt that Cromwell was anxious to secure the Earl's reprieve;[243] but Parliament would not listen to him. Other means were then used. President Bradshaw was tried through his brother, Colonel Henry Bradshaw, one of the Earl's judges, and Brideoak, one of Derby's Chaplains, applied to Speaker Lenthall. Brideoak pleaded so well for himself that he was made Lenthall's own chaplain and Preacher at the Rolls, but he failed to secure his patron's pardon.

Finding there was no hope of reprieve the Earl made an attempt to escape which was very nearly successful. One night he found some pretext for being on the lead roof above his chamber, and procuring a rope slid down and escaped from the city. The alarm, however, was raised, and he was recaptured on the roodee, having unawares discovered himself to his pursuers. Before attempting to escape, he left on his table a letter to the Countess advising her to make the best terms she could with Colonel Duckenfield "who being so much a gentleman born will doubtless for his own honour's sake deal fairly with you."[244]

After this Derby was of course more carefully watched. He made one final attempt in a petition to Lenthall on October 11th. In this he offered no vindication, but cast himself entirely on the Parliament's mercy, stating that he had been persuaded by Colonel Duckenfield that Parliament would spare his life. He again offered to surrender the Isle of Man, to take no further action against the Government, and to be imprisoned or banished as the House might direct. If this was refused he particularly asked that the place of his execution might be altered from Bolton, because "the nation will look upon me as a sacrifice for that blood which some have unjustly cast upon me"; and he claimed that the charge of cruelty at the capture of Bolton was never once mentioned during his trial, which indeed was quite true. This petition was not brought forward in the House till Tuesday, October, 14th, the day before that which had been fixed for the execution. The House voted by 22 votes to 16 that the petition should be read, Sir William Brereton being one of the tellers for the ayes; but no action could be taken, for if a reprieve had been intended it would have been decided upon long before.[245]

The Earl's last hours were moving and dignified enough; and told chiefly by Rev. Humphrey Bagguley, who was in attendance upon him during the few days before his death, they lose nothing in effect. Bagguley, with the Rev. Henry Bridgeman, Vicar of Wigan and brother of Orlando Bridgeman, together with Lord Strange, were the three who remained to the last. The authorities at Chester showed unnecessary cruelty in forbidding the Earl's children intercourse with him; but his second and third daughters, Lady Katherine and Lady Amelia were allowed to spend most of Monday, October 13th, with their father. Next day Derby was informed that he must start for Bolton on the following morning, and that evening he wrote his two last affectionate letters to his wife and children in the Isle of Man. Next morning he duly set out for Bolton, after his fellow-prisoners had been permitted to say farewell to him at the Castle gate. There was one sadder farewell still to be gone through. The Earl rode on horseback and about half a mile out of the town was met by his two daughters in a coach. Alighting from his horse he kneeled down and prayed for them before taking a final farewell. "This was the deepest scene of sorrow my eyes ever beheld," says the narrator, "so much grief, and so much tender concern and tender affection on both sides, I never was witness of before." That night the cavalcade rested at Leigh, and next day with a guard of 60 foot and 50 horse the Earl reached Bolton about noon. His request to be allowed to visit Sir Thomas Tyldesley's grave had been refused. After resting two hours at an inn the Earl was conducted to the scaffold, which had been built near the Cross partly of timber brought from the ruins of Lathom House.

Not very many people were present besides the soldiers on guard; but a tumult arising from some unexplained cause interrupted Derby in his last speech. He seems to have been afraid of the hostility of the crowd, but the soldiers with more reason feared a demonstration in his favour, for most of the onlookers evidently pitied him.[246] The Earl's last words were heard by few of those present, but they were taken down in shorthand and afterwards printed. In them he again repudiated the charges of cruelty made against him. After having spent some time in private prayer, the Earl gave the signal to the executioner by lifting his hands, and his head was severed at one blow. The body was taken by Lord Strange to Haigh Hall, near Wigan, and the next day to Ormskirk, to be buried with the former Earls of Derby. So died, if not the wonderful possessor of all the virtues which partisan biographers afterwards pretended, a brave, upright and Christian gentleman, weak rather than offending, who deserved a better fate.[247]

And with his death the Civil War in Lancashire really ends.

FOOTNOTES:

[211] _Vide_ note on p. 41. "A Declaration of the Earl of Derby, etc." E. 566 (5). "A Message sent from the Earl of Derby, Governor of the Isle of Man, to his dread Sovereign Charles II., 1649." E. 566 (21).

[212] "C.S.P.," 1649-1650, p. 278. It would seem that this was the real reason for the final breaking off of the negotiations.

[213] "A Declaration of the Earl of Derby, etc." E. 566 (5). The letter has been frequently reprinted. Cf. Marlet, "Charlotte de la Tremoille," p. 186: "Signé Derby; mais faut-il dire: écrit par lord Derby? On est en droit de croire que sa femme eut une parte prépondérante à la redaction de ses phrases hachées, vibrantes, pareilles aux coups de canon, qui, sur les vaisseaux, saluent au lever du jour, le pavillon national, montant fièrement dans les airs: car elles sont en parfaite conformité avec ses mâles repliques aux assiegeants de Lathom-house: elles n'ont, au contraire, aucun trait de resemblance avec le style flasque et ampoulé des lettres ou des discours du comte."

[214] "Carte MSS.," Vol. 9, fol. 55, 195; Vol. 11, pp. 326, 495; Vol. 12, fol. 127; Vol. 14, fol. 12, 249, 291; Vol. 23, fol. 105. There is also a letter referring to this matter in the "Ormonde MSS.," Hist. MSS. Com., new series, Vol. 1, p. 99.

[215] "C.S.P.," 1649-50, p. 381; 1650, p. 290, etc.

[216] "C.S.P.," 1650, pp. 169, 282, 470.

[217] "Ashmolean MSS.," 1110, ff. 164, 165; 1112, ff. 43, 45. The particulars are from the Garter Records of Sir Edward Walker; but, curiously enough, the date in one of the volumes is given incorrectly as January, 1651. The fact that the patent was directed from Castle Elizabeth in Jersey, however, is proof of the correctness of the earlier date.

[218] It must, however, be remembered that few of the original Parliamentarian leaders in Lancashire were now left. Assheton had died in February of this year, and Moore and Rigby in 1650.

[219] Gardiner, "Commonwealth and Protectorate," Vol. 2, p. 12.

[220] Cary's "Memorials," Vol. 2, pp. 299, 306.

[221] Cary's "Memorials," Vol. 2, p. 305. "Discourse," p. 70. The latter has high praise for the moderate conduct of the royal troops.

[222] "C.S.P.," 1651, pp. 97, 156, 302. "Rawlinson MSS.," a. 184, ff. 390, 392.

[223] "C.S.P.," 1651, p. 322.

[224] "C.W.T.," p. 290. "Discourse," p. 71.

[225] "A Brief Statement of His Majesty's Affairs, etc." ("Tanner MSS.," Vol. 54, fol. 155, 156.)

[226] "Clarendon" (Macray), Vol. 5, p. 180 (book 13, par. 62).

[227] "C.W.T.," p. 297. The "Discourse," p. 71, says: "Besides men of quality, some 300 Manck soldiers." In the previous month Derby had declared himself ready to join the King with 500 men well armed. Cary's "Memorials," Vol. 2, p. 288. "Seacome," p. 111, says that the Earl of Derby landed with "300 gallant gentlemen." For the warrant to Derby _vide_ "Tanner MSS.," Vol. 54, fol. 170. It was directed "To our Right Trusty and Right Well-beloved Cosen the Earl of Derby, our Captain Generall in our County Palatine of Lancaster," and states that owing to his rapid march the King had been unable to send particular summonses to Lancashire; he was now pursuing the enemy, who had been dislodged from Warrington Bridge. Gardiner, "Commonwealth and Protectorate," Vol. 2, p. 37, gives the date of Derby's meeting with Charles as August 17.

[228] "Clarendon" (Macray), Vol. 5, p. 177, (book 13, par. 58). Massey's letter of August 19 is printed in "Cary," Vol. 2, p. 324. He says that his advance has been checked by a regiment of Lilburne's horse quartered near Middleton; but this cannot have been Lilburne's own regiment, which only left Stockport on the 22nd. Some prisoners were made by Massey. "Seacome," pp. 112, 113, is the authority for the meeting at Warrington, but his statements are accepted by Mr. Gardiner. Seacome's account that Massey strongly seconded Derby's appeals is, however, not compatible with a sentence of Mr. Gardiner's: "Too late Charles discovered that a letter carried by Massey from the Scotch ministers attending the army contained a warning against a too close conjunction with malignants." "Commonwealth," Vol. 2, p. 38. It must be supposed that Seacome overrated Massey's part in the meeting.

[229] "Portland MSS.," Vol. 1, p. 614. Several warrants issued by Derby are given, and orders against plundering; companies on the march, however, were to have free quarter. The Earl's appeal to the Gentlemen of Lancashire is printed in "Cary," Vol. 2, p. 333.

[230] "Discourse," pp. 72, 73.

[231] "Clarendon" (Macray), Vol. 5, p. 185 (book 13, par. 69).

[232] The fullest accounts of the Battle of Wigan are: "A Great Victory, etc." ("C.W.T.," p. 296); "Two Letters from Col. Robert Lilburne, etc." ("C.W.T.," p. 300); "Seacome," pp. 113, 114; Whitelock's "Memorials," p. 504; and "Discourse," pp. 72-76. The last gives most details, probably from personal knowledge; Major Robinson was one of the Lancashire officers to whom a commission was given in the reorganisation of the Militia in 1650. His narrative and that of Lilburne, as those written by eye-witnesses, may be taken as the most reliable.

With regard to the numbers of the respective forces, there can be little doubt that they were very nearly equal. Seacome's wild estimates, which are, as usual, unhesitatingly followed by Canon Raines, may be dismissed as impossible; he gives Lilburne 3,000 horse and foot. It has already been mentioned that Derby landed with less than 100 horse, and either 250 or 300 foot (p. 187). All the accounts substantially agree in respect to these figures. In the few days after landing these numbers were considerably increased; Seacome acknowledges that Derby had 600 horse at the battle, while Lilburne says that the royalists had increased to 1,400 or 1,500 men, and the "Discourse" gives them 1,000 foot and 500 horse. Lilburne's estimate of his own army, as stated in the letter to Cromwell, may be accepted as correct. He writes: "I had only my own regiment, and those three companies of foot, and the 60 horse and dragoons." His own regiment of horse he had brought with him; two of the foot companies had been sent from Chester, and one, together with the 60 dragoons, from the garrison at Liverpool. "Discourse," p. 75; "C.W.T.," p. 297. The latter of these references is to a letter from Birch, the Governor of Liverpool, who writes: "All that could be afforded in assistance were two foot companies from Chester, one of my Regiment, left about Manchester, not being so ready as the rest to march out, and what musketeers I horsed from hence with some few countrymen." A regiment of cavalry in the New Model Army numbered 600 men. Firth, "Cromwell's Army," p. 42. Dragoons in the seventeenth century were not cavalry, but mounted infantry. Mr. Gardiner's account of the Battle is not quite correct ("Commonwealth," Vol. 2, p. 39). He says: "Lilburne fell back through Wigan.... Entangled in the lanes south of the town he was compelled to fight, etc." Wigan Lane is the road out of Wigan to the north.

[233] A monument to Tyldesley was erected on the spot where he fell by his cornet, Alexander Rigby, of Layton, when the latter was Sheriff of Lancashire in 1677. The monument still stands: it was restored by the Corporation of Wigan in 1886. The long inscription is printed by Canon Raines. "Stanley Papers," pt. 3, Vol. 2 (C.S. 67), p. cccxxxiii.

[234] This letter is printed in "Cary," Vol. 2, p. 320; Marlet, "Charlotte de la Tremoille," p. 239.

[235] Hughes' "Boscobel Tracts," pp. 174, 190.

[236] For the narrative of Derby's capture we are indebted to Capt. Hodgson ("Autobiography," p. 48). Little seems to be known about Edge; but the name of Oliver Edge occurs in a statement about the seating of Manchester Church in 1649, which was largely signed by the inhabitants of the town, and this signature is very probably his. ("Manchester Municipal Records.") He belonged to the family of Edge of Birch-Hall Houses near Manchester. Halley's "Lancashire Puritanism and Nonconformity" (2nd ed. in 1 vol., 1872), p. 286.

[237] "C.J.," Vol. 7, pp. 8, 9.

[238] "C.S.P.," 1651, pp. 422, 423. "C.J.," Vol. 7, pp. 9, 16.

[239] The official record of the trial of the Earl of Derby, from the original in the Library of the House of Lords, is printed by Canon Raines in the appendix to his "Stanley Papers," pt. 3, Vol. 2 (C.S. 67), pp. cccxxxiv-ccclvii, as well as other valuable documents relating to the Earl's trial and death. _Vide_ also "Discourse," pp. 78-85; "C.W.T.," pp. 311-323.

[240] "C.S.P.," 1651, p. 457.

[241] Duckenfield and Birch to Lenthall. Ramsey, Nov. 2. ("Tanner MSS.," Vol. 55, fol. 87.)

[242] Marlet, "Charlotte de la Tremoille," p. 151.

[243] Gardiner ("Commonwealth," Vol. 2, p. 62, note) quotes a Newsletter of Salvetti, which seems decisive on this point. As the Earl's death has been attributed to Cromwell's own influence the quotation may be repeated here: "Il General Cromwell fa buonissimi uffizii per salvarlo la vita, con conditione che consegni nelle mane del Parlamento la sua isoletta di Man, della quale se ne intitole Re."

[244] "Seacome," p. 133.

[245] "Raines," _op. cit._, p. ccxvii, ccvxiii. Canon Raines here repeats a wild story from Seacome, to the effect that this petition would have been allowed by the House, had not Cromwell and Bradshaw contrived to reduce the number of Members present to less than 40, so that no question could be put. There is no foundation for this statement. As a matter of fact, the House voted that Derby's petition should be read, but it could not possibly be dealt further with owing to the impossibility of sending a messenger into Lancashire in time to stop the execution, had that been intended. ("C.J.," Vol. 7, p. 27.) For Cromwell's real attitude towards the reprieve, _vide_ note on p. 201.

[246] "The Earl of Derby's Speech on the Scaffold, etc." ("C.W.T.," p. 320). The best account of the Earl's last hours is naturally given by Seacome, who quotes Bagguley's "Narrative" (pp. 120-127), "Discourse," pp. 82-85: "The Earl was no good Orator, and the tumult put him out of speaking what he intended; he was much afraid of being reviled by the people of the town, but they rather pitied his condition."

[247] "The Earl of Darby was a man of unquestionable loyalty to the King, and gave clear testimony of it before he received any obligations from the Court, and when he thought himself disobliged by it.... He was a man of great honour and clear courage; and all his defects and misfortunes proceeded from his having lived so little time among his equals, that he knew not how to treat his inferiors: which was the source of all the ill that befell him, having thereby drawn such a prejudice from the persons of inferior quality, who yet thought themselves too good to be contemned, against him, that they pursued him to death." ("Clarendon," Macray, Vol. 5, p. 184, bk. 13, par. 68).

INDEX.

Aberconway, 146.

Acton Church, Royalist defeat at, 98.

Adwalton Moor, Battle of, 5, 68, 89-90.

Allen, Rev. Isaac, Rector of Prestwich, 41.

Albany Mill, Middleton, 32_n_.

Alport Lodge, 42. ---- burnt down, 42_n_. ---- demolished, 55.

Amounderness Hundred, 54, 58, 67, 131, 188. ---- Royalist collectors for, 58. ---- Parliamentarian captains in, 93.

Anderton, Christopher, of Lostock, 137. ---- Hugh, 188. ---- James, 58, 188.

Appleby, 163. ---- Castle, 164, 172.

Ardern, Captain, 80.

Array, Commissions of, 11, 13, 14. ---- voted illegal by Parliament, 11.

Ashhurst, Henry, 35_n_, 172. ---- Captain John (afterwards Major), 34, 161, 186. ---- ---- at Bolton, 69-70. ---- ---- at Lathom, 103. ---- ---- appointed Governor of Liverpool, 137. ---- ---- his negotiations with Lord Derby, 138. ---- William, M.P. for Newton, 30. ---- ---- notice of, 34-5.

Ashton Hall, Lancaster, Charles II. at, 182.

Ashton, distress in, 173.

Assessments, on Lancashire, 152.

Assheton, Radcliffe, royalist collector in Blackburn Hundred, 58, 59_n_. ---- Ralph, of Downham, 32. ---- ---- of Whalley, M.P. for Clitheroe, 30, 32. ---- ---- of Middleton, M.P. for Lancashire, Colonel and Major-General, 20_n_, 30, 54, 171_n_. ---- ---- secures the magazine at Manchester, 14. ---- ---- notice of, 31-2, 32_n_. ---- ---- his tenants at the siege of Manchester, 43, 46. ---- ---- commands at first defence of Bolton, 69. ---- ---- relieves Lancaster, 76. ---- ---- retreats to Whalley, 77. ---- ---- sacks Wigan, 79. ---- ---- victory in the Fylde, 86. ---- ---- takes Hornby and Thurland Castle, 88. ---- ---- at Adwalton Moor, 89. ---- ---- defeated at Booth Lane, near Sandbach, 97. ---- ---- at the siege of Lathom House, 101-2. ---- ---- at York, 126. ---- ---- serves at siege of Chester, 149. ---- ---- Commander-in-Chief in Lancashire in 1648, 162. ---- ---- takes Bentham House, Westmoreland, 163. ---- ---- at battle of Preston, 167. ---- ---- takes Appleby Castle, 172. ---- ---- ordered to disperse Lancashire Militia, 175. ---- ---- dismissed from his command, 175.

Aston, Sir Thomas, letter of, intercepted, 16.

Atherton, 60_n_.

Audlem, 117.

Aylesbury, taken by Prince Rupert, 115.

Bagguley, Rev. Humphrey, attends Lord Derby, 202.

Baillie, Lieut.-Gen., surrenders at Warrington, 170. ---- Robert, letters of, 125, 130, 153.

Bamber, Captain, 175.

Banquet to Lord Strange at Manchester, 17.

Barlow Moor, near Manchester, 120. ---- rendezvous on, 140.

Barton, Sir T., 56.

Barwick, Lieutenant, 43.

Beaumont, 30.

Beeston Castle, 97.

Bellasis, Lord, taken prisoner at Selby, 115.

Benbow, Captain, 197.

Berwick-on-Tweed, 160.

Betley, Prince Rupert at, 117.

Birch, Thomas, of Birch, successively Captain, Sergeant-Major and Colonel, 55, 161, 173, 175, 183. ---- ---- at the affray in Manchester (1642), 18-20. ---- ---- at capture of Preston, 63. ---- ---- occupies Lancaster, 71. ---- ---- seizes Earl of Derby's daughters, 179. ---- ---- chosen one of Earl of Derby's judges, but does not act, 197. ---- ---- Isle of Man surrendered to him, 200.

Blackburn, 56, 63, 67, 74, 121. ---- occupied by royalists, 59. ---- royalist attack on, 62. ---- Hundred, 3, 7, 54, 55, 59, 77, 78.

Blackstone Edge, 5. ---- fortified, 91, 92_n_.

Blaire, Major-Gen., royalist commander at Wigan, 79.

Bolton-le-Moors, 67, 74, 101, 148. ---- first attack on, 69, 70. ---- second attack on, 78. ---- stormed by Prince Rupert, 121-4. ---- collection for, in Manchester, 125. ---- meeting of Deputy-Lieutenants at, 161. ---- execution of Earl of Derby at, 203.

Booth, Col. Sir George, 148. ---- John, Captain and Colonel, 43. ---- ---- notice of, 43_n_. ---- ---- his bravery at Preston, 63. ---- ---- at Nantwich, 98. ---- ---- at Ormskirk, 133. ---- Lane, Parliamentarian defeat at, 97.

Bootle, Capt., 123-4.

Boscobel, 195.

Bourne, Rev. Wm., 46, 46_n_.

Boynton, Col. Matthew, 192. ---- ---- slain at Wigan, 194.

Braddyl, John, 56.

Bradford, 90, 91.

Bradshaw, Col. Henry, one of Lord Derby's judges, 197. ---- John, of Bradshaw, 56, 56_n_, 161. ---- President, 201. ---- Capt. Robert, 43. ---- ---- notice of, 43_n_. ---- ---- taken prisoner at Westhoughton, 54.

Bradshawgate, Bolton, 70.

Brereton, Lord, 56. ---- Sir William, of Handforth, 5, 11, 12_n_, 136, 202. ---- ---- in Manchester, 15, 16_n_. ---- ---- notice of, 15_n_. ---- ---- besieges Warrington, 80. ---- ---- takes Warrington, 86-7. ---- ---- at siege of Chester, 140, 148. ---- ---- letter of, 141. ---- ---- Lancashire troops with, 149.

Bretherton, John, 58.

Bridgeman, Edward, 81. ---- Rev. Henry, 202. ---- Orlando, M.P. for Wigan, 30.

Bright, Col., at Preston, 167.

Brindle, skirmish at, 190.

Bristol, 68, 150.

Brook, Col. H., one of Lord Derby's judges, 197.

Bruerton, 117.

Brunstock, 163.

Bryn Hall, Charles II. at, 182.

Buckley, Capt., 69.

Buckshawe Hall, Chorley, 29_n_.

Bury, 15, 55, 78.

Butler, Mr., of Rawcliffe, 190.

Butterworth, Alexander, 47.

Byron, Sir John, royalist Governor of Chester and of Liverpool, 116, 129. ---- Col. Robert, letter to Ormonde, 130.

Cadishead, 186.

Callander, Earl of, 164, 171. ---- letter of, 141.

Cantsfield, 93.

Carlisle, 160, 162, 171.

Carter, Col. John, one of Lord Derby's judges, 197.

Castle Rushen, 147, 177, 194.

Charles I., petition to, from Lancashire, 10. ---- raises his standard at Nottingham, 21. ---- makes the Cessation in Ireland, 96. ---- expected to march into Lancashire, 140. ---- storms Leicester, 142. ---- defeated at Rowton Heath, 142. ---- surrenders to the Scots, 150. ---- negotiations with Parliament, 150.

Charles II. proclaimed at Manchester Cross, 174. ---- appoints Earl of Derby K.G., 180. ---- lands at Speymouth, 180. ---- invades England, 181. ---- passes through Lancashire, 182. ---- defeated at Worcester, 195. ---- his escape, 195.

Charnock, Capt., 104, 143.

Chester, 65, 124, 140.

Chetham, Humphrey, 14. ---- College, 14.

Chipping, 77.

Chisenhale, Capt., 104, 106. ---- sortie by, 105, 107. ---- made Colonel, 129.

Cholmondeley, Sir H., 170.

Chowbent, skirmish at, 60, 60_n_, 61.

Clifton, Mr., of Lytham, 72, 74. ---- Col. Cuthbert, 129, 136. ---- John, 191.

Clitheroe, 30, 92.

Cockerham, 76.

Committee of Both Houses, 162.

Committee of Both Kingdoms, letters to, 129, 135.

Conduit, Manchester, 17.

Cotterell, Capt., 189.

Crane, Sir Richard, 124.

Cromwell, Oliver, 165, 174. ---- ---- victory at Preston, 166-8. ---- ---- ---- Dunbar, 180.

Croxton, Col. Thomas, 197.

Danson, Thomas, Under Sheriff, 14.

Darwen, River, 167.

Dean, Col., 167.

Deansgate, Manchester, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50.

Derby, Charlotte de la Tremoille, Countess of, 26-7. ---- ---- letters of, to Prince Rupert, 21, 80. ---- ---- defends Lathom House, 101-110. ---- ---- removes to Isle of Man, 129, 129_n_. ---- ---- surrenders Isle of Man, 200.

Delamere, royalist defeat at, 98.

Denbigh, Earl of, 126, 129.

Derby, Earl of. _See_ Stanley, James.

Dives, Sir Lewis, 180.

Dodding, Col. George, 72, 120. ---- ---- appointed Colonel, 54. ---- ---- taken prisoner, 72. ---- ---- suspicions of, 119, 119_n_. ---- ---- defeats royalists at Walton, 132. ---- ---- besieges Greenhalgh Castle, 137. ---- ---- in Second Civil War, 162.

Doncaster, 165.

Dorsetshire, affray in, 19.

Duckenfield, Col. Robert, 76, 183. ---- ---- surrenders Stockport to Rupert, 117. ---- ---- suppresses free companies, 175. ---- ---- subdues Isle of Man, 200. ---- ---- Lord Derby's opinion of, 201.

Dukenhalgh Hall, 82.

Dunbar, battle of, 180.

Eccleston, 58_n_. ---- Green, 120.

Edge, Capt. Oliver, 196_n_, 198. ---- ---- Earl of Derby surrenders to, 196.

Egerton, Peter, of Shaw in Flixton, Colonel and Major-General, 54, 56. ---- ---- in command at second siege of Lathom, 143-4. ---- ---- his letter to the Speaker, 153.

Ellel, 76.

Emmott Lane Head, 92.

Fairfax, Ferdinando, first Baron, 39, 89, 90. ---- Sir Thomas, 115, 140. ---- ---- victory at Wakefield, 85. ---- ---- at Adwalton Moor, 90. ---- ---- Lancashire troops with, in Cheshire, 93. ---- ---- relieves Nantwich, 98. ---- ---- at Lathom, 101-104. ---- ---- insubordination to, 119. ---- ---- defeats Goring at Langport, 150. ---- ---- at Preston, 167.

Fanshawe, Anne, Lady, 30. ---- Sir Richard, 30.

Farington, William, of Worden, 13, 56, 58. ---- ---- notice of, 29. ---- ---- at siege of Manchester, 42. ---- ---- at Lathom, 104, 143.

Farmer, Capt., at Lathom House, 104. ---- sortie led by, 105.

Featherstonhaugh, Sir T., 197.

Fitton, Sir Edward, summoned as delinquent, 13. ---- ---- letters of, 16, 23. ---- ---- disarms his tenants, 41.

Fleetwood, John, 56, 58. ---- Richard, of Rossall, 20_n_.

Fox, Capt., 104.

Friars Gate, Preston, 76.

Freckleton Marsh, 132.

Fulwood Moor, royalist gathering on, 12.

Gamul, Sir Francis, 182.

Gell, Sir John, 15_n_, 129.

Gerard, Sir Gilbert, 42.

Gilbey, Sir Theophilus, 182.

Girlington, Sir John, Sheriff of Lancashire, 12, 18, 58, 74. ---- ---- notice of, 29. ---- ---- at siege of Manchester, 42. ---- ---- surrenders at Lancaster, 71. ---- ---- taken prisoner at Thurland, 88. ---- ---- reoccupies Thurland, 93.

Gisburn, 165.

Goring, Lord, 131, 132. ---- joins Rupert, 129. ---- defeated at Langport, 150.

Greaves Town, 132.

Green, Alexander, 17, 17_n_, 18.

Greenhalgh Castle, 88, 99, 109, 135. ---- ---- siege of, 137.

Grey, Lord, 129.

Haigh Hall, Wigan, 204.

Haleford, 86, 124, 124_n_, 142. ---- Prince Rupert at, 131. ---- guarded, 140.

Halifax, 89, 90.

Hamilton, First Duke of, invades Lancashire, 159, 163, 165. ---- ---- his letter to Lancashire Ministers, 164. ---- ---- at Hornby, 164. ---- ---- defeated at Preston, 166-168. ---- ---- executed, 171. ---- Second Duke of, 182.

Harrison, Col., at Preston, 166, 167. ---- sent to Lancashire (1651), 183. ---- joins Lambert, 184. ---- Sir John, notice of, 30.

Haslington, Cheshire, 117.

Hastings, Mr., 19.

Hatherton, 117.

Hawarden Castle, 97.

Hesketh, Mr., 190.

Heyrick, Richard, Warden of Manchester, 10, 49. ---- ---- notice of, 44_n_. ---- ---- special preacher before Parliament, 156, 171.

Heywood, Peter, plot to betray Manchester, 119.

Hindley, Capt., 99.

Hinfield Moor, 59_n_.

Hodder Bridge, 165.

Hoghton, Sir Gilbert, 16, 64. ---- ---- notice of, 29. ---- ---- at siege of Manchester, 42. ---- ---- defeated by Col. Shuttleworth, 59. ---- ---- attacks Blackburn, 62. ---- ---- at Preston, 64. ---- ---- ordered to Chester, 96. ---- Lady, 64. ---- Richard, killed at Preston, 64. ---- Tower, 59, 68_n_. ---- ---- beacon at, fired, 59. ---- ---- surrendered and blown up, 68-9. ---- ---- Lilburne's camp at, 191.

Holcroft, Col. Thos., in affray at Manchester, 18, 19, 20. ---- ---- at Lancaster, 75.

Holland, Richard, of Heaton, Governor of Manchester, 46, 56, 76, 161. ---- ---- notice of, 46_n_. ---- ---- at Preston, 63-4. ---- ---- in command at Wigan, 79. ---- ---- accused of cowardice, 79_n_. ---- ---- at Warrington, 80. ---- ---- at York, 89. ---- ---- with Fairfax in Cheshire, 98. ---- ---- suspicions of, 119.

Holt, 117. ---- Capt., 69. ---- Robert, of Castleton, 15, 56, 58.

Hornby Castle, 86, 88_n_, 93. ---- ---- captured, 87-8. ---- ---- Prince Rupert at, 131. ---- ---- Hamilton at, 164.

Hotham, Sir John, 90.

Howe Bridge, 60_n_.

Huddleston, Col., defeated at Lindale, 94, 132. ---- Sir William, 172.

Hull, 5. ---- first blood of the Civil War shed at, 19-20. ---- first siege of, 20. ---- powder sent from, to Lancashire, 54. ---- retreat of the Fairfaxes to, 90.

Hunt's Bank, Manchester, 43.

Hutchinson, Colonel, 129.

Ireland, Sir Gilbert, 174_n_. ---- ---- chosen one of Lord Derby's judges, 197.

Ireton, General, 178.

Irish troops for Lancashire, 96. ---- ---- land in Wales, 97. ---- ---- defeated at Nantwich, 98.

Kendal, 163, 165. ---- Charles II. proclaimed at, 174.

Key, Capt., 143.

Kilmorey, Lord, 56.

King, Act forbidding proclamation of, 173.

Kinver Heath, 195.

Kirkby, Roger, M.P. for Lancashire, 58, 94. ---- ---- notice of, 30. ---- ---- surrenders at Lancaster, 71.

Kirkby Lonsdale, 163, 166.

Kirkham, 86, 132, 188, 189.

Knutsford, royalist muster at, 16. ---- Lambert retreats to, 184.

Lambert, General, 162, 163, 170, 180. ---- ---- joins Cromwell, 165. ---- ---- disbands Lancashire forces, 174. ---- ---- follows Scots march, 183. ---- ---- skirmishes at Warrington, 184.

Lancashire, geographical features of, 1, 2. ---- ---- effect on Civil War, 3-5. ---- religious parties in, 3. ---- course of Civil War in, 4. ---- petitions from, 9, 10. ---- members of Long Parliament, 30. ---- attempted pacification in, 56. ---- troops from, in Yorkshire, 89. ---- ---- in Cheshire, 93, 141_n_. ---- ---- at siege of Chester, 148-9. ---- state of, after first Civil War, 151, 153, 154. ---- ---- after second Civil War, 173. ---- Presbyterianism established in, 156. ---- Ministers, Hamilton's letter to, 164. ---- troops refuse to disband, 174.

Lancaster, 67, 74, 80, 120, 163_n_. ---- M.P.'s for, 30. ---- occupied for Parliament, 71. ---- retaken by Royalists, 75. ---- besieged, 87. ---- Castle, 75_n_.

Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, 160, 165. ---- ---- at Preston, 166. ---- ---- taken prisoner, 171. ---- ---- visits Isle of Man, 180.

Langho, 83.

Landown, 68.

Lathom House, 58, 61, 84, 85, 88, 96, 118, 132, 135, 188. ---- ---- description of, 100. ---- ---- first siege of, 99-109. ---- ---- site of, 110-113. ---- ---- siege of, raised, 120. ---- ---- garrison of, 136. ---- ---- second siege of, 142-6. ---- ---- surrender of, 147.

Lauderdale, Earl of, 195, 197.

Layton Common, 72.

Lea Hall, 132.

Leeds, 89.

Legge, Col., 188.

Leicester, 19, 142. ---- Charles I. at, 165.

Leigh, skirmish at, 60. ---- taken by Manchester troops, 61. ---- Mr., of Adlington, 41. ---- ---- his house attacked, 62.

Leslie, Alex., first Earl of Leven, 115.

Leyland Hundred, 54, 58, 66, 67, 93, 131, 188.

Lilburne, Col. Robert, 190. ---- ---- letter of, to Speaker Lenthall, 187. ---- ---- ordered to Lancashire, 189. ---- ---- at Preston, 190. ---- ---- defeats Derby at Wigan, 192-194. ---- ---- lands voted to, by Parliament, 196.

Lindale, 94.

Liverpool, 74, 135, 191. ---- M.P.'s for, 30. ---- occupied for Parliament, 87. ---- fortified by Col. Moore, 95. ---- captured by Prince Rupert, 127. ---- retaken by Parliament, 135, 136.

Long Parliament, Lancashire members of, 30.

Lonsdale, Hundred, 54, 58, 188.

Loughborough, 19.

Lowton Common, 60.

Lygonia, 33.

Lytham Hall, 72, 74, 132.

Mackworth, Col., 183, 197.

Magazines seized by royalists, 13, 14.

Mains Hall, 190.

Mainwaring, Col., 117.

Malpas, 116, 170.

Man, Isle of, 179. ---- ---- surrendered to Parliament, 200.

Manchester magazine secured for Parliament, 14. ---- first affray at, 16. ---- in 1642, 37. ---- proposed university for, 38. ---- siege of, 41-51. ---- state of, during siege, 49-51. ---- importance of siege of, 51. ---- powder sent to, 54. ---- distress in, 154-5, 173. ---- plague in, 154. ---- collection for, 154.

Market Drayton, 117, 142, 170.

Market Stead Lane, Manchester, 43, 45.

Markland, Capt., 101.

Marston Moor, battle of, 125, 130, 139. ---- ---- result of, in Lancashire, 129, 130.

Martindale, Adam, opinion of Col. Moore, 34_n_. ---- ---- description of Lancashire distress, 151.

Mason, Col., 197.

Massey, Major-General, 186, 188.

Maurice, Prince, 179.

Meldrum, Sir John, surrenders Newark, 115. ---- ---- in Manchester, 119. ---- ---- victory at Ormskirk, 132-3. ---- ---- negotiations with Derby, 138-9. ---- ---- death of, 137_n_.

Mercer, Robert, 58.

Middleton, Sir George, summoned as delinquent, 13. ---- Lieut-Gen., 171. ---- Church, 32_n_.

Middlewich, 97.

Militia, 9. ---- ordinance, 10, 11. ---- ---- in Essex, 19. ---- ---- in Lincolnshire, 19. ---- Lancashire, disbanded, 174. ---- ---- reconstituted, 175.

Millgate, Manchester, 43.

Ministers, Lancashire, Hamilton's letter to, 164.

Mitton, Major-General, one of Lord Derby's judges, 197.

Molyneux, Caryll, afterwards 3rd Viscount, 27. ---- Richard, 2nd Viscount, 12, 84, 131. ---- ---- raises troops for the King, 21. ---- ---- notice of, 27, 28. ---- ---- at siege of Manchester, 42. ---- ---- at battle of Whalley, 81. ---- ---- leaves Lancashire, 86.

Monck, Col., 98.

Moore, Edward, 34, 35. ---- Col. John, of Bank Hall, 6. ---- ---- notice of, 34, 34_n_. ---- ---- appointed Colonel, 54. ---- ---- fortifies Liverpool, 95. ---- ---- at siege of Liverpool, 128-9.

Moot Hill, 81.

Morgan, Col., 102, 102_n_, 143.

Mort, Adam, Mayor of Preston, 58. ---- ---- death of, 64.

Mosley, Sir Edward, intercepts powder for Manchester, 54. ---- Nicolas, boroughreeve of Manchester, 14, 18.

Munro, Sir George, 160, 165, 168, 170.

Musgrave, Sir Philip, 94. ---- ---- occupies Carlisle, 160. ---- ---- surrenders at Appleby, 172.

Myerscough Lodge, 28, 28_n_, 120. ---- ---- Charles II. at, 182.

Nantwich, 80, 86, 117, 185. ---- besieged, 97. ---- relieved by Sir T. Fairfax, 98.

Newcastle, 115. ---- Wm. Cavendish, Earl of, 67, 68. ---- ---- victory at Adwalton, 89-90. ---- ---- summons Manchester, 91. ---- ---- retreats to York, 115.

Newton, Lancashire, M.P.'s for, 30.

Norris, Col., 87.

Northwich, 185.

Nottingham, 129, 165. ---- royal standard raised at, 21.

Nowell, Col. Roger, of Read, 55, 56. ---- ---- surrenders Lathom House, 146.

Oath imposed by Lord Derby on Lancashire, 57_n_.

Ogle, Capt. Henry, royalist collector, 58. ---- at first siege of Lathom, 104, 106.

Ogleby, Lord, 132.

Ordinance. _See_ Militia. ---- for disbanding the Militia, 174.

Ordsall Hall, 18, 18_n_.

Ormonde, Marquis of, 96, 97_n_, 179.

Ormskirk, 58_n_, 105, 141. ---- royalist defeat at, 133. ---- riot at, 173. ---- Lord Derby buried at, 204.

Otley, 165.

Pacifications, local, 55. ---- in Lancashire (1642), 56-8.

Padiham, 81, 82.

Palmer, Roger, M.P. for Newton, 30.

Pateson, Capt. Wm., 95, 120.

Penderel, Wm., 195.

Penrith, 163.

Penwortham Hall, 83. ---- Moor, 132.

Perceval, Richard, killed at Manchester, 18.

Petitions from Lancashire to Parliament, 9. ---- to King, 10. ---- from Lancashire recusants to King, 3, 10.

Pontefract, 89, 163, 165.

Poulton-le-Fylde, 72.

Pownall, Major, 166.

Preesall Sands, royalists land at, 188, 189.

Presbyterianism established in Lancashire, 156.

Presbyterians, Lancashire, difficulty of, in 1648, 160. ---- ---- manifesto by, 161. ---- ---- meeting with Lord Derby, 187.

Prescot, 58_n_, 95.

Preston, 67, 74, 80, 94, 120, 165, 188. ---- magazine seized by royalists, 13. ---- M.P.'s for, 30. ---- captured by Parliamentarians, 63-5. ---- importance of, 65. ---- retaken by Lord Derby, 76. ---- battle of, 166-8. ---- riots at, 173. ---- Charles II. at, 182. ---- skirmish at, 190.

Prestwich Church, 41. ---- Mr., 14.

Pride, Col., 167.

Queen Henrietta Maria lands at Bridlington, 78. ---- ---- prepares to invade Lancashire, 85.

Radcliffe, Sir Alexander, 13, 14, 18, 18_n_. ---- ---- at siege of Manchester, 42. ---- Molyneux, 104, 143. ---- Capt. Richard, 43. ---- ---- notice of, 43_n_. ---- Savile, 56.

Raglan Castle, 150.

Rawcliffe Hall, 190.

Rawsthorne, Capt., at first siege of Lathom, 104. ---- made Colonel, 129. ---- at second siege of Lathom, 143.

Read, Col., 167. ---- Hall, 82, 83.

Recusants, Lancashire, petition of, 3, 10.

Rhodes, Sir E., 170.

Ribble Bridge, 63, 132, 190. ---- ---- Scots defeated at, 167.

Ribchester, 81.

Rich, Col., 183.

Rigby, Alexander, of Burgh, 56, 58, 59_n_, 94. ---- of Layton, 194_n_. ---- of Middleton in Goosnargh, 6, 16. ---- ---- at the meeting on Fulwood Moor, 12, 13. ---- ---- prepares Lord Strange's Impeachment, 22. ---- ---- M.P. for Preston, 30. ---- ---- notice of, 33-4. ---- ---- appointed Colonel, 54. ---- ---- arrives in Lancashire, 93. ---- ---- takes Thurland Castle, 93-4. ---- ---- at first siege of Lathom, 102, 104, 107-9. ---- ---- at sack of Bolton, 120, 124. ---- ---- at second siege of Lathom, 145. ---- ---- summons Deputy Lieutenants, (1648), 161, 162. ---- ---- occupies Kendal, 163. ---- ---- dismissed from his command, 175. ---- George, of Peel, 58. ---- Major Joseph, 137, 175.

Robinson, Col., 188. ---- Major, 29_n_, 148.

Rochdale occupied by Parliament, 91. ---- riots at, 173.

Roscarrock, Col., 194.

Rossall Hall, 72, 72_n_. ---- Point, 71.

Rosworm, Col. John, engaged to fortify Manchester, 40, 40_n_, 41. ---- ---- at siege of Manchester, 44-6, 48. ---- ---- at Leigh, 61. ---- ---- at Preston, 63. ---- ---- at Wigan, 79. ---- ---- fortifies Blackstone Edge, 92. ---- ---- urged to betray Manchester, 119. ---- ---- at siege of Liverpool, 135.

Roundway Down, 68.

Rowton Heath, 142, 144.

Rupert, Prince, 100, 115, 179. ---- ---- letters of Lady Derby to, 21, 80. ---- ---- advances towards Lancashire, 116-117. ---- ---- occupies Stockport, 118. ---- ---- takes Bolton, 121-124. ---- ---- takes Liverpool, 127. ---- ---- at Lathom, 129. ---- ---- Court jealousy of, 130. ---- ---- surrenders Bristol, 150.

St. Anne of Dunkirk, 71-74.

Sabden Brook, 82.

Salesbury Hall, 62. ---- ferry, 81, 83.

Salford Bridge, 38, 43, 44, 46. ---- ---- affray on, 49_n_. ---- Hundred, 3, 7, 54, 58.

Sandbach, 117.

Say, Lord, Parliamentarian Lord-Lieutenant of Cheshire, 11.

Schofield, Cap., 69.

Scots invasion in 1644, 115. ---- ---- 1648, 163. ---- defeated at Preston, 166-168. ---- ---- Winwick, 169. ---- surrender at Warrington, 169-70. ---- invasion in 1651, 182-185.

Seaton, Sir John, ordered to Lancashire, 53. ---- ---- at Preston, 63. ---- ---- at Lancaster, 75. ---- ---- unpopularity of, 77, 77_n_.

Selby, royalist defeat at, 115.

Sequestrations, 153.

Sherington, Francis, 58.

Shrewsbury, 124.

Shudehill, Manchester, 43.

Shuttleworth, Col. Nicholas, 132, 161, 162. ---- ---- at siege of Chester, 149. ---- Richard, M.P. for Clitheroe, 30. ---- Col., M.P. for Preston, 6, 12, 56. ---- ---- notice of, 32-33. ---- ---- appointed Colonel, 54. ---- ---- engaged in Lancashire pacifications, 56. ---- ---- defeats Sir Richard Hoghton, 59. ---- ---- at capture of Preston, 76. ---- ---- at battle of Whalley, 82-84. ---- ---- skirmishes with Prince Rupert, 130. ---- ---- dismissed from his command, 175. ---- ---- visits Lilburne at Hoghton, 191. ---- Col. Ughtred, 161, 162. ---- Capt. William, 71. ---- ---- death of, 75.

Singleton, 72, 189.

Skipton, 78, 130, 135. ---- Cromwell at, 165.

Smithson, Major, 166.

Sparrow, Sergeant-Major, at Preston, 63. ---- ---- in the Fylde, 71-72. ---- ---- at Lancaster, 75.

Stafford, 54.

Standish, 12, 101. ---- Moor, 84, 168. ---- Col., 188. ---- Thomas, killed at Manchester, 47. ---- ---- notice of, 47_n_. ---- Thomas, M.P. for Preston, 30, 47_n_.

Stanley, Lady Amelia, 179, 202. ---- Charles, Lord Strange, afterwards 8th Earl of Derby, 12, 14, 200. ---- Lady Henrietta Maria, 27. ---- ---- letter of, 194. ---- James, Lord Strange, afterwards 7th Earl of Derby, 4, 5. ---- ---- character of, 6. ---- ---- made a Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire and Cheshire by the King, 11. ---- ---- calls a meeting on Fulwood Moor, 12. ---- ---- suggests raising royal standard at Warrington, 21. ---- ---- joins Charles I. at Shrewsbury, 21. ---- ---- impeached by Parliament, 22. ---- ---- career and character of, 24-26. ---- ---- besieges Manchester, 42-51. ---- ---- burns Spanish ship, 72. ---- ---- occupies Lancaster, 75. ---- ---- takes Preston, 76. ---- ---- his attacks on Bolton, 69, 78. ---- ---- defeated at Whalley, 82-4. ---- ---- joins the Queen, 84. ---- ---- retires to Isle of Man, 85. ---- ---- urges Rupert to relieve Lathom, 116. ---- ---- joins Rupert's march, 119. ---- ---- at Bolton, 121-122. ---- ---- defeated by Meldrum in Cheshire, 136. ---- ---- negotiations with Meldrum, 138, 139, 139_n_. ---- ---- in Isle of Man, 177. ---- ---- made K.G., 180. ---- ---- lands in Lancashire 1651, 185. ---- ---- his interview with Charles II., 185. ---- ---- meeting with Presbyterians, 186. ---- ---- defeated at Wigan, 194. ---- ---- his capture, 196. ---- ---- trial and death of, 196-204. ---- Lady Katherine, 179, 202. ---- Sir Thomas, of Bickerstaffe, 14, 18_n_, 19, 20.

Stanwix, 163.

Stonyhurst, 166, 171.

Starkie, Capt., 68-9. ---- Col., 54, 56, 59.

Strickland, Sir R., 172. ---- W., 27_n_.

Swarbreck, 120.

Talbot, Sir J., 58, 62. ---- Lord, 195.

Tarporley, 149.

Thornhaugh, Col., death of, 168.

Throgmorton, Sir W., 188. ---- ---- death of, 194.

Thurland Castle, first capture of, 88. ---- ---- second capture of, 93, 94.

Tilsley, John, Vicar of Dean, 64.

Towneley Hall, 55. ---- Mr., 64.

Townson, Mr., 72.

Tunstall, 93.

Turner, Capt., 196.

Twistleton, Col., at Warrington, 184. ---- ---- one of Lord Derby's judges, 197, 199.

Tyldesley, Sir Thomas, royalist Col. and Maj.-Gen., 13, 20, 74, 95, 131, 164, 191. ---- ---- notice of, 28. ---- ---- at siege of Manchester, 42. ---- ---- at Whalley, 81-83. ---- ---- retreats before Assheton, 84, 86. ---- ---- joins the Queen, 86. ---- ---- at Bolton, 121. ---- ---- besieges Lancaster, 170. ---- ---- surrenders at Appleby, 172. ---- ---- at campaign of Wigan, 188. ---- ---- his death, 193.

Upholland, 188.

Uttoxeter, defeat of Scots at, 170.

Vane, Sir Harry, at York, 126. ---- ---- appointed to examine Earl of Derby's Papers, 196.

Venables, Capt., afterwards General, 61_n_. ---- ---- taken prisoner, 61.

Vere, Col., at second siege of Lathom, 143, 146. ---- ---- wounded at Preston, 190.

Wakefield, 89.

Walton, 132, 167.

Warrington, 81, 140, 165, 167. ---- proposal to raise royal standard at, 21. ---- Lord Strange's muster at, 41. ---- made royalist headquarters, 57. ---- unsuccessful siege of, 80. ---- captured by Sir W. Brereton, 86-7. ---- Scots surrender at, 170. ---- meeting at, 186-7. ---- royalist Council of War at, 188.

Wensleydale, 164.

Wetherby, 165.

West Derby Hundred, 54, 95, 131, 188.

Westhoughton, royalist victory at, 61.

Whalley, battle of, 82-4.

Wharton, Lord, Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire, 11, 15, 16.

Whitchurch, 116, 142, 149.

Whitley, Higher, 184.

Widdrington, Lord, 188, 192. ---- ---- death of, 193.

Wigan, 67, 69, 74, 80, 101, 166. ---- M.P.'s for, 30. ---- first capture of, by Parliament, 79. ---- second capture of, by Parliament, 84. ---- distress in, 173. ---- Charles II. proclaimed at, 174. ---- battle of, 193.

Willoughby, Lord, of Parham, 19.

Windebank, Capt., 42.

Winwick, 87. ---- Scots defeated at, 169.

Worcester, powder sent from, to Manchester, 54. ---- Charles II. defeated at, 195.

Worden Hall, 29_n_.

Wrigley, Henry, Reeve of Salford, 39_n_.

Wyn, Sir Richard, M.P. for Liverpool, 30.

Wyre River, 72, 72_n_, 185.

York, 115. ---- siege of, 116.

Zancthy, Mr., Lord Derby's counsel, 198.

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No. II. COTTON SPINNING AND MANUFACTURING IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. By T. W. UTTLEY, B.A., Gartside Scholar. Demy 8vo, pp. xii. 70. 1s. net. (Publication No. 8, 1905.)

"Mr. Uttley is to be congratulated on the performance of a not altogether easy task, and his book, in conception and execution, appears to fulfil admirably the intentions of the Trust."--_Manchester Courier_.

"The writer gives ample details concerning wages and other features connected with typical mills ... and the information thus gathered is of interest and value to the factory operative as well as the student and economist."--_Cotton Factory Times_.

"Mr. Uttley describes how he visited the mills in various States in a very systematic and detailed manner. Altogether the report makes an admirable and welcome collection of information, and will be found on many occasions worthy of reference."--_Textile Mercury_.

(GARTSIDE REPORT, No. 2.)

No. III. SOME MODERN CONDITIONS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION IN AMERICA, being a Report to the Gartside Electors, on the results of a Tour in the U.S.A. By FRANK POPPLEWELL, B.Sc., Gartside Scholar. Demy 8vo, pp. vi. 119. 1s. net. (Publication No. 21, 1906.)

"The American methods of iron and steel production are described, from the practical as well as the statistical side."--_Manchester Courier_.

"Mr. Popplewell writes clearly and well, and he is to be congratulated upon having carried his task through in so entirely a satisfactory manner."--_Manchester City News_.

"America's progress in iron and steel is more wonderful than any bald statistics of production with which we are so familiar can indicate. How that progress has been effected--effected under labour, transport and other difficulties--Mr. Popplewell tells us in an interesting and keenly intelligent review."--_Manchester Guardian_.

"A minute observation of detail ... characterises the whole work."--_Iron and Coal Trades Review_.

"Mr. Popplewell gives a clear exposition of the results of specialisation in production, of the development of ore-handling machinery, and of the general use of the charging machine, features that characterise American practice. He shows, too, that the colossal blast-furnace with huge yield due to high-blast pressure, regardless of consumption of steam and boiler coal, is giving place to a blast furnace of more modest dimensions....

"The impression derived from reading Mr. Popplewell's report is that many of the most striking developments, admirable as they are, were designed to meet special wants, and are not necessarily applicable in Great Britain."--_Nature_.

"The book has its interest for the educationist as well as for the manufacturer."--_Scotsman_.

"A chapter of special interest to British consumers is one devoted to the consideration of raw materials."--_Glasgow Herald_.

(GARTSIDE REPORT, No. 3.)

No. IV. ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. By FRANK FOSTER, M.Sc., Gartside Scholar. Demy 8vo, pp. ix. 106. 1s. net. (Publication No. 22, 1906.)

"The report under review is of very great interest to those connected with the manufacturing branch of engineering in this country, many of whom will have to relinquish their preconceived notions regarding American methods, if Mr. Foster's conclusions are to be accepted."--_Electrical Review_.

"The book altogether is very readable, and one we can heartily recommend to all interested in the economics of engineering."--_The Practical Engineer_.

"Mr. Foster's observation of facts is fresh and interesting ... the technical side of his report exhibits much care."--_Manchester Guardian_.

"The book is well worth reading."--_Iron and Coal Trades Review_.

"There is much in the book which will be new to English readers, even to those who have studied the reports of the Moseley and other recent 'commissions.'"--_Belfast News Letter_.

No. V. THE RATING OF LAND VALUES. By J. D. CHORLTON, M.Sc. Demy 8vo, pp. viii. 177. 3s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 23, 1907.)

"A timely and temperate treatise on a subject of growing interest."--_Pall Mall Gazette_.

"The writer is learned, intelligent, progressive, fair and lucid."--_Progress_.

"The facts and deductions are well put."--_Western Mail_.

"Chapters upon the scheme of the Royal Commission (minority report)--'Building Land,' 'The Future Increase of Land Values,' 'The Municipal Bill,' and others ... set forth with clearness and detail some of the many interesting and difficult subjects in connection with valuation, rates and rating."--_Estates Gazette_.

"Mr. Chorlton has made a contribution to this interesting controversy which is worthy of the serious attention of all persons interested in the subject."--_Local Government Chronicle_.

"The arguments for and against this proposed reform in the taxation of land have never been more fairly and freely stated."--_Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury_.

"Mr. Chorlton deals clearly and concisely with the whole subject of rating and land values."--_The Standard_.

"The impartiality and candour of Mr. Chorlton's method are beyond dispute, and his book will repay careful study by all who are interested in the question, from whatever motive."--_Westminster Gazette_.

"The first half of this book deserves to become a classic ... is one of the best books on a practical economic question that has appeared for many years. It is not only scientifically valuable, but so well written as to be interesting to a novice on the subject."--_The Nation_.

"This thoughtful and judicially expressed treatise."--_Manchester City News_.

"A very businesslike and serviceable collection of essays and notes on this intricate question."--_Manchester Guardian_.

(GARTSIDE REPORT, No. 4.)

No. VI. DYEING IN GERMANY AND AMERICA. By SYDNEY H. HIGGINS, M.Sc., Gartside Scholar. Demy 8vo, pp. xiii. 112. 1s. net. (Publication No. 24, 1907.)

"The book will ... make a valuable addition to the technical literature of this country."--_Tribune_.

"The work is one which ... should receive the attention of those who desire a general view of the German and American dyeing industries."--_Textile Manufacturer_.

"A perusal of the work leads us to the conclusion that much useful work is being done by the Gartside scholars, which will give these young men an excellent insight into the working conditions of various industries."--_Textile Recorder_.

No. VII. THE HOUSING PROBLEM IN ENGLAND. By ERNEST RITSON DEWSNUP, M.A., Professor of Railway Economics in the University of Chicago. Demy 8vo, pp. vii. 327. 5s. net. (Publication No. 25, 1907.)

"Mr. Dewsnup's book is most valuable as it provides all essential information on the subject."--_Standard_.

"All those who are interested in this question, no matter what their economic predilections, may ponder with advantage Professor Dewsnup's pages."--_Newcastle Daily Chronicle_.

"The study brings together so weighty an array of facts and arguments that it cannot but prove instructive and suggestive to all classes of economists interested in its subject."--_Scotsman_.

"Professor Dewsnup's view of the whole problem was stated in 1903, in a form which won the Warburton Essay Prize at the Manchester University. Now revised and brought up to date, his valuable work has taken permanent form."--_Westminster Gazette_.

"Professor Dewsnup's book on the housing problem consists of three distinct parts, each of which is a valuable contribution to economic science. In Part I, Professor Dewsnup tries to give a clear and definite account of the evil with which authorities in England are called upon to cope. Avoiding all special pleading and all evidence of the sensational kind which is apt to give a false idea of the extent and intensity of the evil of overcrowding, he does not on the other hand fall into the error of minimizing the evil.

"In Part II, Professor Dewsnup gives a most excellent and well-digested summary of the legislation which has been passed by Parliament since 1851 to cope with the evils of overcrowded houses, and of overcrowded areas.

"In Part III, the strictly informational and statistical work of the previous parts is utilized by the author to support his own conclusions as to the best methods of dealing with the problem of overcrowding.

"Whether or not the reader agrees with Professor Dewsnup in the conclusions he draws from his data, every student of economics must be grateful to him for the accuracy and care which have gone into the collection and arrangement of his material."--_The American Political Science Review_, vol. iii, No. 1, February, 1909.

(GARTSIDE REPORT, No. 5.)

No. VIII. AMERICAN BUSINESS ENTERPRISE. By DOUGLAS KNOOP, M.A., Gartside Scholar. Price 1s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 30, 1907.)

"The book is calculated to give a clear and accurate description, essentially intended for the general reader," and the author has quite rightly eliminated everything of a technical character, giving his theme both the simplicity and the interest that are required.... The work might well have been doubled in length without any loss of interest.... Invaluable as a text-book."--_The Economic Journal_.

"Should on no account be missed, for it is a very good attempt at a survey of the enormous field of American business in the true and judicial spirit."--_Pall Mall Gazette_.

"Readable, informing, suggestive--full of interest for men engaged in almost every department of commercial life."--_Manchester City News_.

"A report of the general conditions of industrial work in the United States, together with a most instructive review of the education of the business man in their commercial universities."--_Manchester Daily Dispatch_.

"The report is full of information, and is suggestive throughout."--_Liverpool Post_.

"Concise, business-like and informative, it emphasises the difference between the economic positions of England and of America, and cannot but prove instructive to anyone interested in its subject."--_Scotsman_.

"From the point of view of an intelligent observer and collator, trained, alert, well-informed, bringing his mind to bear on the fundamental elements of commercial progress and success, it would be impossible to estimate it too highly."--_Belfast Northern Whig_.

(GARTSIDE REPORT, No. 6.)

No. IX. THE ARGENTINE AS A MARKET. By N. L. WATSON, M.A., Gartside Scholar. Demy 8vo. 1s. net. (Publication No. 33, 1908.)

"A treatise informed with knowledge and marked by foresight."--_Yorkshire Post_.

"Full of first-hand information of recent date."--_Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury_.

"A valuable and thorough examination of the conditions and future of Argentine commerce."--_Morning Leader_.

(GARTSIDE REPORT, No. 7.)

No. X. SOME ELECTRO-CHEMICAL CENTRES. By J. N. PRING, M.Sc., Gartside Scholar. Pp. xiv. 137. 1s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 41, 1908.)

"Concise, business-like, and furnished with some valuable papers of statistics, the report will prove well worthy of the study of anyone specially interested in this subject."--_Scotsman_.

"In this short book a considerable amount of useful information has been condensed, and one feels that the research has been fully justified."--_Birmingham Post_.

"We congratulate the author upon a very readable and painstaking production."--_Nature_.

"... The reviewer says unhesitatingly that this Gartside Report ... is the best all-round book on industrial electro-chemistry that has so far come to his notice."--_Electro-chemical and Metallurgical Industry, May, 1909_.

(GARTSIDE REPORT, No. 8.)

No. XI. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ON THE CONTINENT. By HAROLD BARON, B.Sc., Gartside Scholar. Demy 8vo, pp. xi, 71. 1s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 44, 1909.)

"An instructive and suggestive volume, containing much that is likely to be helpful to those engaged in the textile, dyeing and chemical industries of Britain."--_Manchester City News_.

"Well informed, well systematised, and written with businesslike precision, it deserves the attention of everyone interested in its subject."--_Scotsman_.

"For a good general account of the chemical industry on the Continent we think this report, so far as it goes, to be an excellent one and is, moreover, unlike many works on the subject, interesting to read."--_Chemical Trades Journal_.

"Clearly and intelligently handled."--_The Times_.

No. XII. UNEMPLOYMENT. By Prof. S. J. CHAPMAN, M.A., M.Com., and H. M. HALLSWORTH, M.A., B.Sc. Demy 8vo, pp. xvi. 164. 2s. net paper, 2s. 6d. net cloth. (Publication No. 45, 1909.)

"On the whole, the authors offer a solid contribution, both as regards facts and reasoning, to the solution of a peculiarly difficult and pressing social problem."--_Cotton Factory Times_.

"... deserves the attention of sociologists."--_Yorkshire Post_.

"... reproduces in amplified form a valuable set of articles, giving the results of an investigation made in Lancashire, which lately appeared in the _Manchester Guardian_. By way of Introduction we have an examination, not previously published, of the Report of the Poor-law Commission on Unemployment. There is a large accompaniment of Charts and Tables, and indeed the whole work bears the mark of thoroughness."--_Guardian_.

EDUCATIONAL SERIES.

No. I. CONTINUATION SCHOOLS IN ENGLAND & ELSEWHERE. Their place in the Educational System of an Industrial and Commercial State. By MICHAEL E. SADLER, M.A., LL.D., Professor of the History and Administration of Education. Demy 8vo, pp. xxvi. 779. 8s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 29, 1907.)

This work is largely based on an enquiry made by past and present Students of the Educational Department of the University of Manchester. Chapters on Continuation Schools in the German Empire, Switzerland, Denmark, and France, have been contributed by other writers.

"... gives a record of what the principal nations are doing in the prolongation of school work. It is invaluable as a _corpus_ of material from which to estimate the present position of the world--so far as its analogies touch Britain--in 'further education,' as the phrase is."--_The Outlook_.

"The most comprehensive book on continuation schools that has yet been issued in this country."--_Scottish Review_.

"Professor Sadler has produced an admirable survey of the past history and present condition of the problem of further education of the people ... but apart from his own contributions, the bulk of the work, and its most valuable portion, consists of material furnished by teachers and by organisers of schools in various parts of England and Scotland, by officials of the Board of Education and the Board of Trade, and by local education authorities."--_Manchester Guardian_.

"This is a book which counts. It is a worthy treatment of an all-important subject, and he who wishes his country well must pray that it may be read widely.... I should be glad to think that I have said enough to send many readers post-haste to buy this invaluable treatise."--L. J. Chiozza Money, M.P., in the _Daily News_.

"This book will for many years remain the standard authority upon its subject."--_The Guardian_.

"It is indeed a remarkable compilation, and we hope that its circulation and its usefulness may be commensurable with its conspicuous merits."--_The Schoolmaster_.

"The whole question is discussed with an elaboration, an insistence on detail, and a wisdom that mark this volume as the most important contribution to educational effort that has yet been made."--_Contemporary Review_.

"The subject of the work is one that goes to the very heart of national education, and the treatise itself lays bare with a scientific but humane hand the evils that beset our educational system, the waste of life and national energy which that system has been unable in any sufficient degree to check."--_The Spectator_.

"It is a treasure of facts and judicious opinions in the domain of the history and administration of education."--_The Athenæum_.

"The volume represents an immense service to English education, and to the future welfare and efficiency of the nation."--_Educational Times_.

No. II. THE DEMONSTRATION SCHOOLS RECORD. No. I. Being Contributions to the Study of Education from the Department of Education in the University of Manchester. By Professor J. J. FINDLAY. 1s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 32, 1908.)

"This volume marks a new departure in English Educational literature.... Some very interesting work is being done and the most valuable part of the book is the account of the detailed methods which have been employed both in the regular teaching in the schools and in the efforts to foster the corporate interests of the children and their parents. These methods are often exceedingly suggestive, and may be studied with advantage by these who do not accept all the theories upon which they are based."--_School_.

"Professor Findlay and his skilled and experienced collaborators give an interesting account of the uses of the demonstration classes, the nature and scope of the work done in them, and the methods adopted (as well as the underlying principles) in some of the courses of instruction."--_The Athenæum_.

"The book gives an instructive account of the attempts made to correlate the subjects of school instruction, not only with each other, but also with the children's pursuits out of school hours.... The problem Professor Findlay has set himself to work out in the Demonstration School is, How far is it possible by working with the children through successive culture epochs of the human race to form within their minds not only a truer conception of human history, but also eventually a deeper comprehension of the underlying purpose and oneness of all human activities?"--_Morning Post_.

No. III. THE TEACHING OF HISTORY IN GIRLS' SCHOOLS IN NORTH AND CENTRAL GERMANY. A Report by EVA DODGE, M.A. Gilchrist Student. Pp. x. 149. 1s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 34, 1908.)

"We cordially recommend this most workmanlike, and extremely valuable addition to pedagogic literature."--_Education_.

"Miss Dodge has much of interest to say on the limitations and defects of history-teaching in girls' schools, but the real contribution of this book is its revelation of how the history lesson can be made a living thing."--_Glasgow Herald_.

"Gives a clear and detailed account of two well-organised schemes of historical teaching in Germany."--_School World_.

ENGLISH SERIES

No. I. THE LITERARY PROFESSION IN THE ELIZABETHAN AGE. By PH. SHEAVYN, M.A., D.Lit., Special Lecturer in English Literature and Tutor for Women Students; Warden of the Hall of Residence for Women Students.

A series of brief studies dealing with the conditions amidst which the profession of literature was pursued under Elizabeth and James I. It treats of their relations with patrons, publishers, and reading public, and with various authorities exercising legal control over the press; and discusses the possibility of earning a sufficient livelihood, in this period, by the proceeds of literary work. Pp. xii. 221. 5s. net.

(Publication No. 49, 1909.)

"... scholarly and illuminating book. It opens a new series in the Manchester University publications, and opens it with distinction. A more elaborately documented or more carefully indexed work need not be desired. The subject is an engrossing one; and, although the author has aimed rather at accuracy and completeness than at the arts of entertainment, the result remains eminently readable."--_Manchester Guardian_.

"A really valuable addition to the literature dealing with the period."--_Daily Telegraph_.

"Quite interesting to the general literary reader as well as to the special student for whom, perhaps, it is directly meant. We are always ready to read of the Elizabethan age in authorship, and it loses none of its attractions in Miss Sheavyn's hands."--_Daily Chronicle_.

"A series of studies that will be valuable to everyone interested in the history of literature."--_Daily Mail_.

"She has done her work with remarkable thoroughness, and cast a strong and searching light into many dark corners of the Elizabethan literary world."--_Birmingham Post_.

"A close and scholarly study of an aspect of literature in a period which amply repays investigation.... Dr. Sheavyn is a faithful historian, with a keen sense of the human side of things, and her book is entertaining as well as informative."--_Newcastle Daily Chronicle_.

"Is interesting and valuable."--_Daily News_.

"A notable and interesting volume.... The material has been carefully gathered from a close scrutiny of contemporary literature and literary gossip, and has been admirably handled throughout. There is not a dull chapter in the book."--_The Scotsman_.

HISTORICAL SERIES.

No. I. MEDIÆVAL MANCHESTER AND THE BEGINNINGS OF LANCASHIRE. By JAMES TAIT, M.A., Professor of Ancient and Mediæval History. Demy 8vo, pp. x. 211. 7s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 3, 1904.)

"Patient and enlightened scholarship and a sense of style and proportion have enabled the writer to produce a work at once solid and readable."--_English Historical Review_.

"A welcome addition to the literature of English local history, not merely because it adds much to our knowledge of Manchester and Lancashire, but also because it displays a scientific method of treatment which is rare in this field of study in England."--Dr. Gross in _American Historical Review_.

"La collection ne pouvait débuter plus significativement et plus heureusement que par un ouvrage d'histoire du Moyen Age dû à M. Tait, car l'enseignement mediéviste est un de ceux qui font le plus d'honneur à la jeune Université de Manchester, et c'est à M. le Professeur Tait qu'il faut attribuer une bonne part de ce succès."--_Revue de Synthèse historique_.

No. II. INITIA OPERUM LATINORUM QUAE SAECULIS XIII., XIV., XV. ATTRIBUUNTUR. By A. G. LITTLE, M.A., Lecturer in Palæography. Demy 8vo, pp. xiii. 273 (interleaved). 15s. net. (Publication No. 5, 1904.)

"Whoever has attempted to ascertain the contents of a Mediæval miscellany in manuscript must often have been annoyed by the occurrence of a blank space where the title of the treatise ought to be. Mr. Little has therefore earned the gratitude of all such persons by making public a collection of some 6,000 incipits, which he arranged in the first instance for his private use, in compiling a catalogue of Franciscan MSS."--_English Historical Review_.

No. III. THE OLD COLONIAL SYSTEM. By GERALD BERKELEY HERTZ, M.A., B.C.L., Lecturer in Constitutional Law. Demy 8vo, pp. xi. 232. 5s. net. (Publication No. 7, 1905.)

"Mr. Hertz gives us an elaborate historical study of the old colonial system, which disappeared with the American Revolution.... He shows a remarkable knowledge of contemporary literature, and his book may claim to be a true history of popular opinion."--_Spectator_.

"Mr. Hertz's book is one which no student of imperial developments can neglect. It is lucid, fair, thorough, and convincing."--_Glasgow Herald_.

"Mr. Hertz's 'Old Colonial System' is based on a careful study of contemporary documents, with the result that several points of no small importance are put in a new light ... it is careful, honest work.... The story which he tells has its lesson for us."--_The Times_.

"Both the ordinary reader and the academic mind will get benefit from this well-informed and well-written book."--_Scotsman_.

"Mr. Hertz has made excellent use of contemporary literature, and has given us a very valuable and thorough critique. The book is interesting and very well written."--AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW.

"An interesting, valuable, and very necessary exposition of the principles underlying the colonial policy of the eighteenth century."--_Yorkshire Post_.

"A work embodying much work and research.... Three most impressive chapters should be read by everyone."--_Birmingham Post_.

"Very enlightening."--_American Historical Review_.

"Timely and useful."--_Athenæum_.

No. IV. STUDIES OF ROMAN IMPERIALISM. By W. T. ARNOLD, M.A. Edited by EDWARD FIDDES, M.A., Lecturer in Ancient History, with Memoir of the Author by Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD and C. E. MONTAGUE. With a Photogravure of W. T. Arnold. Demy 8vo, 400 pp. 7s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 16, 1906.)

"Mrs. Humphry Ward has used all her delicate and subtle art to draw a picture of her beloved brother; and his friend Mr. Montague's account of his middle life is also remarkable for its literary excellence."--_Athenæum_.

"The memoir ... tenderly and skilfully written by the 'sister and friend,' tells a story, which well deserved to be told, of a life rich in aspirations, interests, and friendships, and not without its measure of actual achievement."--_Tribune_.

"This geographical sense and his feeling for politics give colour to all he wrote."--_Times_.

"Anyone who desires a general account of the Empire under Augustus which is freshly and clearly written and based on wide reading will find it here."--_Manchester Guardian_.

"Nothing could be better than the sympathetic tribute which Mrs. Humphry Ward pays to her brother, or the analysis of his work and method by his colleague Mr. Montague. The two together have more stuff in them than many big books of recent biography."--_Westminster Gazette_.

The Memoir may be had separately, price 2s. 6d. net.

No. V. CANON PIETRO CASOLA'S PILGRIMAGE TO JERUSALEM IN THE YEAR 1494. By M. M. NEWETT, B.A., formerly Jones Fellow. Demy 8vo, pp. 427. 7s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 26, 1907.)

"Tra mezzo ai tanti libri esteri di semplici divulgazione su fatti e figure della storia italiana, questo emerge piacevalmente e si legge volontieri. E diverso di carattere e di trattazione. Esume ... dalla polvere degli archivi e delle biblioteche qualche cosa che ha un valore fresco ed interessante, un valore storico e un valore umano."--A.A.B. in the _Archivio Storico Italiano_.

"L'introduction se termine par toute une dissertation du plus grand intérêt, documentée à l'aide des archives vénitiennes, sur le caractère commercial des pèlerinages, dont les armateurs de Venise assumèrent, jusqu'au XVIIe siècle l'entreprise."--J.B. in the _Revue de Synthèse historique_.

"Casola's narrative richly deserved the honours of print and translation. The book is a credit to its editor and to the historical school of Manchester University."--_Morning Leader_.

"His narrative is at once simple and dignified in style, convincing and interesting in its pictures of the conditions governing travel by sea and land four centuries ago."--_Daily Telegraph_.

"The book is like a gallery of mediæval paintings, full of movement and colouring, instinct with the vitality of the time."--_Birmingham Post_.

"Miss Newett's introduction is a contribution of considerable value to the history of European commerce."--_Spectator_.

"One of the most comprehensive of the itineraries is that now translated, an important feature of it being its full description of the city of Venice."--_The Times_.

"One of the most delightful narratives that record the impressions of a pious pilgrim."--_Westminster Gazette_.

"The work which Miss Margaret Newett has probably saved from oblivion is as intrinsically interesting as it should prove instructive to the student of history."--_Daily News_.

"Miss Newett's introduction is an admirable bit of work. She has studied carefully what the archives of Venice have to say about pilgrim ships and shipping laws, and her pages are a mine of information on such subjects."--Dr. Thomas Lindsay in the _Scottish Historical Review_.

"This is altogether an exceedingly well-edited book and a distinct credit to the History School of Manchester University."--_Glasgow Herald_.

"This is a deeply interesting record, not merely of a Syrian pilgrimage, but of Mediterranean life and of the experiences of an intelligent Italian gentleman at the close of the Middle Ages--two years after the discovery of America. It would not be easy to find a more graphic picture, in old days, of a voyage from Venice to the Levant."--_American Historical Review_.

"This book breaks new ground and does so in a scholarly and attractive fashion."--_The Standard_.

"With its careful and convincing descriptions of persons and places, of costume and manners, with its ingenuous narrative and its simple reflections, this is a document of great interest."--_The Bookman_.

No. VI. HISTORICAL ESSAYS. Edited by T. F. TOUT, M.A., Professor of Mediæval and Modern History, and JAMES TAIT, M.A., Professor of Ancient and Mediæval History. Demy 8vo, pp. xv. 557. 6s. net. Reissue of the Edition of 1902 with Index and New Preface. (Publication No. 27, 1907.)

"Diese zwanzig chronologisch geordneten Aufsätze heissen in der Vorrede der Herausgeber _Festchrift_, behandeln zur Hälfte ausser-englische Themata, benutzen reichlich festländische Literatur und verraten überall neben weiten Ausblicken eine methodische Schulung die der dortigen Facultät hohe Ehre macht."--Professor Liebermann in _Deutsche Literaturzeitung_.

"Imperial history, local history, ecclesiastical history, economic history and the methods of historical teaching--all these are in one way or another touched upon by scholars who have collaborated in this volume. Men and women alike have devoted their time and pains to working out problems of importance and often of no slight difficulty. The result is one of which the university and city may be justly proud."--The late Professor York Powell in the _Manchester Guardian_.

"Esso contiene venti lavori storici dettati, quattro da professori e sedici da licenziati del Collegio, e sono tutto scritti appositamente e condotti secondo le più rigorose norme della critica e su documenti."--R. Predelli in _Nuovo Archivio Veneto_.

"La variété des sujets et l'érudition avec laquelle ils sont traités font grand honneur à la manière dont l'histoire est enseigné à Owens College."--_Revue Historique_.

"No one who reads these essays will do so without acknowledging their ability, both in originality and research. They deal with historic subjects from the beginnings of Cæsar-worship to the detention of Napoleon at St. Helena, and they deal with them in a thoroughgoing fashion."--_Guardian_.

"Par nature, c'est un recueil savant, qui témoigne du respect et de l'émulation que sait exercer pour les études historiques la jeune et déjà célèbre université."--_Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique_ (Louvain).

"All these essays reach a high level; they avoid the besetting sin of most of our present historical writing, which consists of serving up a hash of what other historians have written flavoured with an original spice of error.... They are all based on original research and written by specialists."--Professor A. F. Pollard in the _English Historical Review_.

"Sie bilden einen schönen Beweis fur die rationelle Art, mit der dort dieses Studium betrieben wird."--Professor O. Weber in _Historische Zeitschrift_.

The Index can be purchased separately, price 6d.

No. VII. STUDIES SUPPLEMENTARY TO STUBBS' CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY. Vol. i. By CH. PETIT-DUTAILLIS, Litt. D., rector of the University of Grenoble. Translated from the French by W. E. RHODES, M.A., and edited by Prof. JAMES TAIT, M.A. Pp. xiv. 152. 4s. net. (Publication No. 38 1908.)

This work consists of the translation of the studies and notes appended by Prof. Petit-Dutaillis to his translation into French of the first volume of Stubbs' _Constitutional History of England_. It is believed that they will present to English students and teachers a summary of the results of recent historical research so far as they throw light upon or modify the conclusions expressed thirty years ago by the late Bishop Stubbs.

"Nowhere else can the student find brought together the modern criticisms of Stubbs, and it is a great convenience to possess them in this slight volume."--_Morning Post_.

"In its French dress Professor Petit-Dutaillis' book has already received a warm welcome, and this excellent translation will furnish English teachers and students with just the kind of guidance they require in making use of a standard text-book which is still absolutely indispensable, and yet needs to be corrected at some important points."--_Glasgow Herald_.

"The volume will be virtually indispensable to teachers and students of history."--_Athenæum_.

"This task has been carefully and well performed, under the supervision of Professor Tait, who has written a short but adequate introduction. This little book, ought, without delay, to be added to every public or private library that contains a copy of the classic work to which it forms an indispensable supplement."--Dr. W. S. McKechnie in the _Scottish Historical Review_.

"These supplementary studies impress one as a discreet and learned attempt to safeguard a public, which is likely to learn all that it will know of a great subject from a single book, against the shortcomings of that book."--Professor A. B. White in the _American Historical Review_.

"C'est un complément indispensable de l'ouvrage de Stubbs, et l'on saura gré à l'Université de Manchester d'avoir pris l'initiative de cette publication."--M. Charles Bémont in _Revue Historique_.

"Ce sont des modèles de critique ingénieuse et sobre, une mise au point remarquable des questions les plus importantes traitées jadis par Stubbs."--M. Louis Halphen in _Revue de Synthèse historique_.

"Zu der englischen Übersetzung dieser Excurse, durch einen verdienten jüngeren Historiker, die durchaus leicht wie Originalstil fliesst, hat Tait die Vorrede geliefert und manche Note, die noch die Literatur von 1908 berücksichtigt. Die historische Schule der Universität Manchester, an Rührigkeit und strenger Methode von keiner in England übertroffen, bietet mit der Veröffentlichung der werthvollen Arbeit des Franzosen ein treffliches Lehrmittel.--Professor F. Liebermann, in _Deutsche Literatur Zeitung_.

No. VIII. MALARIA AND GREEK HISTORY. By W. H. S. JONES, M.A. To which is added the History of Greek Therapeutics and the Malaria Theory by E. T. WITHINGTON, M.A., M.B. 5s. net. (Publication No. 43, 1909.)

"A valuable instance of the profit that the present age may reap from the careful study of the past."--_The Scotsman_.

"Mr. W. H. S. Jones is to be congratulated on the success with which he has conducted what may be described as a pioneering expedition into a practically unexplored field of history ... the publishers are to be congratulated on the admirable way in which the book has been turned out--a joy to handle and to read."--_Manchester Guardian_.

"This interesting volume is an endeavour to show that the decline of the Greeks as a people for several centuries before and after the Christian era was largely due to the prevalence of malaria in its various forms."--_Glasgow Herald_.

"[The author] ... has amassed a considerable store of valuable information from the Greek classics and other sources which will prove extremely useful to all who are interested in his theory."--_Birmingham Daily Post_.

No. IX. HANES GRUFFYDD AP CYNAN. The Welsh text with translation, introduction, and notes by ARTHUR JONES, M.A., Jones Fellow in History. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii. 204. 6s. net. (Publication No. 50, 1910.)

MEDICAL SERIES.

No. I. SKETCHES OF THE LIVES AND WORK OF THE HONORARY MEDICAL STAFF OF THE ROYAL INFIRMARY. From its foundation in 1752 to 1830, when it became the Royal Infirmary. By EDWARD MANSFIELD BROCKBANK, M.D., M.R.C.P. Crown 4to. (illustrated). Pp. vii. 311. 15s. net. (Publication No. 1, 1904.)

"Dr. Brockbank's is a book of varied interest. It also deserves a welcome as one of the earliest of the 'Publications of the University of Manchester.'"--_Manchester Guardian_.

"We have a valuable contribution to local Medical Literature."--_Daily Dispatch_.

No. II. PRACTICAL PRESCRIBING AND DISPENSING. For Medical Students. By WILLIAM KIRKBY, sometime Lecturer in Pharmacognosy in the Owens College, Manchester. Crown 8vo, 220 pp. 5s. net. (Publication No. 2, 1904, Second edition, 1906.)

"The whole of the matter bears the impress of that technical skill and thoroughness with which Mr. Kirkby's name must invariably be associated, and the book must be welcomed as one of the most useful recent additions to the working library of prescribers and dispensers."--_Pharmaceutical Journal_.

"Thoroughly practical text-books on the subject are so rare, that we welcome with pleasure Mr. William Kirkby's 'Practical Prescribing and Dispensing.' The book is written by a pharmacist expressly for medical students, and the author has been most happy in conceiving its scope and arrangement."--_British Medical Journal_.

"The work appears to be peculiarly free from blemishes and particularly full in practical detail. It is manifestly the work of one who is a skilled chemist, and an expert pharmacist, and who knows not only the requirements of the modern student but the best way in which his needs may be met."--_Medical Press_.

"This is a very sensible and useful manual."--_The Hospital_.

"The book will be found very useful to any students during a course of practical dispensing."--_St Bartholomew's Hospital Journal_.

"The book is a model, being tutorial from beginning to end."--_The Chemist and Druggist_.

No. III. HANDBOOK OF SURGICAL ANATOMY. By G. A. WRIGHT, B.A., M.B. (Oxon.) F.R.C.S., Professor of Systematic Surgery, and C. H. PRESTON, M.D., F.R.C.S., L.D.S., Lecturer on Dental Anatomy; Assistant Dental Surgeon to the Victoria Dental Hospital of Manchester. Crown 8vo, pp. ix. 205. Second edition. 5s. net. (Publication No. 6, 1905.)

"We can heartily recommend the volume to students, and especially to those preparing for a final examination in surgery."--_Hospital_.

"Dr. Wright and Dr. Preston have produced a concise and very readable little handbook of surgical applied anatomy.... The subject matter of the book is well arranged and the marginal notes in bold type facilitate reference to any desired point."--_Lancet_.

No. IV. A COURSE OF INSTRUCTION IN OPERATIVE SURGERY in the University of Manchester. By WILLIAM THORBURN, M.D., B.S. (Lond.), F.R.C.S., Lecturer in Operative Surgery. Crown 8vo, pp. 75. 2s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 11, 1906.)

"This little book gives the junior student all that he wants, and nothing that he does not want. Its size is handy, and altogether for its purpose it is excellent."--_University Review_.

"As a working guide it is excellent."--_Edinburgh Medical Journal_.

No. V. A HANDBOOK OF LEGAL MEDICINE. By W. SELLERS, M.D. (London), of the Middle Temple, and Northern Circuit, Barrister-at-law. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, pp. vii. 233. 7s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 14, 1906.)

"This is quite one of the best books of the kind we have come across."--_Law Times_.

No. VI. A CATALOGUE OF THE PATHOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER. Edited by J. LORRAIN SMITH, M.A., M.D. (Edin.), Professor of Pathology. Crown 4to, 1260 pp. 7s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 15, 1906.)

"The catalogue compares very favourably with others of a similar character, and, apart from its value for teaching purposes in an important medical school such as that of the University of Manchester, it is capable of being of great assistance to others as a work of reference."--_Edinburgh Medical Journal_.

"In conclusion we need only say that Professor Lorrain Smith has performed the most essential part of his task--the description of the specimens--excellently and an honourable mention must be made of the book as a publication."--_British Medical Journal_.

No. VII. HANDBOOK OF DISEASES OF THE HEART. By GRAHAM STEELL, M.D., F.R.C.P., Professor of Medicine, and Physician to the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Crown 8vo, pp. xii. 389, 11 plates (5 in colours), and 100 illustrations in the text. 7s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 20, 1906.)

"It more truly reflects modern ideas of heart disease than any book we are acquainted with, and therefore may be heartily recommended to our readers."--_Treatment_.

"We regard this volume as an extremely useful guide to the study of diseases of the heart, and consider that no better introduction to the subject could possibly have been written."--_Medical Times and Hospital Gazette_.

"We can cordially recommend Dr. Steell's book as giving an excellent and thoroughly practical account of the subject of which it treats."--_Edinburgh Medical Review_.

No. VIII. JULIUS DRESCHFELD. IN MEMORIAM. Medical Studies by his colleagues and pupils at the Manchester University and the Royal Infirmary. Imperial 8vo. 10s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 35, 1908.)

"A worthy memorial of one who left no small mark upon the study of clinical pathology in this country."--_British Medical Journal_.

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"The editor, Dr. Brockbank, can be congratulated upon editing a volume that will fitly perpetuate the memory of his eminent colleague."--_Medical Review_.

No. IX. HANDBOOK OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. By R. W. MARSDEN, M.D. Pp. vi. 296. 5s. net. (Publication No. 39, 1908.)

"This book aims at giving a practical account of the various infectious diseases, suitable for ready reference in everyday work, and the author has, on the whole, succeeded admirably in his attempt."--_The Lancet_.

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"The subject matter is well arranged and easy of reference."--_The Medical Officer_.

No. X. LECTURES ON THE PATHOLOGY OF CANCER. By CHARLES POWELL WHITE, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S. Imperial 8vo PP. 83, 33 Plates. 3s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 42, 1908.)

"The volume is a model of scientific self-restraint. In four chapters the author covers in simple language much that is of main interest in the present phase of investigation of cancer....

"The volume ... is well illustrated with statistical charts and photomicrographs, and its perusal must prove profitable to all who wish to be brought up-to-date in the biology of cancer."--_Nature_.

"Full of scholarly information and illustrated with a number of excellent black-and-white plates."--_Medical Press_.

"These lectures give a short résumé of recent work on the subject in an easily assimilable form."--_St. Bartholomew's Hospital Journal_.

No. XI. SEMMELWEIS: HIS LIFE AND HIS DOCTRINE. A chapter in the history of Medicine. By Sir WILLIAM J. SINCLAIR, M.A., M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Gynæcology in the University of Manchester. Imperial 8vo, pp. x. 369, 2 plates. 7s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 46, 1909.)

No. XII. MODERN PROBLEMS IN PSYCHIATRY. By E. LUCARO, Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases in the University of Modena. Translated from the Italian by DAVID ORR, M.D., Assistant Medical Officer and Pathologist to the County Asylum, Prestwich; and R. G. ROWS, M.D., Assistant Medical Officer and Pathologist to the County Asylum, Lancaster. With an introduction by T. S. CLOUSTON, M.D., Physician Superintendent, Royal Asylum, Morningside, and Lecturer on Mental Diseases in Edinburgh University. Imperial 8vo, pp. viii, 305, 8 plates. 7s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 47, 1909.)

Deals with the problems met with in studying the causation of insanity. These problems are discussed under the headings of psychological, anatomical, pathogenetic, etiological, nosological, social and practical. There are 13 illustrations in the anatomical section.

PHYSICAL SERIES.

No. I. THE PHYSICAL LABORATORIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER. A record of 25 years' work. Demy 8vo, pp. 142, 10 Plates, 4 Plans. 5s. net. (Publication No. 13, 1906.)

This volume contains an illustrated description of the Physical, Electrical Engineering, and Electro-Chemistry Laboratories of the Manchester University, also a complete Biographical and Bibliographical Record of those who have worked in the Physics Department of the University during the past 25 years.

"The book is excellently got up, and contains a description of the department of physics and its equipment, a short biographical sketch of the Professor with a list of his scientific writings and a well-executed portrait and a record of the career of students and others who have passed through Dr. Schuster's hands. Alumni of Owens will welcome the volume as an interesting link with their alma mater."--_Glasgow Herald_.

"This interesting and valuable contribution to the history of the Manchester University also contains several illustrations, and forms the first of the 'physical series' of the publications of the University of Manchester."--_The Times_.

"A record of achievement of which no man need be ashamed."--_Westminster Gazette_.

"It is a memorial of which any man would be justly proud, and the University of which he is both an alumnus and a professor may well share that pride."--_Manchester Guardian_.

PUBLIC HEALTH SERIES.

No. I. ARCHIVES OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER. Edited by A. SHERIDAN DELÉPINE, M.Sc., M.B., Ch. M., Director of the Laboratory and Proctor Professor of Comparative Pathology and Bacteriology. Crown 4to. pp. iv. 451. £1. 1s. net. (Publication No. 12, 1906.)

"The University of Manchester has taken the important and highly commendable step of commencing the publication of the archives of its Public Health Laboratory, and has issued, under the able and judicious editorship of Professor Sheridan Delépine, the first volume of a series that promises to be of no small interest and value alike to members of the medical profession and to those of the laity.... Original communications bearing upon diseases which are prevalent in the districts surrounding Manchester, or dealing with food- and water-supplies, air, disposal of refuse, sterilisation and disinfection and kindred subjects, will be published in future volumes; and it is manifest that these, as they successively appear, will form a constantly increasing body of trustworthy information upon subjects which are not only of the highest interest to the profession but of supreme importance to the public."--_The Lancet_.

"It is safe to say that as these volumes accumulate they will form one of the most important works of reference on questions of public health, and ought, at all events, to be in the library of every public authority."--_Manchester Guardian_.

THEOLOGICAL SERIES.

No. I. INAUGURAL LECTURES delivered during the Session 1904-5, by the Professors and Lecturers of the Faculty of Theology, viz.:--

Prof. T. F. Tout, M.A.; Prof. A. S. Peake, B.D.; Prof. H. W. Hogg, M.A.; Prof. T. W. Rhys Davids, LL.D.; Rev. W. F. Adeney, D.D.; Rev. A. Gordon, M.A.; Rev. L. Hassé, B.D.; Rev. Canon E. L. Hicks, M.A.; Rev. H. D. Lockett, M.A.; Rev. R. Mackintosh, D.D.; Rev. J. T. Marshall, D.D.; Rev. J. H. Moulton, D.Litt.

Edited by A. S. PEAKE, B.D., Dean of the Faculty.

Demy 8vo, pp. xi. 296. 7s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 9, 1905.)

"The lectures, while scholarly, are at the same time popular, and will be found interesting and instructive by those who are not theologians.... The entire series is excellent, and the volume deserves a wide circulation."--_Scotsman_.

"This is a very welcome volume.... All these lectures were delivered to popular audiences, yet they are far from superficial, and will be found of great value to busy pastors and teachers."--_Christian World_.

"The lectures themselves give a valuable conspectus of the present position of Theological research.... They are, of course, not addressed to experts, but they are exceedingly valuable, even when allowance is made for their more or less popular form."--_Examiner_.

"The whole volume forms a very important and valuable contribution to the cause of Theological learning."--_Record_.

"This is a most interesting and valuable book, the appearance of which at the present moment is singularly significant.... But it is impossible in a brief review to indicate all the treasures of this rich volume, to read which carefully is to be introduced to the varied wealth of modern Biblical scholarship."--_Baptist_.

"The writers of these lectures do not attempt to offer more than samples of their wares: but what is given is good, and it may be seen that theology without tests is destitute neither of scientific value nor of human interests."--_Athenæum_.

LECTURES.

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THE REGISTER OF GRADUATES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER UP TO JULY 1908. 2s. 6d. net, cloth 3s. 6d. net. (Publication No. 36.)

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The following are in preparation and will be issued shortly:--

Celtic Series.

A GLOSSARY TO THE BLACK BOOK OF CHIRK MANUSCRIPT OF THE WELSH LAWS. By TIMOTHY LEWIS, B.A. Demy 8vo.

This will include a complete glossary to the oldest copy of the "Laws of Howel Dda," contained in the "Black Book of Chirk," and will be based on the photographic facsimile of that manuscript which is about to be published by Dr. J. Gwenogvryn Evans in his collection of Welsh texts. [_In Preparation_.

THE LANGUAGE OF THE ANNALS OF ULSTER. By TOMÁS O'MÁILLE, M.A. Demy 8vo.

The objects of this dissertation are firstly to investigate the date at which certain old-Irish phonological developments took place, and secondly to give an account of old-Irish declension as evidenced by the language of the Annals of Ulster. An Appendix on the analysis of Irish personal names is appended. [_In the Press_.

Economic Series.

THE COTTON INDUSTRY IN SWITZERLAND, VORARLBERG, AND ITALY. A Technical and Economic Study. By S. L. BESSO. Demy 8vo. [_In the Press_.

Historical Series.

THE CIVIL WAR IN LANCASHIRE. By ERNEST BROXAP. Demy 8vo. [_In the Press_.

THE CROMWELLIAN CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT OF IRELAND. By ROBERT DUNLOP, M.A., formerly Berkeley Fellow. Demy 8vo.

This work will consist of a series of unpublished documents relating to the History of Ireland from 1651 to 1659, arranged, modernized, and edited, with introduction, notes, etc., by Mr. DUNLOP. [_In Preparation_.

Medical Series.

DISEASES OF THE EAR. By W. MILLIGAN, M.D., Lecturer on Diseases of the Ear and Nasal Surgeon to the Manchester Royal Infirmary. [_In Preparation_.

DISEASES OF THE EYE. By C. E. GLASCOTT, M.D., Lecturer on Ophthalmology, and A. HILL GRIFFITH, M.D., Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Manchester Royal Infirmary. [_In Preparation_.

Biological Series.

THE HOUSE FLY. _Musca domestica_ (Linnæus). A Study of its Structure, Development, Bionomics and Economy. By C. GORDON HEWITT, D.Sc., Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada, and late Lecturer in Economic Zoology in the University of Manchester. [_In the Press_.

Publications of the John Rylands Library issued at the University Press.

CATALOGUE OF THE PRINTED BOOKS IN THE JOHN RYLANDS LIBRARY (1899). 3 vols., 4to. 31/6 _net_.

CATALOGUE OF BOOKS PRINTED IN ENGLAND, SCOTLAND AND IRELAND, and of Books printed abroad, to the end of 1640 (1895). 4to, pp. iii, 147. 10/6 _net_.

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Full bibliographical descriptions are given of the _editiones principes_ of the fifty principal Greek and Latin writers. Of the first printed Greek classic the only known copy is described.

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The first catalogue of its kind to be issued either in this country or abroad.

CATALOGUE OF THE COPTIC MANUSCRIPTS IN THE JOHN RYLANDS LIBRARY. By W. E. CRUM (1909). 4to, pp. xii, 273. 12 plates of facsimiles. 1 guinea _net_.

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CATALOGUE OF THE DEMOTIC PAPYRI IN THE JOHN RYLANDS LIBRARY. With facsimiles and complete translations. By F. LI. Griffith (1909). 3 vols. 4to.

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Transcriber's notes:

The following is a list of changes made to the original. The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.

been seized, could be asked to stay to dinner. While been seized, could not be asked to stay to dinner. While

see that the Souldiers did their duty.[64] see that the Souldiers did their duty."[64]

[56] "Sutherland MSS." Hist. MSS. Com.," Vol. 5, p. 347. "Lancs. [56] "Sutherland MSS." "Hist. MSS. Com.," Vol. 5, p. 347. "Lancs.

main guard was at Canstfield, which is only half a mile main guard was at Cantsfield, which is only half a mile

[118] "Discourse, p. 41. "A True Relation of the great victory, etc." [118] "Discourse," p. 41. "A True Relation of the great victory, etc."

underrated the difficulty of their task, not decause they underrated the difficulty of their task, not because they

Chisendale. The royalists declared that they had spiked Chisenhale. The royalists declared that they had spiked

p. 95. Ramsay Muir, "History of Liverpool (1907), chap. 9, p. 16. p. 95. Ramsay Muir, "History of Liverpool" (1907), chap. 9, p. 16.

Callender's letter is given in "Portland MSS.," Vol. 1, pp. 223, 224. Callander's letter is given in "Portland MSS.," Vol. 1, pp. 223, 224.

[175] The above quetation is given in "C.W.T.," p. 211; but other [175] The above quotation is given in "C.W.T.," p. 211; but other

not be long delayed. "'This (however strange reports not be long delayed. "This (however strange reports

Rigby became Lieutenant-Colonel, and there one or two Rigby became Lieutenant-Colonel, and there were one or two

about 16,000 men, 'I daresay near double the number of about 16,000 men, "I daresay near double the number of

through the streets and town. The route was complete; through the streets and town. The rout was complete;

which are only obvious to such as be upon the place.[241] which are only obvious to such as be upon the place."[241]

cast himself himself entirely on the Parliament's mercy, cast himself entirely on the Parliament's mercy,

both sides, I never was witness of before. That night both sides, I never was witness of before." That night

to death." ("Clarendon," Macray, Vol. 5, p. 184 (bk. 13, par. 68). to death." ("Clarendon," Macray, Vol. 5, p. 184, bk. 13, par. 68).