ii. 196

Shamash, the Assyrian sun-god, ii. 80 _n._ 3

Shanga, city in East Africa, ii. 314

Shawnee prophet, ii. 157

Sheaf, the last cut at harvest, the Yule log wrapt up in, i. 248; reapers blindfold throw sickles at the, ii. 279 _n._ 4

Sheaves of wheat or barley burnt in Midsummer fires, i. 215

Sheep made to tread embers of extinct Midsummer fires, i. 182; driven over ashes of Midsummer fires, 192; burnt to stop disease in the flock, 301; burnt alive as a sacrifice in the Isle of Man, 306; witch in shape of a black, 316; driven through fire, ii. 11 _sqq._; omens drawn from the intestines of, 13; passed through a hole in a rock to rid them of disease, 189 _sq._

Shells used in ritual of death and resurrection, ii. 267 _n._ 2, 269

Sherbro, Sierra Leone, secret society in the, ii. 259 _sqq._

Shirley Heath, cleft ash-tree at, ii. 168

Shirt, wet, divination by, i. 236, 241

Shoe, divination by thrown, i. 236

Shoes of boar’s skin worn by king at inauguration, i. 4; magical plants at Midsummer put in, ii. 54, 60, 65

Shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, ii. 291

—— at witches in the clouds, i. 345

“Shot-a-dead” by fairies, i. 303

Shropshire, the Yule log in, i. 257; fear of witchcraft in, 342 _n._ 4; the oak thought to bloom on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 292, 293

Shrove Tuesday, effigies burnt on, i. 120; straw-man burnt on, ii. 22; wicker giants on, 35; cats burnt alive on, 40; the divining-rod cut on, 68; custom of striking a hen dead on, 279 _n._

Shuswap Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 53 _sq._; girls at puberty forbidden to eat anything that bleeds, 94; fence themselves with thorn bushes against ghosts, ii. 174 _n._ 2; personal totems among the, 276 _n._ 1; their belief as to trees struck by lightning, 297 _n._ 3

Siam, king of, not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 3; tree-spirit in serpent form in, ii. 44 _n._ 1

Siamese, their explanation of a first menstruation, i. 24; their story of the external soul, ii. 102

Siberia, marriage custom in, i. 75; external souls of shamans in, ii. 196 _sq._

Sibyl, the Norse, her prophecy, i. 102 _sq._

Sibyl’s wish, the, i. 99

Sicily, Midsummer fires in, i. 210; St. John’s Day (Midsummer Day) regarded as dangerous and unlucky in, ii. 29; bathing at Midsummer in, 29; St. John’s wort in, 55

Sickness, bonfires a protection against, i. 108, 109; transferred to animal, ii. 181

Sieg, the Yule log in the valley of the, i. 248

Siena, the, of the Ivory Coast, their totemism, ii. 220 _n._ 2

Sierck, town on the Moselle, i. 164

Sierra Leone, birth-trees in, ii. 160; secret society in, 260 _sq._

Sieve, divination by, i. 236

Sikkhim, custom after a funeral in, ii. 18

Silence compulsory on girls at puberty, i. 29, 57; in ritual, 123, 124, ii. 63, 67, 171, 184

Silesia, Spachendorf in, i. 119; fires to burn the witches in, 160; Midsummer fires in, 170 _sq._, 175; need-fire in, 278; witches as cats in, 319 _sq._; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 53

Silius Italicus, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14 _n._ 3

Sill of door, unlucky children passed under the, ii. 190

Silver sixpence or button used to shoot witches with, i. 316

Silvia and Mars, story of, ii. 102

Simeon, prince of Bulgaria, his life bound up with the capital of a column, ii. 156 _sq._

Simla, i. 12

Simurgh and Rustem, i. 104

Sin-offering, i. 82

Singhalese, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 69

Singleton, Miss A. H., ii. 192 _n._ 1

Siouan tribes of North America, names of clans not used in ordinary conversation among the, ii. 224 _n._ 2

Sioux or Dacotas, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268 _sq._

Sipi in Northern India, i. 12

Sirius, how the Bushmen warm up the star, i. 332 _sq._

Sister’s Beam (_Sororium tigillum_) at Rome, ii. 194, 195 _n._ 4

Sisyphus, the stone of, i. 298

Sixpence, silver, witches shot with a, i. 316

Sixth day of the moon, mistletoe cut on the, ii. 77

Sixty years, cycles of, ii. 77 _n._ 1

Skin disease, traditional cure of, in India, ii. 192; leaping over ashes of fire as remedy for, 2

Sky, girls at puberty not allowed to look at the, i. 43, 45, 46, 69

Skye, island of, i. 289; the need-fire in, 148

Slane, the hill of, i. 158

Slave Coast, custom of widows on the, ii. 18 _sq._; use of bull-roarers on the, 229 _n._

Slavonia, the Yule log in, i. 262 _sq._; need-fire in, 282

Slavonian (South) peasants, the measures they take to bring down witches from the clouds, i. 345

Slavonic peoples, need-fire among, i. 280 _sqq._, 344

—— stories of the external soul, ii. 108 _sqq._

Slavs, the oak a sacred tree among the, ii. 89; oak wood used to kindle sacred fires among the, 91

——, the South, Midsummer fires among the, i. 178; the Yule log among the, 247, 258 _sqq._; divination from flowers at Midsummer among the, ii. 50; their belief in the activity of witches at Midsummer, 74 _sq._; need-fire sometimes kindled by the friction of oak-wood among the, 91

Sleep, magic, at initiation, ii. 256 _sq._

Sligo, the Druids’ Hill in County, i. 229

Slope of Big Stones in Harris, i. 227

Slovenians, their belief in the activity of witches on Midsummer Eve, ii. 75

Smith, a spectral, i. 136

Smoke made in imitation of rain-clouds, i. 133; used to stupefy witches in the clouds, 345; used to fumigate sheep and cattle, ii. 12, 13

—— of bonfires, omens drawn from the, i. 116, 131, 337; intended to drive away dragons, 161; allowed to pass over corn, 201, 337

—— of Midsummer bonfires a preservative against ills, i. 188; a protection against disease, 192; beneficial effects of, 214 _sq._

—— of Midsummer herbs a protection against thunder and lightning, ii. 48; used to fumigate cattle, 53

—— of need-fire used to fumigate fruit-trees, nets, and cattle, i. 280

Smyth, R. Brough, on menstruous women in Australia, i. 13

Snake said to wound a girl at puberty, i. 56; seven-headed, external soul of witch in a, ii. 144; external soul of medicine-man in, 199. _See also_ Serpent

—— Stones, superstitions as to, i. 15 _sq._; belief of the Scottish Highlanders concerning, ii. 311

Snakes, fat of, i. 14; thought to congregate on Midsummer Eve or the Eve of May Day, 15 _sq._; charm against, 17; spirits of plants and trees in the form of, ii. 44 _n._; sympathetically related to human beings, 209 _sq._

Snow, external soul of a king in, ii. 102

Societies, secret, and clans, totemic, related to each other, ii. 272 _sq._

Sodewa Bai and the golden necklace, story of, ii. 99 _sq._

Soemara, in Celebes, were-wolf at, i. 312

Sofala in East Africa, i. 135 _n._ 2

Sogamoso, heir to the throne of, not allowed to see the sun, i. 19

Sogne Fiord in Norway, Balder’s Grove on the, i. 104, ii. 315

Solar festival in spring, ii. 3

—— theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, i. 329, 331 _sqq._, ii. 15 _sq._, 72

Solstice, the summer, new fire kindled at the, i. 132, 133; its importance for primitive man, 160 _sq._

——, the winter, celebrated as the Birthday of the Sun, i. 246; Persian festival of fire at the, 269

Solstices, the old pagan festivals of the two, consecrated as the birthdays of Christ and St. John the Baptist, i. 181 _sq._; festivals of fire at the, 246, 247, 331 _sq._; fern-seed gathered at the, ii. 290 _sq._; mistletoe gathered at the, 291 _sq._

Solstitial fires perhaps sun-charms, ii. 292

Soma, Hindoo deity, i. 99 _n._ 2

Somme, the river, i. 113; the department of, mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. 58

Somersetshire, Midsummer fires in, i. 199

Sonnerat, French traveller, on the fire-walk in India, ii. 6 _sqq._

Soosoos of Senegambia, their secret society, ii. 261 _sq._

Soracte, fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani on Mount, ii. 14 _sq._; the Soranian Wolves at, 91 _n._ 7

“Soranian Wolves” (_Hirpi Sorani_), ii. 14; at Soracte, 91 _n._ 1

Soranus, Italian god, ii. 14, 15 _n._ 1, 16

Sorcerers, Midsummer herbs a protection against, ii. 45; detected by St. John’s wort, 55; detected by fern root, 67

Sorcery, pointing sticks or bones in, i. 14; bonfires a protection against, 156; sprigs of mullein protect cattle against, 190; mistletoe a protection against, ii. 85; savage dread of, 224 _sq._ _See also_ Witchcraft

—— and witchcraft, Midsummer plants and flowers a protection against, ii. 45, 46, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72

Sorcha, the King of, in a Celtic tale, ii. 127 _sq._

Soul, the notion of, a quasi-scientific hypothesis, ii. 221; the unity and indivisibility of the, a theological dogma, 221

—— of chief in sacred grove, ii. 161

Soul of child deposited in a coco-nut, ii. 154 _sq._; deposited in a bag, 155; bound up with knife, 157

—— of iron, ii. 154

—— of ruptured person passes into cleft oak-tree, ii. 172

—— of woman at childbirth deposited in a chopping-knife, ii. 153 _sq._

—— the external, in folk-tales, ii. 95 _sqq._; in parrot, 97 _sq._; in bird, 98 _sq._; in necklace, 99 _sq._; in a fish, 99 _sq._, 122 _sq._; in cock, pigeon, starling, spinning-wheel, pillar, 100 _sq._; in a bee, 101; in a lemon, 102; in a tree, 102; in a barley plant, 102; in a box, 102, 117, 143 _n._ 4, 149; in a firebrand, 103; in hair, 103 _sq._; in snow, 103 _sq._; in two or three doves, 104; in a ten-headed serpent, 104 _sq._; in a pumpkin, 105; in a spear, 105; in a dragon, 105; in a gem, 105 _sq._; in an egg, 107, 125, 127, 140 _sq._; in a duck’s egg, 109 _sq._, 115 _sq._, 116, 119 _sq._, 120, 126, 130, 132; in a blue rose-tree, 110; in a bird, 111, 119, 142, 150; in a pigeon, 112 _sq._; in a light, 116; in a flower, 117 _sq._; in grain of sand, 120; in a stone, 125 _n._ 1, 156; in a thorn, 129; in a gem, 130; in a pigeon’s egg, 132, 139; in a dove’s egg, 133; in a box-tree, 133; in the flower of the acacia, 135 _sq._; in a sparrow, 137; in a beetle, 138, 140; in a bottle, 138; in a golden cock-chafer, 140; in a dish, 141 _sq._; in a precious stone, 142; in a bag, 142; in a white herb, 143; in a wasp, 143 _sq._; in a twelve-headed serpent, 143; in a golden ring, 143; in seven little birds, 144; in a seven-headed snake, 144; in a quail, 144 _sq._; in a vase, 145 _sq._; in a golden sword and a golden arrow, 145; in entrails, 147 _sq._; in a golden fish, 147 _sq._, 220; in a hair as hard as copper, 148; in a cat, 150 _sq._; in a bear, 151; in a buffalo, 151; in inanimate things, 153 _sqq._; in a hemlock branch, 152; in folk-custom, 153 _sqq._; in a mountain scaur, 156; in ox-horns, 156; in roof of house, 156; in a tree, 156; in a spring of water, 156; in capital of column, 156 _sq._; in a portrait statue, 157; in plants, 159 _sqq._; in animals, 196 _sqq._; of shaman or medicine-man in animal, 196, 199; kept in totem, 220 _sqq._

—— -boxes, amulets as, ii. 155

—— -stones, ii. 156

—— -stuff of ghosts, ii. 182

Soulless King, whose soul was in a duck’s egg, Lithuanian story of the, ii. 113 _sqq._

Souls of dead sit round the Midsummer fire, i. 183, 184; of people at a house-warming collected in a bag, ii. 153; male and female, in Chinese philosophy, 221; the plurality of, 221 _sq._; human, transmigrate into their totemic animals, 223

Sow, the cropped black, at Hallowe’en, i. 239, 240

Sower, the Wicked, driving away, i. 107, 118

Sowerby, James, on mouse-ear hawk-weed, ii. 57; on orpine, 61 _n._ 4; on yellow hoary mullein, 64; on the Golden Bough, 284 _n._ 3; on mistletoe, 316 _n._ 5

Sowing hemp seed, divination by, i. 235

Spachendorf, in Silesia, effigy burnt at, i. 119

Spae-wives and Gestr, Icelandic story of the, ii. 125 _sq._

Spain, Midsummer fires and customs in, i. 208; bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29; vervain gathered at Midsummer in, 62

Spark Sunday in Switzerland, i. 118

Sparks of Yule log prognosticate chickens, lambs, foals, calves, etc., i. 251, 262, 263, 264

Sparrow, external soul of a jinnee in a, ii. 137

Spear used to help women in hard labour, i. 14; external soul in a, ii. 105

Speicher, in the Eifel, St. John’s fires at, i. 169

Spell recited at kindling need-fire, i. 290; of witchcraft broken by suffering, 304

Spells cast on cattle, i. 301, 302; cast by witches on union of man and wife, 346

Spencer (B.) and Gillen (F. J.) on initiation of medicine-man, ii. 238

Spinning-wheel, external soul of ogress in a, ii. 100

Spirit or god of vegetation, effigies of, burnt in spring, ii. 21 _sq._; reasons for burning, 23; leaf-clad representative of, burnt, 25

Spirits of the hills, their treasures, ii. 69

—— of plants and trees in the form of snakes, ii. 44 _n._ 1

—— of water propitiated at Midsummer, ii. 31

Spree, the river, requires its human victim on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Spreewald, the Wends of the, ii. 48

Sprenger, the inquisitor, ii. 158

Spring of water, external soul in a, ii. 156

Springs, underground, detected by divining-rod, ii. 67 _sq._

Springwort, mythical plant, procured at Midsummer, ii. 69 _sqq._; reveals treasures, opens all locks, and makes the bearer invisible and invulnerable, 69 _sq._

Sproat, G. M., on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 43 _sq._

Spruce trees free from mistletoe, ii. 315

Squeals of pigs necessary for fruitfulness of mangoes, i. 9

Squirrels burnt in the Easter bonfires, i. 142, ii. 40

Stabbing a transformed witch or werewolf in order to compel him or her to reveal himself or herself, i. 315

Staffordshire, the Yule log in, i. 256

Stamfordham, in Northumberland, need-fire at, i. 288 _sq._

Starling, external soul of ogress in a, ii. 100

Stebbing, E. B., on _Loranthus vestitus_ in India, ii. 317 _n._ 2

Steinen, Professor K. von den, on the bull-roarer, ii. 233 _n._ 2

_Stelis_, a kind of mistletoe, ii. 317, 318

Sterile beasts passed through Midsummer fires, i. 203, 338

Sternberg, in Mecklenburg, need-fire at, i. 274

Stewart, Jonet, a wise woman, ii. 184

Stewart, W. Grant, on witchcraft, i. 342 _n._ 4

Stheni, near Delphi, ii. 317

Sticks, charred, of bonfires, protect fields against hail, i. 144

——, charred, of Candlemas bonfires, superstitious uses of, i. 131

——, charred, of Easter fire, superstitious uses of, i. 121; preserve wheat from blight and mildew, 143

——, charred, of Midsummer bonfires, planted in the fields, i. 165, 166, 173, 174; a charm against lightning and foul weather, 174; kept to make the cattle thrive, 180; thrown into wells to improve the water, 184; a protection against thunder, 184, 192; a protection against lightning, 187, 188, 190

——, sacred, whittled, i. 138 _n._ 1

Stiffness of back set down to witchcraft, i. 343 _n._, 345

Stinging girls and young men with ants, i. 61, 62 _sq._

—— with ants as a form of purification, i. 61 _sqq._

_Stipiturus malachurus_, emu-wren, men’s “brother” among the Kurnai, ii. 216

Stolen kail, divination by, i. 234 _sq._

Stone, look of a girl at puberty thought to turn things to, i. 46; the Hairy, at Midsummer, 212; external soul in a, ii. 125 _n._ 1, 156; precious, external soul of khan in a, 142; magical, put into body of novice at initiation, 271

Stones thrown into Midsummer fire, i. 183, 191, 212; placed round Midsummer fires, 190; carried by persons on their heads at Midsummer, 205, 212; at Hallowe’en fires, divination by, 230 _sq._, 239, 240; used for curing cattle, 324, 325; sick people passed through holes in, ii. 186 _sqq._; magical, inserted by spirits in the body of a new medicine-man, 235

Stoole, near Downpatrick, Midsummer ceremony at, i. 205

Stow, John, on Midsummer fires in London, i. 196 _sq._

Strabo, on the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14; on the human sacrifices of the Celts, 32

Strackerjan, L., on fear of witchcraft in Oldenburg, i. 343 _n._

Strap of wolf’s hide used by were-wolves, i. 310 _n._ 1

Strathpeffer, in Ross-shire, i. 153

Strathspey, sheep passed through a hoop of rowan in, ii. 184

Straw tied round trees to make them fruitful, i. 115

Streams, menstruous women not allowed to cross running, i. 97; need-fire kindled between two running, 292

Strength of people bound up with their hair, ii. 158 _sq._

Striking or throwing blindfold, ii. 279 _n._ 4

_Striped Petticoat Philosophy, The_, i. 6.

Stromberg Hill, burning wheel rolled down the, i. 163

Strutt, Joseph, on Midsummer fires in England, i. 196

Stseelis Indians of British Columbia, dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the, i. 89

Stuart, Mrs. A., on withered mistletoe, ii. 287 _n._ 1

—— Lake in British Columbia, i. 47

Stukeley, W., on a Christmas custom at York, ii. 291 _n._ 2

Styria, fern-seed on Christmas night in, ii. 289

Styx, the passage of Aeneas across the, ii. 294

Subincision at initiation of lads in Australia, ii. 227 _sq._, 234, 235

Sub-totems in Australia, ii. 275 _n._ 1

Sudan, ceremony of new fire in the, i. 134; human hyaenas in, 313

Sudeten mountains in Silesia, i. 170

Suffering, intensity of, a means to break the spell of witchcraft, i. 304

Suffolk, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 _n._ 2; duck baked alive as a sacrifice in, 303 _sq._

Suk of British East Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 81

“Sultan of the Oleander,” i. 18

Sumatra, the Minangkabauers of, i. 79; the Kooboos of, ii. 162 _n._ 2; the Looboos of, 182 _sq._; totemism among the Battas of, 222 _sqq._; use of bull-roarers in, 229 _n._

Summer, King of, chosen on St. Peter’s Day, i. 195

Sun, rule not to see the, i. 18 _sqq._; priest of the, uses a white umbrella, 20 _n._ 1; not to shine on girls at puberty, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68; not to be seen by Brahman boys for three days, 68 _n._ 2; impregnation of women by the, 74 _sq._; made to shine on women at marriage, 75; sheep and lambs sacrificed to the, 132; temple of the, at Cuzco, 132; the Birthday of the, at the winter solstice, 246; Christmas an old heathen festival of the birth of the, 331 _sq._; symbolized by a wheel, 334 _n._ 1, 335; in the sign of the lion, ii. 66 _sq._; magical virtues of plants at Midsummer derived from the, 71 _sq._; in the sign of Sagittarius, 82; calls men to himself through death, 173, 174 _n._ 1; fern-seed procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, 291; the ultimate cooling of the, 307

Sun-charms, i. 331; the solstitial and other ceremonial fires perhaps sun-charms, ii. 292

—— -god, ii. 1, 16

Sundal, in Norway, need-fire in, i. 280

Sunday, children born on a Sunday can see treasures in the earth, ii. 288 _n._ 5

—— of the Firebrands, i. 110

—— in Lent, the first, fire-festival on the, i. 107 _sqq._

Sung-yang, were-tiger in, i. 310

Sunless, Prince, i. 21

Sunshine, use of fire as a charm to produce, i. 341 _sq._

Superb warbler, called women’s “sister” among the Kurnai, ii. 215 _n._ 1, 216, 218

Superstitions, Index of, i. 270; about trees struck by lightning, ii. 296 _sqq._

Surenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the, i. 169 _sq._

Sûrya, the sun-god, ii. 1

Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture in, ii. 169 _sq._

Sutherland, the need-fire in, i. 294 _sq._

Sutherlandshire, sept of the Mackays, “the descendants of the seal,” in, ii. 131 _sq._

Swabia, “burning the witch” in, i. 116; custom of throwing lighted discs in, 116 _sq._; Easter fires in, 144 _sq._; custom at eclipses in, 162 _n._; the Midsummer fires in, 166 _sq._; witches as hares and horses in, 318 _sq._; the divining-rod in, ii. 68 _n._ 4; fern-seed brought by Satan on Christmas night in, 289

Swahili of East Africa, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 133, 140; birth-trees among the, ii. 160 _sq._; their story of an African Samson, ii. 314

Swallows, stones found in stomachs of, i. 17

Swan-woman, Tartar story of the, ii. 144

Swan’s bone, used by menstruous women to drink out of, i. 48, 49, 50, 90, 92

Swans’ song in a fairy tale, ii. 124

Swanton, J. R., quoted, i. 45 _n._ 1

Sweden, customs observed on Yule Night in, i. 20 _sq._; Easter bonfires in, 146; bonfires on the Eve of May Day in, 159, 336; Midsummer fires in, 172; the need-fire in, 280; bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29; “Midsummer Brooms” in, 54; the divining-rod in, 69, 291; mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, 82; mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, 83; medical use of mistletoe in, 84; mistletoe used as a protection against conflagration in, 85, 293; mistletoe cut at Midsummer in, 86; mystic properties ascribed to mistletoe on St. John’s Eve in, 86; Balder’s balefires in, 87; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, 170; crawling through a hoop as a cure in, 184; superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, 281

Switzerland, Lenten fires in, i. 118 _sq._; new fire kindled by friction of wood in, 169 _sq._; Midsummer fires in, 172; the Yule log in, 249; need-fire in, 279 _sq._, 336; people warned against bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 27; the belief in witchcraft in, 42 _n._ 2; divination by orpine at Midsummer in, 61

Sympathetic relation between cleft tree and person who has been passed through it, ii. 170, 171 _n._ 1, 172; between man and animal, 272 _sq._

Syria, restrictions on menstruous women in, i. 84

Syrmia, the Yule log in, i. 262 _sq._

Tabari, Arab chronicler, i. 82

Taboo conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be insulated, i. 6 _sq._

Tabooed men, i. 7 _sq._

—— persons kept from contact with the ground, i. 2 _sqq._

—— things kept from contact with the ground, i. 7 _sqq._

—— women, i. 8

Taboos regulating the lives of divine kings, i. 2; observed by priest of Earth in Southern Nigeria, 4

Tacitus, on human sacrifices offered by the ancient Germans, ii. 28 _n._ 1; on the goddess Nerthus, 28 _n._ 1

Tahiti, king and queen of, not allowed to set foot on the ground, i. 3; the fire-walk in, ii. 11

Tahitians, the New Year of the, ii. 244

Tajan and Landak, districts of Dutch Borneo, i. 5, ii. 164

Talbot, P. Amaury, on external human souls in animals, ii. 208 _n._ 1, 209 _n._ 1

_Talegi_, Motlav word for external soul, ii. 198

Tales of maidens forbidden to see the sun, i. 70 _sqq._

Talismans of cities, i. 83 _n._ 1

Talmud, the, on menstruous women, i. 83

Tamanaks of the Orinoco, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 61 _n._ 3

_Tamaniu_, external soul in the Mota language, ii. 198 _sq._, 220

Tamarisk, Isfendiyar slain with a branch of a, i. 105

Tami, the, of German New Guinea, their rites of initiation, ii. 239 _sqq._

Tanganyika, Lake, tribes of, i. 24

Tanner, John, and the Shawnee sage, ii. 157

_Tantad_, Midsummer bonfire, i. 183

Taoist treatise on the soul, ii. 221

Tapajos, tributary of the Amazon, i. 62

Taphos besieged by Amphitryo, ii. 103

Tara, new fire in the King’s house at, i. 158

Tar-barrels, burning, swung round pole at Midsummer, i. 169; burnt at Midsummer, 180; procession with lighted, on Christmas Eve, 268

Tarbolton, in Ayrshire, annual bonfire at, i. 207

Tartar stories of the external soul, ii. 142 _sq._, 144 _sq._

Tartars after a funeral leap over fire, ii. 18

Tattooing, medicinal use of, i. 98 _n._ 1; at initiation, ii. 258, 259, 261 _n._

Tay, Loch, i. 232

Tcheou, dynasty of China, i. 137

Teak, _Loranthus_ on, ii. 317

Teanlas, Hallowe’en fires in Lancashire, i. 245

Teeth filed as preliminary to marriage, i. 68 _n._ 2

Tegner, Swedish poet, on the burning of Balder, ii. 87

_Tein Econuch_, “forlorn fire,” need-fire, i. 292

_Tein-eigin_ (_teine-eigin_, _tin-egin_), need-fire, i. 147, 148, 289, 291, 293

_Teine Bheuil_, fire of Beul, need-fire, i. 293

Tent burnt at Midsummer, i. 215

Termonde in Belgium, Midsummer fires at, i. 194

Tessier, on the burning wheel at Konz, i. 164 _n._ 1

Tests undergone by girls at puberty, i. 25

Teutates, Celtic god, ii. 80 _n._ 3

Teutonic stories of the external soul, ii. 116 _sqq._

Texas, the Toukaway Indians of, ii. 276

_Thahu_, curse or pollution, i. 81

Thays of Tonquin, their customs after a burial, ii. 177 _sq._

Thebes, in Greece, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 130 _sq._

Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, his denunciation of a heathen practice, ii. 190 _sq._

Theophrastus on the different kinds of mistletoe, ii. 317

Therapia, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 131

Thief wears a toad’s heart to escape detection, i. 302 _n._ 2

Thiers, J. B., on the Yule log, i. 250; on gathering herbs at Midsummer, ii. 45 _n._ 1; on belief concerning wormwood, 61 _n._ 1

Thieves detected by divining-rod, ii. 68

Thighs of diseased cattle cut off and hung up as a remedy, i. 296 _n._ 1

Thirty years’ cycle of the Druids, ii. 77

Thlinkeet Indians. _See_ Tlingit

Thomas, N. W., ii. 210 _n._ 2

Thomas the Rhymer, verses ascribed to, ii. 283 _sq._

Thompson Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 49 _sqq._; their dread of menstruous women, 89 _sq._; prayer of adolescent girl among the, 98 _n._ 1; supposed invulnerability of initiated men among the, ii. 275 _sq._; their ideas as to wood of trees struck by lightning, 297

Thomsdorf, in Germany, i. 99

Thomson, Basil, ii. 244 _n._ 1, 2

Thonga, the, of Delagoa Bay, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 29 _sq._; will not use the wood of trees struck by lightning, ii. 297; think lightning caused by a bird, 297 _n._ 5

Thor, a Norse god, i. 103

Thorn, external soul in a, ii. 129; mistletoe on a, 291 _n._ 3

—— bushes used to keep off ghosts, ii. 174 _sq._

Thought, the web of, ii. 307 _sq._

Threatening fruit-trees, i. 114

Three Holy Kings, the divining-rod baptized in the name of the, ii. 68 —— leaps over bonfire, i. 214, 215

Threshold, shavings from the, burnt, ii. 53

Thrice to crawl under a bramble as a cure, ii. 180; to pass through a wreath of woodbine, 184

Throwing or striking blindfold, ii. 279 _n._ 4

Thrumalun, a mythical being who kills and resuscitates novices at initiation, ii. 233. _See also_ Daramulun _and_ Thuremlin

Thrushes deposit seeds of mistletoe, ii. 316 _n._ 1

Thunder associated with the oak, i. 145; Midsummer fires a protection against, 176; charred sticks of Midsummer bonfire a protection against, 184, 192; ashes of Midsummer fires a protection against, 190; brands from the Midsummer fires a protection against, 191; certain flowers at Midsummer a protection against, ii. 54, 58, 59; the sound of bull-roarers thought to imitate, 228 _sqq._ _See also_ Lightning

Thunder and lightning, the Yule log a protection against, i. 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264; bonfires a protection against, 344; smoke of Midsummer herbs a protection against, ii. 48; vervain a protection against, 62; name given to bull-roarers, 231 _sq._

—— and the oak, the Aryan god of the, i. 265

“—— -besom,” name applied to mistletoe and other bushy excrescences on trees, ii. 85, 301; a protection against thunderbolts, 85

—— -bird, the mythical, i. 44

“—— -bolts,” name given to celts, i. 14 _sq._

“—— -poles,” oak sticks charred in Easter bonfires, i. 145

Thunderstorms and hail caused by witches, i. 344; Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. 48

Thuremlin, a mythical being who kills lads at initiation and restores them to life, ii. 227. _See also_ Daramulun

Thuringia, custom at eclipses in, i. 162 _n._; Midsummer fires in, 169, ii. 40; Schweina in, i. 265; belief as to magical properties of the fern in, ii. 66 _sq._

Thursday, Maundy, i. 125 _n._ 1

Thurso, witches as cats at, i. 317

Thurston, E., on the fire-walk, ii. 9

Thyme burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213; wild, gathered on Midsummer Day, ii. 64

Tibet, sixty years’ cycle in, ii. 78 _n._

Ticunas of the Amazon, ordeal of young men among the, i. 62 _sq._

Tiger, a Batta totem, ii. 223

Tiger’s skin at inauguration of a king, i. 4

Timmes of Sierra Leone, their secret society, ii. 260 _n._ 1

Tinneh Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 47 _sqq._; their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, 91 _sqq._

Tinnevelly, the Kappiliyans of, i. 69

Tipperary, county of, were-wolves in, i. 310 _n._ 1; woman burnt as a witch in, 323 _sq._

Tiree, the need-fire in, i. 148; the Beltane cake in, 149; witch as sheep in, 316

_Tivor_, god or victim, i. 103 _n._

Tiyans of Malabar, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 68 _sq._

Tlactga or Tlachtga in Ireland, i. 139

Tlingit (Thlinkeet) Indians of Alaska, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 45 _sq._

Tlokoala, a secret society of the Nootka Indians, ii. 271

Toad, witch in form of a, i. 323

—— clan, ii. 273

—— -stools thrown into Midsummer bonfires as a charm, i. 172

Toad’s heart worn by a thief to prevent detection, i. 302 _n._ 2

Toads burnt alive in Devonshire, i. 302

Toaripi of New Guinea, their rule as to menstruous women, i. 84

Tobas, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, i. 59

Tobelorese of Halmahera, their rites of initiation, ii. 248

Toboengkoe, the, of Central Celebes, custom observed by widower among the, ii. 178 _sq._

_Tocandeira_, native name for the _Cryptocerus atratus_, F., ant, i. 62

Todas of the Neilgherry Hills, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 136

Tokio, the fire-walk at, ii. 9 _sq._

Tokoelawi of Central Celebes, custom observed by mourners among the, ii. 178

Tomori, the Gulf of, in Celebes, i. 312

Tongue of medicine-man, hole in, ii. 238, 239

Tonquin, the Thays of, their burial customs, ii. 177 _sq._

_Tonwan_, magical influence of medicine-bag, ii. 268, 269

Tooth of novice knocked out at initiation, ii. 227, 235

Toradjas of Central Celebes, were-wolves among the, i. 311 _sq._; their custom at the smelting of iron, ii. 154

Torch-races at Easter, i. 142; at Midsummer, 175

Torches interpreted as imitations of lightning, i. 340 _n._ 1

——, burning, carried round folds and lands at Midsummer, i. 206; applied to fruit-trees to fertilize them, 340

—— of Demeter, i. 340

——, processions with lighted, i. 141, 141 _sq._, 233 _sq._; through fields, gardens, orchards, and streets, 107 _sq._, 110 _sqq._, 113 _sqq._, 179, 339 _sq._; at Midsummer, 179; on Christmas Eve, 266

Torres Straits Islands, seclusion of girls at puberty in the, i. 36 _sq._, 39 _sqq._; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in the, 78 _sq._; use of bull-roarers in the, ii. 228 _n._ 2, 232

Tortoises, external human souls lodged in, ii. 204

Torture, judicial, of criminals, witches, and wizards, ii. 158 _sq._

Totem, transference of man’s soul to his, ii. 219 _n._, 225 _sq._; supposed effect of killing a, 220; the receptacle in which a man keeps his external soul, 220 _sqq._; the individual or personal, 222 _n._ 5, 224 _n._ 1, 226 _n._ 1 _See also_ Sex totem

—— animal, artificial, novice at initiation brought back by, ii. 271 _sq._; transformation of man into his, 275

—— clans and secret societies, related to each other, ii. 272 _sq._

—— names kept secret, ii. 225 _n._

—— plants among the Fans, ii. 161

Totemism, suggested theory of, ii. 218 _sqq._

Totems, honorific, of the Carrier Indians, ii. 273 _sqq._; personal, among the North American Indians, 273, 276 _n._ 1; multiplex, of the Australians, 275 _n._ 1

Touch of menstruous women thought to convey pollution, i. 87, 90

Toukaway Indians of Texas, ceremony of mimic wolves among the, ii. 276

Toulouse, torture of sorcerers at, ii. 158

Touraine, Midsummer fires in, i. 182

Train, Joseph, on Beltane fires in Isle of Man, i. 157

Transference of a man’s soul to his totem, ii. 219 _n._, 225 _sq._

Transformation of men into wolves at the full moon, i. 314 _n._ 1; of witches into animals, 315 _sqq._, ii. 311 _sq._; of men into animals, 207; of man into his totem animal, 275

Transmigration of soul of ruptured person into cleft oak-tree, ii. 172; of human souls into totem animals, 223

Transylvania, the Roumanians of, i. 13; story of the external soul among the Saxons of, ii. 116; belief as to children born on a Sunday in, 288 _n._ 5

Travancore, women deemed liable to be attacked by demons in, i. 24 _n._ 2; the Pulayars of, 69

Travexin, in the Vosges, witch as hare at, i. 318

Treasures guarded by demons, ii. 65; found by means of fern-seed, 65, 287; discovered by divining-rod, 68; revealed by springwort, 70; revealed by mistletoe, 287, 291; bloom in the earth on Midsummer Eve, 288 _n._ 5

Trebius, on the springwort, ii. 71

Tree burnt in the Midsummer bonfire, i. 173 _sq._, 180, 183; external soul in a, ii. 102, 156

—— -creeper (_Climacteris scandens_), women’s “sister” among the Yuin, ii. 216

—— -spirit, effigies of, burnt in bonfires, ii. 21 _sqq._; human representatives of, put to death, 25; human representative of the, perhaps originally burnt at the fire-festivals, 90

—— spirits bless women with offspring, ii. 22; in the form of serpents, 44 _n._ 1

Trees, men changed into, by look of menstruous women, i. 79; burnt in spring fires, 115 _sq._, 116, 142; burnt in Midsummer fires, 173 _sq._, 185, 192, 193, 209; burnt at Holi festival in India, ii. 2; burnt in bonfires, 22; lives of people bound up with, 159 _sqq._; hair of children tied to, 165; the fate of families or individuals bound up with, 165 _sqq._; creeping through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, 170 _sqq._; fire thought by savages to be stored like sap in, 295; struck by lightning, superstitions about, 296 _sqq._

—— and plants as life-indices, ii. 160 _sqq._

_Tréfoir_, the Yule log, i. 249

_Tréfouet_, the Yule log, i. 252 _n._ 2, 253

Tregonan, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199

Trench cut in ground at Beltane, i. 150, 152

Trevelyan, Marie, on Midsummer fires, i. 201; on Hallowe’en, 226 _n._ 1; on St. John’s wort in Wales, ii. 55 _n._ 2; on burnt sacrifices in Wales, 301

Treves, the archbishop of, i. 118

Triangle of reeds, passage of mourners through a, ii. 177 _sq._

Trie-Chateau, dolmen near Gisors, ii. 188

Trilles, Father H., on the theory of the external soul among the Fans, ii. 201

Trinidad, the fire-walk in, ii. 11

Triumphal arch, suggested origin of the, ii. 195

Trolls, efforts to keep off the, i. 146; and evil spirits abroad on Midsummer Eve, 172; Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. 54; rendered powerless by mistletoe, 86, 283, 294

True Steel, whose heart was in a bird, ii. 110 _sq._

Trumpets sounded at initiation of young men, ii. 249

—— penny, at the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, i. 221, 222

Tsetsaut tribe of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 46

Tsimshian girls at puberty, rules observed by, i. 44 _n._ 2

Tubuan or Tubuvan, man disguised as cassowary in Duk-duk ceremonies, ii. 247

Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya of Dutch New Guinea, ii. 242; their use of bull-roarers, 242 _sq._

Tui Nkualita, a Fijian chief, founder of the fire-walk, ii. 11

_Tulsi_ plant, its miraculous virtue, ii. 5

Tummel, the valley of the, i. 231

Tunis, New Year fires at, i. 217; gold sickle and fillet said to be found in, ii. 80 _n._ 3

Tunnel, creeping through a, as a remedy for an epidemic, i. 283 _sq._

Turf, sick children and cattle passed through holes in, ii. 191

Turks of Siberia, marriage custom of the, i. 75

Turukhinsk region, Samoyeds of the, ii. 196

Tutu, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 41

Twanyirika, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, ii. 233 _sq._; kills and resuscitates lads at initiation, 234

Twelfth Day, Eve of, the bonfires of, i. 107; processions with torches on, 340

—— Night, the King of the Bean on, i. 153 _n._ 3; cake, 184; the Yule log on, 248, 250, 251; the divining-rod cut on, ii. 68

Twelve Nights, remains of Yule log scattered on fields during the, i. 248; between Christmas and Epiphany, were-wolves abroad during the, 310 _n._ 1

“Twice born” Brahman, ii. 276

Twin brothers in ritual, i. 278

—— -producing virtue ascribed to a kind of mistletoe, ii. 79

Twins and their afterbirths counted as four children, ii. 162 _n._ 2

Twins, father of, i. 24

Two Brothers, ancient Egyptian story of the, ii. 134 _sqq._

Tyrol, “burning the witch” in the, i. 116; fires to burn the witches in the, 160; Midsummer fires in the, 172 _sq._; magical plants culled on Midsummer Eve in the, ii. 47; St. John’s wort in the, 54; mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in the, 58; use of four-leaved clover in the, 62 _sq._; dwarf-elder gathered at Midsummer in the, 64; the divining-rod in the, 68; mistletoe used to open all locks in the, 85; belief as to mistletoe growing on a hazel in the, 291 _n._ 3

Tyrolese peasants use fern-seed to discover buried gold and to prevent money from decreasing, ii. 288

—— story of a girl who was forbidden to see the sun, i. 72

Ualaroi, the, of the Darling River, their belief as to initiation, ii. 233

Uaupes of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 61

Uganda, kings of, not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 3 _sq._; life of the king of, bound up with barkcloth trees, ii. 160; passage of sick man through a cleft stick or a narrow opening in, 181 _sq._; cure for lightning-stroke in, 298 _n._ 2 _See also_ Baganda

Uisnech, in County Meath, great fair at, i. 158

Uist, Beltane cakes in, i. 154

——, North, need-fire in, i. 293 _sq._

——, South, fairies at Hallowe’en in, i. 226; salt cake at Hallowe’en in, 238 _sq._

Uiyumkwi tribe, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 39 _sq._

Ukami, in German East Africa, ii. 313

_Ukpong_, external soul in Calabar, ii. 206

Ulad Bu Aziz, Arab tribe in Morocco, their Midsummer fires, i. 214

Umbrellas in ritual, i. 20 _n._ 1, 31

Uncleanness, ceremonial, among the Indians of Costa Rica, i. 65 _n._ 1; and sanctity not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind, 97 _sq._

Uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 76 _sqq._ _See also_ Menstruous

Unguent made from fat of crocodiles and snakes, i. 14

Universal healer, name given to mistletoe, ii. 77

Unlucky, Midsummer Day regarded as, ii. 29

—— children passed through narrow openings, ii. 190

Unmasking a were-wolf or witch by wounding him or her, i. 315, 321

Unmatjera tribe of Central Australia, their rites of initiation, ii. 234; initiation of a medicine-man in the, 238

Up-helly-a’, at Lerwick, i. 269 _n._

Uraons. _See_ Oraons

Urabunna tribe of Central Australia, their rites of initiation, ii. 234

_Ustrels_, a species of vampyre in Bulgaria, i. 284

Vagney, in the Vosges, Christmas custom at, i. 254

Vagueness and inconsistency of primitive thought, ii. 301 _sq._

Val di Ledro, effigy burnt in the, at Carnival, i. 120

Valais, the canton of, Midsummer fires in, i. 172; cursing a mist in, 280

Valenciennes, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 114 _n._ 4

Valentines at bonfires, i. 109 _sq._

Vallancey, General Charles, on Hallowe’en customs in Ireland, i. 241 _sq._

Vallée des Bagnes, cursing a mist in the, i. 280

Vampyres, need-fire kindled as a safeguard against, i. 284 _sqq._, 344

Vapour bath, i. 40

Var, Midsummer fires in the French department of, i. 193

Varro, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14 _n._ 3

Vase, external soul of habitual criminal in a, ii. 145 _sq._

Vecoux, in the Vosges, i. 254

Vedic hymns, the fire-god Agni in the, ii. 295 _sq._

Vegetables at Midsummer, their fertilizing influence on women, ii. 51

Vegetation, spirit of, burnt in effigy, ii. 21 _sq._; reasons for burning, 23; leaf-clad representative of, burnt, 25

—— -spirits, W. Mannhardt’s view that the victims burnt by the Druids represented, ii. 43

Velten, C., on an African Balder, ii. 312 _sq._

_Verbascum_, mullein, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 63 _sq._; its relation to the sun, 64

_Verbena officinalis_, vervain, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 62

Verges, in the Jura, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 114 _sq._

Vermin exorcized with torches, i. 340

_Versipellis_, a were-wolf, i. 314 _n._ 1

Vervain, garlands or chaplets of, at Midsummer, i. 162, 163, 165; burnt in the Midsummer fires, 195; used in exorcism, ii. 62 _n._ 4; a protection against thunder and lightning, sorcerers, demons, and thieves, 62; gathered at Midsummer, 62

Vespasian family, the oak of the, ii. 168

Vesper-bell on Midsummer Eve, ii. 62

Vessels, special, used by menstruous women, i. 86, 90; used by girls at puberty, 93

Vesta, sacred fire in the temple of, annually kindled, i. 138; the fire of, at Rome, fed with oak-wood, ii. 91, 286

Vestal Virgins relit the sacred fire of Vesta, i. 138; their rule of celibacy, 138 _n._ 5

Vestini, the ancient, i. 209

Veth, P. J., on the Golden Bough, ii. 319

Victims, human, claimed by St. John on St. John’s Day (Midsummer Day), i. 27, 29; claimed by water at Midsummer, ii. 26 _sqq._

Victoria, aborigines of, their custom as to emu fat, i. 13; their dread of women at menstruation, 77 _sq._

—— sex totems in, ii. 217

Vidovec in Croatia, Midsummer fires at, i. 178

Vienne, department of, Midsummer fires in the, i. 191; the Yule log in, 251

_Vilavou_, New Year’s Men, name given to newly initiated lads in Fiji, ii. 244

Village surrounded with a ring of fire as a protection against an evil spirit, i. 282

Vimeux, Lenten fires at, i. 113

Vintage, omens of, i. 164

Vipers sacred to balsam trees in Arabia, ii. 44 _n._ 1

Virbius at Nemi interpreted as an oak-spirit, ii. 295

Virgil, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14; his account of the Golden Bough, 284 _sq._, 286, 293 _sq._, 315 _sqq._

Virgin, the, blesses the fruits of the earth, i. 118; the hair of the Holy, found in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182 _sq._, 191; feast of the Nativity of the, 220 _sq._; and child supposed to sit on the Yule log, 253 _sq._

Virgins of the Sun at Cuzco, i. 132; the Vestal, and the sacred fire, 136

Virginia, rites of initiation among the Indians of, ii. 266 _sq._

Virginity, test of, by blowing up a flame, i. 137 _n._

Virility supposed to be lost by contact with menstruous women, i. 81

_Viscum album_, common mistletoe, ii. 315 _sqq._; _Viscum quernum_, 317

Visiter, the Christmas, i. 261 _sq._, 263, 264

Viti Levu, the largest of the Fijian Islands, ii. 243

Vitrolles, bathing at Midsummer in, i. 194

Vogel Mountains, i. 118

Voigtland, bonfires on Walpurgis Night in, i. 160; tree and person thrown into water on St. John’s Day in, ii. 27 _sq._; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, 53; mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in, 57 _sq._; wild thyme gathered at Midsummer in, 64; precautions against witches in, 73 _sq._

Volga, the Cheremiss of the, i. 181

Volksmarsen in Hesse, Easter fires at, i. 140

_Voluspa_, the Sibyl’s prophecy in the, i. 102 _sq._

Voralberg, in the Tyrol, “burning the witch” at, i. 116

Vorges, near Laon, Midsummer fires at, i. 187

Vosges, Midsummer fires in the, i. 188, 336; the Yule log in the, 254; cats burnt alive on Shrove Tuesday in the, ii. 40

—— Mountains, Lenten fires in the, i. 109; witches as hares in the, 318; magic herbs culled on Eve of St. John in the, ii. 47

_Vrid-eld_, need-fire, i. 280

Vultures, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 201, 202

Wadai, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 134, 140

Wadoe, the, of German East Africa, ii. 312

Wafiomi, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 28

Wagstadt in Silesia, Judas ceremony at, i. 146 _n._ 3

Wajagga, the, of German East Africa, birth-plants among the, ii. 160

Wakelbura tribe (Australia), dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in the, i. 78

Wakondyo, their custom as to the afterbirth, ii. 162 _sq._

Wales, Snake Stones in, i. 15 _sq._; Beltane fires and cakes in, 155 _sq._; Midsummer fires in, 200 _sq._; divination at Hallowe’en in, 229, 240 _sq._; Hallowe’en fires in, 239 _sq._; the Yule log in, 258; burnt sacrifices to stop cattle-disease in, 301; witches as hares in, 315 _n._ 1; belief as to witches in, 321 _n._ 2; bewitched things burnt in, 322; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 53; St. John’s wort in, 55; mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, 82; mistletoe cut at Midsummer in, 86; mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, 86; Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak-wood in, 91; mistletoe gathered at Midsummer in, 293

Walhalla, i. 101

Walking over fire as a rite, ii. 3 _sqq._

Walls, fortified, of the ancient Gauls, i. 267 _sq._

Walnut, branches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on cattle-sheds, i. 191

Walos of Senegambia, their belief as to a sort of mistletoe, ii. 79 _sq._

Walpi, Pueblo Indian village, use of bull-roarers at, ii. 231

Walpurgis Day, i. 143

—— Night, witches abroad on, i. 159 _sq._; a witching time, 295; precautions against witches on, ii. 20 _n._; witches active on, 73, 74

Wangen in Baden, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 117

Wanyamwezi, their belief as to wounded crocodiles, ii. 210 _n._ 1

Warlock, the invulnerable, stories of, ii. 97 _sqq._

Warriors tabooed, i. 5

Warwickshire, the Yule log in, i. 257

Washamba, the, of German East Africa, their custom at circumcision, ii. 183

Washington State, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 43

Wasmes, processions with torches at, i. 108

Wasp, external soul of enchanter in a, ii. 143

Wasps, young men stung with, as an ordeal, i. 63

Wassgow mountains, the need-fire in the, i. 271

Water from sacred wells, i. 12; menstruous women not to go near, 77; consecrated at Easter, 122 _sqq._, 125; turned to wine at Easter, 124; improved by charred sticks of Midsummer fires, 184; at Midsummer, people drenched with, 193 _sq._; heated in need-fire and sprinkled on cattle, 289; claims human victims at Midsummer, ii. 26 _sqq._; supposed to acquire certain marvellous properties at Midsummer, 29 _sqq._; haunted and dangerous at Midsummer, 31

Water of life, ii. 114 _sq._

—— of springs thought to acquire medicinal qualities on Midsummer Eve, i. 172

——, rites of, at Midsummer festival in Morocco, i. 216; at New Year in Morocco, 218

—— spirits, offerings to, at Midsummer, ii. 28

Wayanas of French Guiana, ordeals among the, i. 63 _sq._

Weariness, magical plants placed in shoes a charm against, ii. 54, 60

Weaver, the wicked, of Rotenburg, ii. 289 _sq._

Weeks, Rev. John H., on rites of initiation on the Lower Congo, ii. 255 _n._ 1

Weeping of girl at puberty, i. 24, 29

Weidenhausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248

Wells, sacred, in Scotland, i. 12; menstruous women kept from, 81, 96 _sq._; charred sticks of Midsummer fires thrown into, 184; crowned with flowers at Midsummer, ii. 28

——, holy, resorted to on Midsummer Eve in Ireland, i. 205 _sq._

——, the Lord of the, ii. 28

Welsh cure for whooping-cough, ii. 180, 192 _n._ 1

—— name, alleged, for mistletoe, ii. 286 _n._ 3 _See also_ Wales

Wends, their faith in Midsummer herbs, ii. 54

—— of Saxony, their idea as to wood of trees struck by lightning, ii. 297

—— of the Spreewald gather herbs and flowers at Midsummer, ii. 48; their belief as to the divining-rod, 68 _n._ 4

Wensley-dale, the Yule log in, i. 256

Were-tigers in China and the East Indies, i. 310 _sq._, 313 _n._ 1

—— -wolf, how a man becomes a, i. 310 _n._ 1; story in Petronius, 313 _sq._

—— -wolves compelled to resume their human shape by wounds inflicted on them, i. 308 _sqq._; put to death, 311; and the full moon, 314 _n._ 1; and witches, parallelism between, 315, 321

Werner, Miss Alice, on a soul-box, ii. 156 _n._ 1; on African Balders, 314

Westenberg, J. C., on the Batta theory of souls, ii. 223 _n._ 2

Westermarck, Dr. Edward, on New Year rites in Morocco, i. 218; on Midsummer festival in North Africa, 219; his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are purificatory, 329 _sq._; on water at Midsummer, ii. 31

Westphalia, Easter fires in, i. 140; the Yule log in, 248; divination by orpine at Midsummer in, ii. 61; camomile gathered at Midsummer in, 63; the Midsummer log of oak in, 92 _n._ 1

Wetteren, wicker giants at, ii. 35

_Wetterpfähle_, oak sticks charred in Easter bonfires, i. 145

Wexford, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Whalton, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198

Wheat thrown on the man who brings in the Christmas log, i. 260, 262, 264; protected against mice by mugwort, ii. 58 _sq._

Wheel, fire kindled by the rotation of a, i. 177, 179, 270, 273, 289 _sq._, 292, 335 _sq._, ii. 91; as a symbol of the sun, i. 334 _n._ 1, 335; as a charm against witchcraft, 345 _n._ 3

——, burning, rolled down hill, i. 116, 117 _sq._, 119, 141, 143, 161, 162 _sq._, 163 _sq._, 166, 173, 174, 201, 328, 334, 337 _sq._, 338; thrown into the air at Midsummer, 179; rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilize them, 191, 340 _sq._; perhaps intended to burn witches, 345

Wherry, Mrs., i. 108 _n._ 2, ii. 36 _n._ 1

Whips cracked to drive away witches, ii. 74

Whitby, the Yule log at, i. 256

White, Rev. G. E., on passing through a ring of red-hot iron, ii. 186; on passing sheep through a rifted rock, 189 _sq._

White birds, ten, external soul in, ii. 142

—— bulls sacrificed by Druids at cutting the mistletoe, ii. 77

—— chalk, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, ii. 241

—— clay, bodies of novices at initiation smeared with, ii. 255 _n._ 1, 257

—— cloth, fern-seed caught in a, i. 65, ii. 291; springwort caught in a, i. 70; mistletoe caught in a, ii. 77, 293; used to catch the Midsummer bloom of the oak, 292, 293

—— cock burnt in Midsummer bonfire, ii. 40

—— herb, external souls of two brothers in a, ii. 143

—— horse, effigy of, carried through Midsummer fire, i. 203

—— Sunday, i. 117 _n._ 1

Whiteborough, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199

Whooping-cough cured by crawling under a bramble, ii. 180; Bulgarian cure for, 181; child passed under an ass as a cure for, 192

Wicked Sower, driving away the, i. 107, 118

Wicken (rowan) tree, a protection against witchcraft, i. 326, 327 _n._ 1

Wicker giants at popular festivals in Europe, ii. 33 _sqq._; burnt in summer bonfires, 38

Wiesensteig, in Swabia, witch as horse at, i. 319

“Wild fire,” the need-fire, i. 272, 273, 277

Wilde, Lady, her description of Midsummer fires in Ireland, i. 204 _sq._

Wilken, G. A., on the external soul, ii. 96 _n._ 1

Wilkes, Charles, on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 43

Will-fire, or need-fire, i. 288, 297

Willow, mistletoe growing on, ii. 79, 315, 316; children passed through a cleft willow-tree as a cure, 170; crawling through a hoop of willow branches as a cure, 184; crawling under the root of a willow as a cure, 181; Orpheus and the, 294

Wimmer, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, ii. 318

Winamwanga, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 24 _sq._; their custom as to lightning-kindled fire, ii. 297 _sq._

Wind, bull-roarers sounded to raise a, ii. 232

Window, magic flowers to be passed through the, ii. 52

Wine thought to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 96

Winenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the, i. 169 _sq._

Winnebagoes, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268

Winnowing-basket, divination by, i. 236

Winter solstice, Persian festival of fire at the, i. 269

“Winter’s Grandmother,” burning the, i. 116

Winterbottom, Thomas, on a secret society of Sierra Leone, ii. 260

Wintun Indians of California, seclusion of girls among the, i. 42 _sq._

Witch, burning the, i. 116, 118 _sq._; effigy of, burnt in bonfire, 159; compelled to appear by burning an animal or part of an animal which she has bewitched, 303, 305, 307 _sq._, 321 _sq._; in form of a toad, 323. _See also_ Witches

Witch, MacCrauford, the great arch, i. 293

“—— -shot,” a sudden stiffness in the back, i. 343 _n._, 345

Witch’s herb, St. John’s wort, ii. 56 _n._ 1

“—— nest,” a tangle of birch-branches, ii. 185

Witchcraft, bonfires a protection against, i. 108, 109; holy water a protection against, 123; cattle driven through Midsummer fire as a protection against, 175; burs and mugwort a preservative against, 177, ii. 59 _sq._; Midsummer fires a protection against, i. 185, 188; a broom a protection against, 210; need-fire kindled to counteract, 280, 292 _sq._, 293, 295; in Devonshire, 302; great dread of, in Europe, 340; the fire-festivals regarded as a protection against, 342; stiffness in the back attributed to, 343 _n._, 345; colic and sore eyes attributed to, 344; a wheel a charm against, 345 _n._; thought to be the source of almost all calamities, ii. 19 _sq._; leaping over bonfires as a protection against, 40; its treatment by the Christian Church, 42; and sorcery, Midsummer herbs and flowers a protection against, 45, 46, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72; St. John’s wort a protection against, 54; dwarf-elder used to detect, 64; fern root a protection against, 67; mistletoe a protection against, 85 _sq._, 282, 283, 294; fatal to milk and butter, 86; oak log a protection against, 92; the rowan a protection against, i. 327 _n._ 1, ii. 184 _n._ 4, 185, 281; children passed through a ring of yarn as a protection against, 185; a “witch’s nest” (tangle of birch-branches) a protection against, 185. _See also_ Sorcery

Witches not allowed to touch the bare ground, i. 5 _sq._; burnt and beheaded, 6; effigies of, burnt in bonfires, 107, 116 _sq._, 118 _sq._, 342, ii. 43; charm to protect fields against, i. 121; Beltane fires a protection against, 154; cast spells on cattle, 154; steal milk from cows, 154, 176, 343, ii. 74; in the form of hares and cats, i. 157, 315 _n._ 1, 316 _sqq._, 317, 318, 319 _sq._, ii. 41, 311; burnt on May Day, i. 157, 159, 160; fires to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), 159 _sq._, ii. 20 _n._; abroad on Walpurgis Night, i. 159 _sq._; kept out by crosses, 160 _n._ 1; driving away the, 160, 170, 171; resort to the Blocksberg, 171; Midsummer fires a protection against, 176, 180; steal milk and butter at Midsummer, 185; on Midsummer Eve, 210, ii. 19; active on Hallowe’en and May Day, 19, 73 _sqq._, 184 _n._ 4, 185; burnt in Hallowe’en fires, i. 232 _sq._; abroad at Hallowe’en, 226, 245; the Yule log a protection against, 258; thought to cause cattle disease, 302 _sq._; transformed into animals, 315 _sqq._; as cockchafers, 322; come to borrow, 322, 323, ii. 73; cause hail and thunder-storms, i. 344; brought down from the clouds by shots and smoke, 345 _sq._; burning missiles hurled at, 345; burnt or banned by fire, ii. 19 _sq._; gather noxious plants on Midsummer Eve, 47; gather St. John’s wort on St. John’s Eve, 56; purple loosestrife a protection against, 65; tortured in India, 159; animal familiars of, 202. _See also_ “Burning the Witches”

Witches at Ipswich, i. 304 _sq._

—— and hares in Yorkshire, ii. 197

—— and were-wolves, parallelism between, i. 315. 321

—— and wizards thought to keep their strength in their hair, ii. 158 _sq._; put to death by the Aztecs, 159

—— and wolves the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, i. 343

“——, Burning the,” a popular name for the fires of the festivals, ii. 43

Witches’ Sabbath on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, i. 171 _n._ 3, 181, ii. 73, 74

“Withershins,” against the sun, in curses and excommunication, i. 234

Witurna, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer,