i. 194, 339

Leaps of lovers over the Midsummer bonfires, i. 165, 166, 168, 174

Leather, Mrs. Ella Mary, on the Yule log, i. 257 _sq._

Lebanon, peasants of the, their dread of menstruous women, i. 83 _sq._

Lech, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 166

Lechrain, the divining rod in, ii. 68

Lecky, W. E. H., on the treatment of magic and witchcraft by the Christian Church, ii. 42 _n._ 2

Lee, the laird of, his “cureing stane,” i. 325

_Leeting_ the witches, i. 245

Legends of persons who could not die, i. 99 _sq._

Legs and thighs of diseased cattle cut off and hung up as a remedy, i. 296 _n._ 1, 325

Leine, river, i. 124

Leinster, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Leitrim, Midsummer fires in County, i. 203; divination at Hallowe’en in, 242; need-fire in, 297; witch as hare in, 318

Lemnos, worship of Hephaestus in, i. 138

Lemon, external souls of ogres in a, ii. 102

Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, i. 75 _n._ 2; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 56; masquerade of boys among, 57 _n._ 1

Lent, the first Sunday in, fire-festival on, i. 107 _sqq._; bonfires on, 107 _sqq._

Lenten fires, i. 106 _sqq._

Lenz, H. O., on ancient names for mistletoe, ii. 318

Leobschütz, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170

Leonard, Major A. G., on souls of people in animals, ii. 206 _n._ 2

Leopard the commonest familiar of Fan wizards, ii. 202

Leopards, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206; external human souls in, 207

Lerwick, Christmas _guizing_ at, i. 268 _sq._; procession with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve at, 268; celebration of Up-helly-a’ at, 269 _n._ 1

Lesachthal (Carinthia), new fire at Easter in the, i. 124

Lesbos, fires on St. John’s Eve in, i. 211 _sq._

Leslie, David, on Caffre belief as to spirits of the dead incarnate in serpents, ii. 211 _n._ 2, 212 _n._

L’Étoile, Lenten fires at, i. 113

Lettermore Island, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Letts of Russia, Midsummer fires among the, i. 177 _sq._; gather aromatic plants on Midsummer Day, ii. 50

Lewis, Professor W. J., i. 127 _n._ 1

Lewis, island of, custom of fiery circle in the, i. 151 _n._; need-fire in the, 293

_Lexicon Mythologicum_, author of, on the Golden Bough, ii. 284 _n._ 3

Lhwyd, Edward, on snake stones, i. 16 _n._ 1

License, annual period of, i. 135; at Midsummer festival, 180, 339

Liège, Lenten fires near, i. 108

Lierre, in Belgium, the witches’ Sabbath at, ii. 73

Life of community bound up with life of divine king, i. 1 _sq._; the water of, ii. 114 _sq._; of woman bound up with ornament, 156; of a man bound up with the capital of a column, 156 _sq._; of a man bound up with fire in hut, 157; of child bound up with knife, 157; of children bound up with trees, 160 _sqq._; the divisibility of, 221. _See also_ Soul

—— -indices, trees and plants as, ii. 160 _sqq._

—— -tokens in fairy tales, ii. 118 _n._ 1

—— -tree of the Manchu dynasty at Peking, ii. 167 _sq._

—— -trees of kings of Uganda, ii. 160

Ligho, a heathen deity of the Letts, i. 177, 178 _n._ 1

Light, girls at puberty not allowed to see the, i. 57; external soul of witch in a, ii. 116

Lightning, charred sticks of Easter fire used as a talisman against, i. 121, 124, 140 _sq._, 145, 146; the Easter candle a talisman against, 122; brands of the Midsummer bonfires a protection against, 166 _n._ 1, 183; flowers thrown on roofs at Midsummer as a protection against, 169; charred sticks of bonfires a protection against, 174, 187, 188, 190; ashes of Midsummer fires a protection against, 187, 188, 190; torches interpreted as imitations of, 340 _n._ 1; bonfires a protection against, 344; a magical coal a protection against, ii. 61; pine-tree struck by, used to make bull-roarer, 231; superstitions about trees struck by, 296 _sqq._; thought to be caused by a great bird, 297; strikes oaks oftener than any other tree of the European forests, 298 _sq._; regarded as a god descending out of heaven, 298; mode of treating persons who have been struck by, 298 _n._ 2; places struck by lightning enclosed and deemed sacred, 299. _See also_ Thunder

Lightning and thunder, the Yule log a protection against, i. 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264; mountain arnica a protection against, ii. 57 _sq._

Lillooet Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 52 _sq._

Limburg, processions, with torches in, i. 107 _sq._; Midsummer fires in, 194; the Yule log in, 249

Lime-kiln in divination, i. 235, 243

—— -tree, the bloom of the, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 49; mistletoe on limes, 315, 316

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 281, 283, 286

Lincolnshire, the Yule log in, i. 257; witches as cats and hares in, 318; calf buried to stop a murrain in, 326; mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy and St. Vitus’s dance in, ii. 83 _sq._

Lindenbrog, on need-fire, i. 335 _n._ 1

Lint seed, divination by, i. 235

Liongo, an African Samson, ii. 314

Lion, the sun in the sign of the, ii. 66 _sq._

Lismore, witch as hare in, i. 316 _sq._

Lithuania, Midsummer fires in, i. 176; sanctuary at Romove in, ii. 91

Lithuanians, their custom before first ploughing in spring, i. 18; their worship of the oak, ii. 89; their story of the external soul, 113 _sqq._

Lives of a family bound up with a fish, ii. 200; with a cat, 150 _sq._

Living fire made by friction of wood, i. 220; the need-fire, 281, 286

Livonia, story of a were-wolf in, i. 308

Livonians cull simples on Midsummer Day, ii. 49 _sq._

Lizard, external soul in, ii. 199 _n._ 1; sex totem in the Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, 216; said to have divided the sexes in the human species, 216

Loaf thrown into river Neckar on St. John’s Day, ii. 28

Loango, rule as to infants in, i. 5; girls secluded at puberty in, 22

Loch Katrine, i. 231

—— Tay, i. 232

Lock and key in a charm, i. 283

Locks opened by springwort, ii. 70; and by the white flower of chicory, 71; mistletoe a master-key to open all, 85

Locust, a Batta totem, ii. 223

Log, the Yule, i. 247 _sqq._

Logierait, in Perthshire, Beltane festival in, i. 152 _sq._; Hallowe’en fires in, 231 _sq._

Loiret, Lenten fires in the department of, i. 114

Loki and Balder, i. 101 _sq._

Lokoja on the Niger, ii. 209

Lombardy, belief as to the “oil of St. John” on St. John’s Morning in, ii. 82 _sq._

London, the immortal girl of, i. 99; Midsummer fires in, 196 _sq._

Longridge Fell, _leeting_ the witches at, i. 245

Looboos of Sumatra creep through a cleft rattan to escape a demon, ii. 182 _sq._

Looking at bonfires through mugwort a protection against headache and sore eyes, ii. 59

_Loranthus europaeus_, a species of mistletoe, ii. 315, 317 _sqq._; called “oak mistletoe” (_visco quercino_) in Italy, 317

—— _vestitus_, in India, ii. 317

Lord of the Wells at Midsummer, ii. 28

Lorne, the Beltane cake in, i. 149

Lorraine, Midsummer fires in, i. 169; the Yule log in, 253; Midsummer customs in, ii. 47

Loudoun, in Ayrshire, i. 207

Louis XIV. at Midsummer bonfire in Paris, ii. 39

Love-charm of arrows, i. 14

Lovers leap over the Midsummer bonfires, i. 165, 166, 168, 174

Low Countries, the Yule log in the, i. 249

Lowell, Percival, his fire-walk, ii. 10 _n._ 1

Lübeck, church of St. Mary at, i. 100

Lucerne, Lenten fire-custom in the canton of, i. 118 _sq._; bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 30

Luchon, in the Pyrenees, serpents burnt alive at the Midsummer festival in, ii. 38 _sq._, 43

Lucian, on the Platonic doctrine of the soul, ii. 221 _n._ 1

Luck, leaping over the Midsummer fires for good, i. 171, 189

Luckiness of the right hand, i. 151

Lunar calendar of Mohammedans, i. 216 _sq._, 218 _sq._

Lungs or liver of bewitched animal burnt or boiled to compel the witch to appear, i. 321 _sq._

Lushais of Assam, sick children passed through a coil among the, ii. 185 _sq._

Lussac, in Poitou, Midsummer fires at, i. 191

Luther, Martin, burnt in effigy at Midsummer, i. 167, 172 _sq._, ii. 23

Luxemburg, “Burning the Witch” in, ii. 116

_Lythrum salicaria_, purple loosestrife, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 65

Mabuiag, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 36 _sq._; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 78 _sq._; girls at puberty in, 92 _n._ 1; belief as to a species of mistletoe in, ii. 79

Mac Crauford, the great arch witch, i. 293

Macassar in Celebes, magical unguent in, i. 14

Macdonald, Rev. James, on the story of Headless Hugh, ii. 131 _n._ 1; on external soul in South Africa, 156

Macdonell, A. A., on Agni, ii. 296

McDougall, W., and C. Hose, on creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral, ii. 176 _n._ 1

Macedonia, Midsummer fires among the Greeks of, i. 212; bonfires on August 1st in, 220; need-fire among the Serbs of Western, 281; St. John’s flower at Midsummer in, ii. 50

Macedonian peasantry burn effigies of Judas at Easter, i. 131

McGregor, A. W., on the rite of new birth among the Akikuyu, ii. 263

Mackay, Alexander, on need-fire, i. 294 _sq._

Mackays, sept of the “descendants of the seal,” ii. 131 _sq._

Mackenzie, E., on need-fire, i. 288

Mackenzie, Sheriff David J., i. 268 _n._ 1

Macphail, John, on need-fire, i. 293 _sq._

Macusis of British Guiana, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 60

Madangs of Borneo, custom observed by them after a funeral, ii. 175 _sq._

Madern, parish of, Cornwall, holed stone in, ii. 187

Madonie Mountains, in Sicily, Midsummer fires on the, i. 210

Madras Presidency, the fire-walk in the, ii. 6

Madura, the Kappiliyans of, i. 69; the Parivarams of, 69

Maeseyck, processions with torches at, i. 107 _sq._

Magic, homoeopathic or imitative, i. 49, 133, 329, ii. 231, 287; dwindles into divination, i. 336; movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. 304 _sq._

Magic and ghosts, mugwort a protection against, ii. 59

—— and science, different views of natural order postulated by the two, ii. 305 _sq._

—— flowers of Midsummer Eve, ii. 45 _sqq._

Magical bone in sorcery, i. 14

—— implements not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14 _sq._

—— influence of medicine-bag, ii. 268

—— virtues of plants at Midsummer apparently derived from the sun, ii. 71 _sq._

Magician’s apprentice, Danish story of the, ii. 121 _sqq._

—— Glass, the, i. 16

Magyars, Midsummer fires among the, i. 178 _sq._; stories of the external soul among the, ii. 139 _sq._

_Mahabharata_, Draupadi and her five husbands in the, ii. 7

“Maiden-flax” at Midsummer, ii. 48

Maidu Indians of California, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 42; their notion as to fire in trees, ii. 295; their idea of lightning, 298

Maimonides, on the seclusion of menstruous women, i. 83

Makalanga, a Bantu tribe, i. 135 _n._ 2

_Makral_, “the witch,” i. 107

Malabar, the Iluvans of, i. 5; the Tiyans of, 68

Malassi, a fetish in West Africa, ii. 256

Malay belief as to sympathetic relation between man and animal, ii. 197

—— story of the external soul, ii. 147 _sq._

Malayo-Siamese families of the Patani States, their custom as to the afterbirth, ii. 163 _sq._

Malays of the Peninsula, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. 222

Male and female souls in Chinese philosophy, ii. 221

Malkin Tower, witches at the, i. 245

Malta, fires on St. John’s Eve in, i. 210 _sq._

_Malurus cyaneus_, superb warbler, women’s “sister,” among the Kurnai, ii. 216

Man and animal, sympathetic relation between, ii. 272 _sq._

Man, the Isle of, Midsummer fires in, i. 201, 337; old New Year’s Day in, 224 _sq._; Hallowe’en customs in, 243 _sq._; bonfires on St. Thomas’s Day in, 266; cattle burnt alive to stop a murrain in, 325 _sqq._; mugwort gathered on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 59. _See also_ Isle of Man

Manchu dynasty, the life-tree of the, ii. 167 _sq._

Mandragora, “the hand of glory,” ii. 316

Mang’anje woman, her external soul, ii. 157

Mango tree, festival of wild, i. 7 _sqq._; ceremony for the fertilization of the, 10

_Manitoo_, personal totem, ii. 273 _n._ 1

Mannhardt, W., on fire-customs, i. 106 _n._ 3; on burning leaf-clad representative of spirit of vegetation, 25; his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are charms to secure sunshine, 329, 331 _sqq._; on torches as imitations of lightning, 340 _n._ 1; on the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 15 _n._; on the human victims sacrificed by the Celts, 33; his theory of the Druidical sacrifices, 43; his solar theory of the bonfires at the European fire-festivals, 72; on killing a cock on the harvest-field, 280 _n._

_Mantis religiosus_, a totem, ii. 248 _n._

Manu, Hindoo lawgiver, on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95; the Laws of, on the three births of the Aryan, ii. 276 _sq._

Manx mummers at Hallowe’en, i. 224

Maoris, birth-trees among the, ii. 163

Mara tribe of Northern Australia, initiation of medicine-men in the, ii. 239

_Marake_, an ordeal of being stung by ants and wasps, i. 63 _sq._

Marcellus of Bordeaux, his medical treatise, i. 17

March, the month of, the fire-walk in, ii. 6; mistletoe cut at the full moon of, 84, 86

—— moon, woodbine cut in the increase of the, ii. 184

_Margas_, exogamous totemic clans of the Battas of Sumatra, ii. 222 _sq._

Marilaun, A. Kerner von, on mistletoe, ii. 318 _n._ 6

Marjoram burnt at Midsummer, i. 214; gathered at Midsummer, ii. 51; a talisman against witchcraft, 74

Mark of Brandenburg, need-fire in the, i. 273; simples culled at Midsummer in the, ii. 48; St. John’s blood in the, 56; the divining-rod in the, 67

Marotse. _See_ Barotse

Marquesas Islands, the fire-walk in the, ii. 11

Marriage, leaping over bonfires to ensure a happy, i. 107, 108, 110; omens of, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, 168, 174, 178, 185, 189; omens of, drawn from bonfires, 338 _sq._; omens of, from flowers, ii. 52 _sq._, 61; oak-trees planted at, 165

Married, the person last, lights the bonfire, i. 107, 109, 111, 119, 339; young man last married provides wheel to be burnt, 116; the person last married officiates at Midsummer fire, 192; men married within the year collect fuel for Midsummer fire, 192 _sq._; married men kindle need-fire, 289; last married bride made to leap over bonfire, ii. 22

Mars and Silvia, ii. 105

Marsaba, a devil who swallows lads at initiation, ii. 246

Marseilles, drenching people with water at Midsummer in, i. 193; Midsummer king of the double-axe at, 194; the Yule log at, 250; Midsummer flowers at, ii. 46

Marshall Islands, belief in the external soul in the, ii. 200

Marsi, the ancient, i. 209

Martin of Urzedow, i. 177

Martin, M., on _dessil_ (_deiseal_), i. 151 _n._; on need-fire, 289

Marwaris, of India, Holi festival among the, ii. 2 _sq._

Marxberg, the, on the Moselle, i. 118

Masai, peace-making ceremony among the, ii. 139 _n._

Mask, not to wear a, i. 4

Masked dances, bull-roarers used at, ii. 230 _n._

Masks worn by girls at puberty, i. 31, 52; worn at Duk-duk ceremonies in New Britain, ii. 247; worn by members of a secret society, 270, 271

Masquerade of boys among the Lengua Indians, i. 57 _n._ 1

Masuren, a district of Eastern Prussia, Midsummer fire kindled by the revolution of a wheel at, i. 177, 335 _sq._; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 52, 53; divination by orpine at Midsummer in, 61; camomile gathered at Midsummer in, 63; fire kindled by friction of oak at Midsummer in, 91

Matabeles fumigate their gardens, i. 337

Matacos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, i. 58

Mataguayos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, i. 58

Matthes, B. F., on sympathetic relation between man and animal, ii. 197 _n._ 4

Mauhes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59; ordeal of young men among the, 62

Maundy Thursday, i. 125 _n._ 1

Maurer, Konrad, on Icelandic story of the external soul, ii. 125 _n._ 1

May Day in the Isle of Man, i. 157; sheep burnt as a sacrifice on, 306; witches active on, ii. 19, 184 _n._ 4, 185

——, Eve of, Snake Stones thought to be formed on, i. 15; a witching time, 295; witches active on, ii. 73

May-tree carried about, i. 120, ii. 22

Mayo, County, story of Guleesh in, i. 228

M’Bengas of the Gaboon, birth-trees among the, ii. 160

Mbengga, in Fiji, the fire-walk in, ii. 10 _sq._

Meakin, Budgett, on Midsummer fires in Morocco, i. 214 _n._

Meath, County, Hill of Ward in, i. 139; Uisnech in, 158

Meaux, Midsummer bonfires in the diocese of, i. 182

Mecklenburg, need-fire in, i. 274 _sq._; simples gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 48; mugwort at Midsummer in, 60; the divining-rod in, 67; treatment of the afterbirth in, 165; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, 171 _sq._; custom of striking blindfold at a half-buried cock in, 279 _n._ 4

Medicine-bag, instrument of pretended death and resurrection at initiation, ii. 268 _sq._

—— -man in Australia, initiation of, ii. 237 _sqq._

Megara besieged by Minos, ii. 103

Meinersen, in Hanover, i. 275

Meissen or Thuringia, horse’s head thrown into Midsummer fire in, ii. 40

Melanesian conception of the external soul, ii. 197 _sqq._

—— and Papuan stocks in New Guinea, ii. 239

Meleager and the firebrand, story of, ii. 103; and the olive-leaf, 103 _n._ 2

Melur, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. 8 _sq._

Men disguised as women, i. 107

—— and women eat apart, i. 81

_Mên-an-tol_, “holed stone” in Cornwall, ii. 187

Menomini Indians, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268 _n._ 1

Menstruation, seclusion of girls at the first, i. 22 _sqq._; the first, attributed to defloration by a spirit, 24; reasons for secluding women at, 97

Menstruous blood, the dread of, i. 76. _See also_ Blood

—— energy, beneficent applications of, i. 98 _n._ 1

—— fluid, medicinal applications of the, i. 98 _n._ 1

Menstruous women keep their heads or faces covered, i. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 44 _sq._, 48 _sq._, 55, 90, 92; not allowed to cross or bathe in rivers, 77; not allowed to go near water, 77; supposed to spoil fisheries, 77, 78, 90 _sq._, 93; painted red, or red and white, 78; not allowed to use the ordinary paths, 78, 80, 84, 89, 90; not allowed to approach the sea, 79; not allowed to enter cultivated fields, 79; obliged to occupy special huts, 79, 82, 85 _sqq._; supposed to spoil crops, 79, 96; not allowed to cook, 80, 82, 84, 90; not allowed to drink milk, 80, 84; not allowed to handle salt, 81 _sq._, 84; kept from wells, 81, 82, 97; obliged to use separate doors, 84; not allowed to lie on high beds, 84; not allowed to touch or see fire, 84, 85; not allowed to cross the tracks of animals, 84, 91, 93; excluded from religious ceremonies, 85; not allowed to eat with men, 85, 90; thought to spoil the luck of hunters, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94; not allowed to ride horses, 88 _sq._, 96; not allowed to walk on ice of rivers and lakes, 90; dangers to which they are thought to be exposed, 94; not allowed to touch beer, wine or vinegar, 96; not allowed to salt or pickle meat, 96 _n._ 2; not allowed to cross running streams, 97; not allowed to draw water at wells, 97; used to protect fields against insects, 98 _n._ 1 dreaded and secluded in Australia, i. 76 _sqq._, in the Torres Straits Islands, 78 _sq._, in New Guinea, 79, in Galela, 79, in Sumatra, 79, in Africa, 79 _sqq._, among the Jews and in Syria, 83 _sq._, in India, 84 _sq._, in Annam, 85, in America, 85 _sqq._

Mequinez, Midsummer custom at, i. 216

Merolla, J., on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 31 _n._ 3

Merrakech, in Morocco, Midsummer custom at, i. 216; New Year fires at, 217

Mesopotamia, Atrae in, i. 82

Mespelaer, St. Peter’s fires at, i. 195

Messaria, in Cythnos, ii. 189

Metz, F., on the fire-walk, ii. 9

Metz, cats burnt alive in Midsummer fire at, ii. 39

Mexican ceremony of new fire, i. 132

—— representation of the sun as a wheel, i. 334 _n._ 1

Mexico, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 127 _sq._; the Zapotecs of, ii. 212

Michael, in the Isle of Man, i. 307

Michaelmas, cakes baked at, i. 149. _See also_ St. Michael

Michemis, a Tibetan tribe, a funeral ceremony among the, i. 5

Middle Ages, the Yule log in the, i. 252; the need-fire in the, 270

Midsummer, wells crowned with flowers at, ii. 28; bathing at, 29 _sq._; sacred to Balder, 87. _See also_ St. John’s Day

—— bonfire called “fire of heaven,” i. 334; intended to drive away dragons, 161

“—— Brooms” in Sweden, ii. 54

—— Day, charm for fig-trees on, i. 18; water claims human victims on, 26 _sqq._; in ancient Rome, 178; regarded as unlucky, ii. 29

—— Eve, Snake Stones thought to be formed on, i. 15; Trolls and evil spirits abroad on, 172; witches active on, ii. 19; the season for gathering wonderful herbs and flowers, 45 _sqq._; the magic flowers of, 45 _sqq._; divination on, 46 _n._ 3, 50, 52 _sqq._, 61, 64, 67 _sqq._; dreams of love on, 52, 54; fernseed blooms at, 65, 287; the divining-rod cut at, 67 _sqq._; activity of witches and warlocks on, 73 _sqq._; treasures bloom in the earth on, 288 _n._ 5; the oak thought to bloom on, 292, 293

—— festival common to peoples on both sides of the Mediterranean, i. 219,