i. 332

Dolac, need-fire at, i. 286

Dolmen, sick children passed through a hole in a, ii. 188

Dommartin, Lenten fires at, i. 109

Door, separate, for girls at puberty, i. 43, 44

Doorie, hill of, at Burghead, i. 267

Doors, separate, used by menstruous women, i. 84

Doorway, creeping through narrow opening in, as a cure, ii. 181 _sq._

Dosadhs, an Indian caste, the fire-walk among the, ii. 5

Dosuma, king of, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 3

Douay, procession of the giants at, ii. 33 _sq._

Double-axe, Midsummer king of the, i. 194

Dourgne, in Southern France, crawling through holed stones near, ii. 187 _sq._

Dove, the ceremony of the fiery, at Easter in Florence, i. 126; a Batta totem, ii. 223

Doves, external soul of magicians in, ii. 104; Aeneas led by doves to the Golden Bough, 285, 316 _n._ 1

Dragon at Midsummer, effigy of, ii. 37; external soul of a queen in a, 105; of the water-mill, Servian story of the, 111 _sqq._

Dragons driven away by smoke of Midsummer bonfires, i. 161; St. Peter’s fires lighted to drive away, 195

Draguignan, in the department of Var, Midsummer fires at, i. 193

Draupadi, the heroine of the _Mahabharata_, ii. 7

Dread and seclusion of menstruous women, i. 76 _sqq._; dread of witchcraft in Europe, 342

Dream, guardian spirit or animal acquired in a, ii. 256 _sq._

Dreaming on flowers on Midsummer Eve, i. 175

Dreams, oracular, i. 238, 242; of love on Midsummer Eve, ii. 52, 54; prophetic, on the bloom of the oak, 292; prophetic, on mistletoe, 293

Driving away the witches on Walpurgis Night, i. 160; at Midsummer, 170, 171

Drobede (Draupadi), the heroine of the epic _Mahabharata_, ii. 7

Drömling district, in Hanover, need-fire in, i. 277

Drought attributed to misconduct of young girls, i. 31

Druid, etymology of the word, i. 76 _n._ 1

Druidical custom of burning live animals, ii. 38; the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, 41 _sq._, 43 _sq._; festivals, so-called, of the Scotch Highlanders, i. 147, 206

—— sacrifices, W. Mannhardt’s theory of the, ii. 43

Druidism, so-called, remains of, i. 233, 241; and the Christian Church in relation to witchcraft, ii. 42

Druid’s Glass, the, i. 16; prediction, the, 229

Druids’ Hill, the, i. 229

Druids, their superstition as to “serpents’ eggs,” i. 15; their human sacrifices, ii. 32 _sq._; in relation to the Midsummer festival, 33 _sqq._, 45; their worship of the mistletoe and the oak, 76 _sq._, 301; their cycle of thirty years, 77; catch the mistletoe in a white cloth, 293

—— of Ireland, i. 157

Drynemetum, “the temple of the oak,” ii. 89

Duck baked alive as a sacrifice in Suffolk, i. 304

Duck’s egg, external soul in a, ii. 109 _sq._, 115 _sq._, 116, 119 _sq._, 120, 126, 130, 132

Duk-duk, secret society of New Britain, i. 11, ii. 246 _sq._

Duke of York Island, ii. 199 _n._ 2; Duk-duk society in, 247; exogamous classes in, 248 _n._

Duke Town, on the Calabar River, ii. 209

Dukkala, New Year customs in, i. 218

Dumbartonshire, Hallowe’en in, i. 237 _n._ 5

Dunbeath, in Caithness, i. 291

Dunkeld, i. 232

Dunkirk, procession of giants on Midsummer Day at, ii. 34 _sq._

Durandus, G. (W. Durantis), his _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, i. 161

Durham, Easter candle in the cathedral of, i. 122 _n._

Durris, parish of, Kincardineshire, Midsummer fires in the, i. 206 _sq._

Dusk of the Evening, prayers to the, i. 53

Düsseldorf, Shrove Tuesday custom in the district of, i. 120

Dutch names for mistletoe, ii. 319 _n._ 1

Dwarf-elder at Midsummer detects witchcraft, ii. 64

Dyaks of Borneo, trees and plants as life indices among the, ii. 164 _sq._; their doctrine of the plurality of souls, 222; of Landak and Tajan, marriage custom of the, i. 5; birth-trees among the, ii. 164; of Pinoeh, their custom at a birth, ii. 154 _sq._

Eagle, sacrifice to, i. 152

—— bone, used to drink out of, i. 45

—— clan, ii. 271, 272 _n._ 1

—— -hawk, external soul of medicine-man in, ii. 199

—— -spirits and buried treasures, i. 218

Earth, taboos observed by the priest of, in Southern Nigeria, i. 4; prayers to, 50; and heaven, between, 1 _sqq._

Easter, fern-seed blooms at, ii. 292 _n._ 2

—— candle, i. 121, 122, 125

—— ceremonies in the New World, i. 127 _sq._

—— eggs, i. 108, 143, 144

—— Eve, new fire on, i. 121, 124, 126, 158; the fern blooms at, ii. 66

—— fires, i. 120 _sqq._

—— Man, burning the, i. 144

—— Monday, fire-custom on, i. 143

—— Mountains, bonfires on, i. 140, 141

—— Saturday, new fire on, i. 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130; the divining-rod baptized on, ii. 69

—— Sunday, red eggs on, i. 122

Eavesdropping, divination by, i. 238, 243, 244

Echternach in Luxemburg, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 116

Eclipses attributed to monster biting the sun or moon, i. 70; air thought to be poisoned at, 162 _n._; thought to be caused by a monster attacking the luminary, 162 _n._

_Edda_, the prose, story of Balder in, i. 101; the poetic, story of Balder in, 102

Eddesse, in Hanover, need-fire at, i. 275 _sq._

Edersleben, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 169

Edgewell Tree, oak at castle of Dalhousie, ii. 166, 284

Effect, supposed, of killing a totem animal, ii. 220

Effigies burnt in bonfires, i. 106, 107, 116, 118 _sq._, 119 _sq._, 121, 122, 159, 167; of Judas burnt at Easter, 121, 127 _sq._, 130 _sq._; burnt in the Midsummer fires, 172 _sq._, 195; of witches burnt in the fires, 342, ii. 19, 43; of human beings burnt in the fires, 21 _sqq._; of giants burnt in the summer fires, 38

Effigy of absent friend cut in a tree, ii. 159 _sq._

Efik, a tribe of Calabar, their belief in external or bush souls, ii. 206

Egede, Hans, on impregnation by the moon, i. 76

Egg broken in water, divination by means of, i. 208 _sq._

Eggs, charm to ensure plenty of, i. 112, 338; begged for at Midsummer, 169; divination by white of, 236 _sq._, 238; external souls of fairy beings in, ii. 106 _sqq._, 110, 125, 132 _sq._, 140 _sq._

——, Easter, i. 108, 122, 143, 144

Egypt, the Flight into, ii. 69 _n._; deified kings of, their souls deposited during life in portrait statues, 157

Egyptian, ancient, story of the external soul, ii. 134 _sqq._

—— doctrine of the _ka_ or external soul, ii. 157 _n._ 2

—— tombs, plaques or palettes of schist in, ii. 155

Egyptians, human sacrifices among the, ii. 286 _n._ 2

Eifel Mountains, Lenten fires in the, i. 115 _sq._, 336 _sq._; Cobern in the, 120; St. John’s fires in the, 169; the Yule log in the, 248; Midsummer flowers in the, ii. 48

Eighty-one (nine times nine), men make need-fire, i. 289, 294, 295

Eket, in North Calabar, ii. 209

Ekoi, a tribe of Calabar, their belief in external or bush souls, ii. 206 _sqq._

_Elangela_, external soul in Fan language, ii. 201, 226 _n._ 1

Elbe, the river, dangerous on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Elder-flowers gathered at Midsummer, ii. 64

Elecampane in a popular remedy, i. 17

Electric conductivity of various kinds of wood, ii. 299 _n._ 2

Elephant hunters, custom of, i. 5

Elephants, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 202, 203; external human souls in, 207

Elgin, medical use of mistletoe in, ii. 84

Elk clan of the Omaha Indians, i. 11

Elm wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 299

Embers of bonfires planted in fields, i. 117, 121; stuck in cabbage gardens, 174, 175; promote growth of crops, 337. _See also_ Ashes _and_ Sticks, charred

—— of Midsummer fires a protection against conflagration, i. 188; a protection against lightning, 190

Emily plain of Central Australia, ii. 238

Emmenthal, in Switzerland, superstition as to Midsummer Day in the, ii. 27; use of orpine at Midsummer in the, 62 _n._

Emu fat not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13

—— -wren, called men’s “brother” among the Kurnai, ii. 215 _n._ 1, 216, 218

Encounter Bay tribe in South Australia, their dread of women at menstruation, i. 76

Energy, sanctity and uncleanness, different forms of the same mysterious, i. 97 _sq._

England, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 _n._ 1; Midsummer fires in, 196 _sqq._; the Yule log in, 255 _sqq._; the need-fire in, 286 _sqq._; Midsummer giants in, ii. 36 _sqq._; divination by orpine at Midsummer in, 61; fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65; the north of, mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, 85 _sq._; birth-trees in, 165; children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for rupture or rickets in, 168 _sqq._; oak-mistletoe in, 316

English cure for whooping-cough, rheumatism, and boils, ii. 180

Ensival, bonfires at, i. 108

Entrails, external soul in, ii. 146 _sq._, 152

_Epic of Kings_, Firdusi’s, i. 104

Epidemic, creeping through a tunnel as a remedy for an, i. 283 _sq._

Epilepsy, yellow mullein a protection against, ii. 63; mistletoe a cure for, 78, 83, 84

Épinal, Lenten fires at, i. 109

Eriskay, fairies at Hallowe’en in, i. 226; salt cake at Hallowe’en in, 238 _sq._

Errol, the Hays of, their fate bound up with oak-mistletoe, ii. 283 _sq._

_Escouvion_ or _Scouvion_, the Great and the Little, i. 108

Esquimaux, their superstition as to various meats, i. 13 _sq._; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 55; ceremony of the new fire among the, 134; their custom at eclipses, 162 _n._

—— of Alaska, child’s soul deposited in a bag among the, ii. 155

—— of Bering Strait, their belief as to menstruous women, i. 91

Esthonia, bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29; flowers gathered for divination and magic at Midsummer in, 53 _sq._

Esthonians, Midsummer fires among the, i. 179 _sq._; of Oesel cull St. John’s herbs on St. John’s Day, ii. 49

Eteobutads as umbrella-bearers at the festival of Scira, i. 20 _n._ 1

Eton, Midsummer fires at, i. 197

Eunuchs perform a ceremony for the fertility of the fields, i. 340

_Euphorbia lathyris_, caper-spurge, ii. 69

Euripides, his play on Meleager, ii. 103 _n._ 2

Europe, superstitions as to menstruous women in, i. 96 _sq._; the fire-festivals of, 106 _sqq._; great dread of witchcraft in, 342; birth-trees in, ii. 165; belief in, that strength of witches and wizards is in their hair, 158

Eurydice, Orpheus and, ii. 294

Eve of Samhain (Hallowe’en) in Ireland, i. 139

Everek (Caesarea), in Asia Minor, creeping through a rifted rock at, ii. 189

Evil eye, protection against, i. 17

—— spirit, mode of cure for possession by an, ii. 186

Evil spirits driven away at the New Year, i. 134 _sq._; kept off by fire, 282, 285 _sq._; St. John’s herbs a protection against, ii. 49; kept off by flowers gathered at Midsummer, 53 _sq._; creeping through cleft trees to escape the pursuit of, 173 _sqq._ _See also_ Demons

Ewe negroes, their dread of menstruous women, i. 82

Exogamous classes in Duke of York island, ii. 248 _n._

Exorcizing vermin with torches, i. 340

Exorcism of evil spirits, i. 5; and ordeals, 66; at Easter, 123; use of St. John’s wort in, ii. 55; use of mugwort in, 60; by vervain, 62 _n._ 4

Expulsion of demons, annual, i. 135

External soul in folk-tales, ii. 95 _sqq._; in folk-custom, 153 _sqq._; in inanimate things, 153 _sqq._; in plants, 159 _sqq._; in animals, 196 _sqq._; kept in totem, 220 _sqq._ _See also_ Souls, External

Extinction of common fires before the kindling of the need-fire, i. 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 _sq._, 279, 283, 285, 288, 289, 289 _sq._, 291, 291 _sq._, 292, 294, 297, 298 _sq._; ceremonial, of fires, ii. 297 _sq._

Eye, the evil, cast on cattle, i. 302, 303; oleander a protection against the, ii. 51

Eyes, looking through flowers at the Midsummer fire, thought to be good for the, i. 162, 163, 165 _sq._, 171, 174 _sq._, 344; ashes or smoke of Midsummer fire supposed to benefit the, 214 _sq._; sore, attributed to witchcraft, 344; mugwort a protection against sore, ii. 59; of newly initiated lads closed, 241

Eyre, E. J., on menstruous women in Australia, i. 77

“Faery dairts” thought to kill cattle, i. 303

_Failles_, bonfires, i. 111 _n._ 1

Fair, great, at Uisnech in County Meath, i. 158

Fairies let loose at Hallowe’en, i. 224 _sqq._; carry off men’s wives, 227; at Hallowe’en, dancing with the, 227; thought to kill cattle by their darts, 303; active on Hallowe’en and May Day, ii. 184 _n._ 4, 185

Fairy changelings, i. 151 _n._; mistletoe a protection against, ii. 283

Falcon stone, at Errol, in Perthshire, ii. 283

Falkenstein chapel of St. Wolfgang, creeping through a rifted rock near the, ii. 189

Falling sickness, mistletoe a remedy for, ii. 83, 84

Famenne in Namur, Lenten fires in, i. 108

Familiar spirits of wizards in boars, ii. 196 _sq._

Fans of the French Congo, birth-trees among the, ii. 161

—— of the Gaboon, their theory of the external soul, ii. 200 _sqq._, 226 _n._ 1; guardian spirits acquired in dreams among the, 257

—— of West Africa, custom at end of mourning among the, ii. 18

Fast at puberty, ii. 222 _n._ 5

Fasting of girls at puberty, i. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66; of women at menstruation, 93, 94; as preparation for gathering magical plants, ii. 45, 55 _n._ 1, 58

—— men and women at a dancing festival, i. 8 _sqq._

Fasts imposed on heirs to thrones in South America, i. 19; rules observed in, 20

Fat of emu not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13; of crocodiles and snakes as unguent, 14

Fattening-house for girls in Calabar, ii. 259

Feast of Florus and Lauras on August 18th, i. 220; of the Nativity of the Virgin, 220 _sq._; of All Souls, 223 _sq._, 225 _n._ 3

_Fechenots_, _fechenottes_, Valentines, i. 110

Feet foremost, children born, curative power attributed to, i. 295

Fen-hall, i. 102

Ferintosh district, in Scotland, i. 227

Fern in a popular remedy, i. 17; the male (_Aspidium filix mas_), superstitions as 10, ii. 66 _sq._

—— owl or goatsucker, sex totem of women, ii. 217

—— -seed gathered on Midsummer Eve, magical properties ascribed to, ii. 65 _sqq._; blooms on Midsummer Eve, 287; blooms on Christmas Night, 288 _sq._; reveals treasures in the earth, 287 _sqq._; brought by Satan on Christmas night, 289; gathered at the solstices, Midsummer Eve and Christmas, 290 _sq._; procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, 291; blooms at Easter, 292 _n._ 2

Feronia, Italian goddess, ii. 14

Ferrara, synod of, denounces practice of gathering fern-seed, ii. 66 _n._

Fertility of women, magical ceremony to ensure, i. 23 _sq._, 31; of fields, processions with lighted torches to ensure the, 233 _sq._; of the land supposed to depend on the number of human beings sacrificed, ii. 32, 33, 42 _sq._

Fertilization of mango trees, ceremony for the, i. 10

Fertilizing fields with ashes of Midsummer fires, i. 170

Festival of the cold food in China, i. 137; Chinese, shifted in the calendar, 137; of the Cross on August 1st, 220; of the Dead, 223 _sq._, 225 _sq._

Fetish, the great, in West Africa, ii. 256

Fever, leaping over the Midsummer bonfires as a preventive of, i. 166, 173, 194; Midsummer fires a protection against, 190; need-fire kindled to prevent, 297; cure for, in India, ii. 190

_Fey_, devoted, i. 231

Fez, Midsummer custom at, i. 216, ii. 31

Field-mice, burning torches as a protection against, i. 114, 115

—— and moles driven away by torches, ii. 340

Fields, cultivated, menstruous women not allowed to enter, i. 79; protected against insects by menstruous women, 98 _n._ 1; processions with torches through, 107 _sq._, 110 _sqq._, 113 _sqq._, 179, 339 _sq._; protected against witches, 121; made fruitful by bonfires, 140; fertilized by ashes of Midsummer fires, 170; fertilized by burning wheel rolled over them, 191, 340 _sq._; protected against hail by bonfires, 344

Fig-trees, charm to benefit, i. 18; sacred among the Fans, ii. 161

Fights between men and women about their sex totems, ii. 215, 217

_Figo_, bonfire, i. 111

Fiji, brides tattooed in, i. 34 _n._ 1; the fire-walk in, ii. 10 _sq._; birth-trees in, 163; the drama of death and resurrection exhibited to novices at initiation in, 243 _sqq._

Filey, in Yorkshire, the Yule log and candle at, i. 256

Finchra, mountain in Rum, ii. 284

Fingan Eve in the Isle of Man, i. 266

Finistère, bonfires on St. John’s Day in, i. 183

Finland, Midsummer fires in, i. 180 _sq._; fir-tree as life-index in, ii. 165 _sq._

Finsch Harbour in German New Guinea, ii. 239

Fir-branches, prayers to, i. 51; at Midsummer, 177; Midsummer mummers clad in, ii. 25 _sq._

—— -cones, seeds of, gathered on St. John’s Day, ii. 64

—— -tree as life-index, ii. 165 _sq._; mistletoe on fir-trees, 315, 316

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 278, 282

—— or beech used to make the Yule log, i. 249

Firdusi’s _Epic of Kings_, i. 104

Fire, girls at puberty forbidden to see or go near, i. 29, 45, 46; menstruous women not allowed to touch or see, 84, 85; extinguished at menstruation, 87; in fire-festivals, different possible explanations of its use, 112 _sq._; made by flints or by flint and steel, 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159; made by a burning-glass, 121, 127; made by a metal mirror, 132, 137, 138 _n._ 5; made by the friction of wood, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 _sq._, 148, 155, 169 _sq._, 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 _sqq._, 335 _sq._, ii. 8, 90, 295; not to be blown up with breath, i. 133; year called a fire, 137; thought to grow weak with age, 137; pretence of throwing a man into, 148, 186, ii. 25; carried round houses, corn, cattle, and women after child-bearing, 151 _n._; used to drive away witches and demons at Midsummer, 170; as a protection against evil spirits, 282, 285 _sq._; made by means of a wheel, 335 _sq._, ii. 91; as a destructive and purificatory agent, i. 341; used as a charm to produce sunshine, 341 _sq._; employed as a barrier against ghosts, ii. 17 _sqq._; as a purificatory agency, 19; used to burn or ban witches, 19 _sq._; extinguished by mistletoe, 78, 84 _sq._, 293; of oak-wood used to detect a murderer, 92 _n._ 4; life of man bound up with a, 157; perpetual, of oak-wood, 285 _sq._; conceived by savages as a property stored like sap in trees, 295; primitive ideas as to the origin of, 295 _sq._

——, living, made by friction of wood, i. 220

——, new, kindled on Easter Saturday, i. 121 _sqq._; festivals of new, 131 _sqq._; made by the friction of wood at Christmas, 264

“—— of heaven,” term applied to Midsummer bonfire, i. 334, 335

—— -drill used to kindle need-fire, i. 292

Fire-festivals of Europe, i. 106 _sqq._; interpretation of the, 328 _sqq._, ii. 15 _sqq._; at the solstices, i. 331 _sq._; solar theory of the, 331 _sqq._; purificatory theory of the, 341 _sqq._; regarded as a protection against witchcraft, 342; the purificatory theory of the, more probable than the solar theory, 346; elsewhere than in Europe, ii. 1 _sqq._; in India, 1 _sqq._, 5 _sqq._; in China, 3 _sqq._; in Japan, 9 _sq._; in Fiji, 10 _sq._; in Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, and Trinidad, 11; in Africa, 11 _sqq._; in classical antiquity in Cappadocia and Italy, 14 _sq._; their relation to Druidism, 33 _sqq._, 45

Fire-god, Armenian, i. 131 _n._ 3; of the Iroquois, prayers to the, 299 _sq._

—— -walk, the, ii. 1 _sqq._; a remedy for disease, 7; the meaning of the, 15 _sqq._

Firebrand, external soul of Meleager in a, ii. 103

Firebrands, the Sunday of the, i. 110, 114

Fires extinguished as preliminary to obtaining new fire, i. 5; annually extinguished and relit, 132 _sqq._; to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), 159 _sq._; autumn, 220 _sqq._; the need-fire, 269 _sqq._; extinguished before the lighting of the need-fire, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 _sq._, 279, 283, 285, 288, 289 _sq._, 291, 291 _sq._, 292, 294, 297, 298 _sq._; of the fire-festivals explained as sun-charms, 329, 331 _sqq._; explained as purificatory, 329 _sq._, 341 _sqq._; the burning of human beings in the, ii. 21 _sqq._; perpetual, fed with oak-wood, 91; with pinewood, 91 _n._ 7; the solstitial, perhaps sun-charms, 292; extinguished and relighted from a flame kindled by lightning, 297 _sq._ _See also_ Fire, Bonfires

——, the Beltane, i. 146 _sqq._

——, the Easter, i. 120 _sqq._

——, Hallowe’en, i. 222 _sq._, 230 _sqq._

——, the Lenten, i. 106 _sqq._

——, Midsummer, i. 160 _sqq._; a protection against witches, 180; supposed to stop rain, 188, 336; supposed to be a preventive of backache in reaping, 189, 344 _sq._; a protection against fever, 190

——, Midwinter, i. 246 _sqq._

—— of St. John in France, i. 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193

—— on the Eve of Twelfth Day, i. 107

First-born lamb, wool of, used as cure for colic, i. 17

—— sons make need-fire, i. 294; special magical virtue attributed to, 295

First-fruits offered to the souls of the dead, ii. 243

Fish frightened or killed by proximity of menstruous women, i. 77, 93; external soul in a, ii. 99 _sq._, 122 _sq._; golden, external soul of girl in a, 147 _sq._; lives of people bound up with, 200, 202, 204, 209

Fisheries supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 77, 78, 90 _sq._, 93

Fison, Rev. Lorimer, on Fijian religion, ii. 244 _n._ 1, 2, 3, 246 _n._ 1

Fittleworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, ii. 169 _sq._

Flames of bonfires, omens drawn from, i. 159, 165, 336

Flanders, Midsummer fires in, i. 194; the Yule log in, 249; wicker giants in, ii. 35

Flax, leaping over bonfires to make the flax grow tall, i. 119; charms to make flax grow tall, 165, 166, 173, 174, 176, 180

—— crop, omens of the, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, i. 165

—— seed sown in direction of flames of bonfire, i. 140, 337

Fleabane as a cure for headache, i. 17

Fleas, leaping over Midsummer fires to get rid of, i. 211, 212, 217

Flight into Egypt, the, ii. 69 _n._

Flints, fire kindled by, i. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159

Floor, sitting on the, at Christmas, i. 261

Florence, ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, i. 126 _sq._

Florus and Laurus, feast of, on August 18th, i. 220

Flowers thrown on bonfire, ii. 8; external souls in, 117 _sq._ _See also_ Crown

—— and herbs cast into the Midsummer bonfires, i. 162, 163, 172, 173

—— at Midsummer thrown on roofs as a protection against lightning, i. 169; festival of, 177 _sq._; as talismans, 183; in fires, 184, 188, 190; wreaths of, hung over doors and windows, 201; placed on mouths of wells, ii. 28; divination from, 50

—— on Midsummer Eve, blessed by St. John, i. 171; the magic flowers of Midsummer Eve, ii. 45 _sqq._; used in divination, 52 _sq._; used to dream upon, 52, 54

Flutes, sacred, played at initiation, ii. 241

Fly River, in British New Guinea, ii. 232

“Flying-rowan” (parasitic rowan), superstitions in regard to, ii. 281; used to make a divining-rod, 281 _sq._

Foam of the sea, the demon Namuci killed by the, ii. 280; the totem of a clan in India, 281

Fo-Kien, province of China, festival of fire in, ii. 3 _sqq._

Folgareit, in the Tyrol, Midsummer custom at, ii. 47

Folk-custom, external soul in, ii. 153 _sqq._

—— -tales, the external soul in, ii. 95 _sqq._

Follies of Dunkirk, ii. 34 _sq._

Food, sacred, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13 _sq._; girls at puberty not allowed to handle, 23, 28, 36, 40 _sq._, 42

Foods, forbidden, i. 4, 7, 19, 36 _sq._, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 68, 77, 78, 94

“Fool’s Stone” in ashes of Midsummer fire, i. 195

Forbidden thing of clan, ii. 313

Forchheim, in Bavaria, the burning of Judas at Easter in, i. 143

Foreskins of young men offered to ancestral spirits in Fiji, ii. 243 _sq._

Forespeaking men and cattle, i. 303

Forgetfulness of the past after initiation, ii. 238, 254, 256, 258, 259, 266 _sq._

Forked shape of divining-rod, ii. 67 _n._ 3

“Forlorn fire,” need-fire, i. 292

_Foulères_, bonfires, i. 111 _n._ 1

Foulkes, Captain, quoted, ii. 210

Four kinds of wood used to make the divining-rod, ii. 69, 291

Fourdin, E., on the procession of the giants at Ath, ii. 36 _n._ 2

Four-leaved clover, a counter-charm for witchcraft, i. 316; at Midsummer useful for magic, ii. 62 _sq._

Fowler, W. Warde, on Midsummer custom, i. 206 _n._ 2; on _sexta luna,_ ii. 77 _n._ 1; on the ceremony of passing under the yoke, 195 _n._ 4; on the oak and the thunder-god, 298, 299 _n._ 2, 300

Fowls’ nests, ashes of bonfires put in, i, 112, 338

Fox prayed to spare lambs, i. 152

Foxes burnt in Midsummer fires, ii. 39, 41; witches turn into, 41

Foxwell, Ernest, on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. 10 _n._ 1

Fraas, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, ii. 318

Frampton-on-Severn in Gloucestershire, ii. 316

France, Lenten fires in, i. 109 _sqq._; Midsummer fires in, 181 _sqq._; fires on All Saints’ Day in, 245 _sq._; the Yule log in, 249 _sqq._; wonderful herbs gathered on St. John’s Eve (Midsummer Eve) in, ii. 45 _sqq._; mugwort (herb of St. John) at Midsummer in, 58 _sq._; fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65; judicial treatment of sorcerers in, 158; birth-trees in, 165; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, 170. _See also_ French

Franche-Comté, Lenten fires in, i. 110 _sq._; fires of St. John in, 189; the Yule log in, 254

Franken, Middle, fire custom at Easter in, i. 143

Frankenstein, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 _n._

Fraser Lake in British Columbia, i. 47

Freiburg, in Switzerland, Lenten fires in, i. 119; fern and treasure on St. John’s Night in, ii. 288

Freising, in Bavaria, creeping through a narrow opening in the cathedral of, ii. 189

French cure for whooping-cough, ii. 192 _n._ 1

—— Islands, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 229 _n._

—— peasants, their superstition as to a virgin and a flame, i. 137 _n._

Friction of wood, fire made by the, i. 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 _sq._, 148, 155, 169 _sq._, 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 _sqq._, 335 _sq._, ii. 8; the most primitive mode of making fire, 90, 295

“Friendly Society of the Spirit” among the Naudowessies, ii. 267

Frigg or Frigga, the goddess, and Balder, i. 101, 102

Fringes worn over the eyes by girls at puberty, i. 47, 48

Fruit-trees threatened, i. 114; Midsummer fires lit under, 215; shaken at Christmas to make them bear fruit, 248; fumigated with smoke of need-fire, 280; fertilized by burning torches, 340

_Fuga daemonum_, St. John’s wort, ii. 55

Fulda, the Lord of the Wells at, ii. 28

Fumigating crops with smoke of bonfires, i. 201, 337

—— sheep and cattle, ii. 12, 13

Fumigation of pastures at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, i. 170; of fruit-trees, nets, and cattle with smoke of need-fire, 280; of byres with juniper, 296; of trees with wild thyme on Christmas Eve, ii. 64

Fünen, in Denmark, cure for childish ailments at, ii. 191

Funeral, customs observed by mourners after a funeral in order to escape from the ghost, ii. 174 _sqq._

—— ceremony among the Michemis, i. 5

Furnace, walking through a fiery, ii. 3 _sqq._

Furness, W. H., on passing under an archway, ii. 179 _sq._, 180 _n._ 1

Gabb, W. M., on ceremonial uncleanness, i. 65 _n._ 1

Gablonz, in Bohemia, Midsummer bed of flowers at, ii. 57

Gaboon, birth-trees in the, ii. 160; theory of the external soul in, 200 _sq._

Gacko, need-fire at, i. 286

Gaidoz, H., on the custom of passing sick people through cleft trees, ii. 171

Gage, Thomas, on _naguals_ among the Indians of Guatemala, ii. 213

Gaj, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282

Galatian senate met in Drynemetum, “the temple of the oak,” ii. 89

Galatians kept their old Celtic speech, ii. 89 _n._ 2

Galela, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 79

Galelareese of Halmahera, their rites of initiation, ii. 248

Gallic Councils, their prohibition of carrying torches, i. 199

Gallows Hill, magical plants gathered on the, ii. 57

—— -rope used to kindle need-fire, i. 277

Gandersheim, in Brunswick, need-fire at, i. 277

Gap, in the High Alps, cats roasted alive in the Midsummer fire at, ii. 39 _sq._

Gardner, Mrs. E. A., i. 131 _n._ 1

Garlands of flowers placed on wells at Midsummer, ii. 28; thrown on trees, a form of divination, 53

Garlic roasted at Midsummer fires, i. 193

Garonne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 193

Gatschet, A. S., on the Toukawe Indians, ii. 276 _n._ 2

Gaul, “serpents’ eggs” in ancient, i. 15; human sacrifices in ancient, ii. 32 _sq._

Gauls, their fortification walls, i. 267 _sq._

Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, the Ingniet society in the, ii. 156

Gem, external soul of magician in a, ii. 105 _sq._; external soul of giant in a, 130

Geneva, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172

_Genius_, the Roman, ii. 212 _n._

Geranium burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

Gerhausen, i. 166

German stories of the external soul, ii. 116 _sqq._

Germans, human sacrifices offered by the ancient, ii. 28 _n._ 1; the oak sacred among the, 89

Germany, Lenten fires in, i. 115 _sq._; Easter bonfires in, 140 _sqq._; custom at eclipses in, 162 _n._; the Midsummer fires in, 163 _sqq._; the Yule log in, 247 _sqq._; belief in the transformation of witches into animals in, 321 _n._ 2; colic, sore eyes, and stiffness of the back attributed to witchcraft in, 344 _sq._; mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. 59; orpine gathered at Midsummer in, 62 _n._; fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65; mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, 83; the need-fire kindled by the friction of oak in, 91; oak-wood used to make up cottage fires on Midsummer Day in, 91 _sq._; birth-trees in, 165; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture in, 170 _sqq._

Gestr and the spae-wives, Icelandic story of, ii. 125 _sq._

Gewar, King of Norway, i. 103

Ghost, oracular, in a cave, ii. 312 _sq._

Ghosts extracted from wooden posts, i. 8; fire used to get rid of, ii. 17 _sqq._; mugwort a protection against, 59; kept off by thorn bushes, 174 _sq._; creeping through cleft sticks to escape from, 174 _sqq._

Giant who had no heart in his body, stories of the, ii. 96 _sqq._, 119 _sq._; mythical, supposed to kill and resuscitate lads at initiation, 243

Giant-fennel burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

Giants of wicker-work at popular festivals in Europe, ii. 33 _sqq._; burnt in the summer bonfires, 38

Giggenhausen, in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, i. 144

Gion shrine in Japan, i. 138

Gippsland, the Kurnai of, ii. 216

Giraldus Cambrensis on transformation of witches into hares, i. 315 _n._ 1

Girdle of wolf’s hide worn by were-wolves, i. 310 _n._ 1; of St. John, mugwort, ii. 59

Girdles of mugwort worn on St. John’s Day or Eve as preservative against backache, sore eyes, ghosts, magic, and sickness, ii. 59

Girkshausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248

Girl at puberty said to be wounded by a snake, i. 56; to be swallowed by a serpent, 57

—— and boy produce need-fire by friction of wood, 281

Girls at puberty, secluded, i. 22 _sqq._; not allowed to touch the ground, 22, 33, 35, 36, 60; not allowed to see the sun, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68; not allowed to handle food, 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42; half buried in ground, 38 _sqq._; not allowed to scratch themselves with their fingers, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 92; not allowed to lie down, 44; gashed on back, breast, and belly, 60; stung by ants, 61; beaten severely, 61, 66 _sq._; supposed to be attacked by a demon, 67 _sq._; not to see the sky, 69; forbidden to break bones of hares, 73 _n._ 3

Gisors, crawling through a holed stone near, ii. 188

_Givoy agon_, living fire, made by the friction of wood, i. 220

Glamorgan, the Vale of, Beltane and Midsummer fires in the, i. 154; Midsummer fires in, 201, 338

Glands, ashes of Yule log used to cure swollen, i. 251

Glanvil, Joseph, on a witch in the form of a cat, i. 317

Glass, the Magician’s or Druid’s, i. 16

Glatz, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ii. 20 _n._

Glawi, in the Atlas, New Year fires at, i. 217

Glencuaich, the hawk of, in a Celtic tale, ii. 127 _sqq._

Glenorchy, the Beltane cake in, i. 149

“Glory, the Hand of,” mandragora, ii. 316

Gloucestershire, mistletoe growing on oaks in, ii. 316

Gnabaia, a spirit who swallows and disgorges lads at initiation, ii. 235

_Gnid-eld_, need-fire, i. 280

Goajiras of Colombia, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 34 _n._ 1

Goatsucker or fern owl, sex totem of women, ii. 217

God, Aryan, of the thunder and the oak, i. 265

—— on Earth, title of supreme chief of the Bushongo, ii. 264

Godolphin, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199

Gold, the flower of chicory to be cut with, ii. 71; root of marsh mallow to be dug with, 80 _n._ 3; buried, revealed by mistletoe and fern-seed, 287 _sqq._, 291

—— coin, magic plant to be dug up with a, ii. 57. _See also_ Golden

Golden axe, sacred tamarisk touched with, ii. 80 _n._ 3

Golden Bough, the, ii. 279 _sqq._; and the priest of Aricia, i. 1; a branch of mistletoe, ii. 284 _sqq._, 315 _sqq._; Virgil’s account of the, 284 _sq._, 286, 293 _sq._, 315 _sqq._; origin of the name, 286 _sqq._

—— fish, girl’s external soul in a, ii. 147 _sq._, 220

—— knife, horse slain in sacrifice with a, ii. 80 _n._ 3

—— ring, half a hero’s strength in a, ii. 143

—— sickle, mistletoe cut by Druids with a, ii. 77, 88; sacred olive at Olympia cut with a, 80 _n._ 3

Golden sword and golden arrow, external soul of a hero in a, ii. 145

Goldie, Rev. Hugh, on the _ukpong_ or external soul in Calabar, ii. 206

Goliath, effigy of, ii. 36

_Goluan_, Midsummer, i. 199

Good Friday, Judas driven out of church on, i. 146; the divining-rod cut on, ii. 68 _n._ 4; sick children passed through cleft trees on, 172

Goodrich-Freer, A., quoted, i. 154 _n._ 3

Googe, Barnabe, i. 124

Gooseberry bushes, wild, custom as to, ii. 48

Gorillas, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 202

Görz, belief as to witches at Midsummer about, ii. 75

Grain Coast, West Africa, initiation of girls on the, ii. 259

Grammont, in Belgium, festival of the “Crown of Roses” at, i. 195; the Yule log at, 249

Granada (South America), youthful rulers secluded in, i. 19

Grand Halleux, bonfires at, i. 107

_Grannas-mias_, torches, i. 111

Granno, invocation of, i. 111 _sq._

_Granno-mio_, a torch, i. 111

Grannus, a Celtic deity, identified with Apollo, i. 111 _sq._

Grant, the great laird of, not exempt from witchcraft, i. 342 _n._ 4

Grass, ceremony to make grass plentiful, i. 136

Gratz, puppet burned on St. John’s Eve at, i. 173

Grave, dance at initiation in, ii. 237

Great Man, who created the world and comes down in the form of lightning,